Psychosocial aspects in socioenvironmental disasters of geoclimatic origin: an integrative literature review

Carvalho, Milena Maciel de; Oliveira, Simone Santos

doi:10.1590/0103-11042020E223I

Milena Maciel de Carvalho

Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) – Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brasil. milenafiocruz@gmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0433-0838

Simone Santos Oliveira

Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) – Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brasil. milenafiocruz@gmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5477-6216

Collaborators

Carvalho MM (0000-0002-0433-0838)^* * Orcid (Open Researcher and Contributor ID). contributed to the conception, planning, analysis and data interpretation, elaboration of the draft, critical review of the content and approval of the final version of the manuscript. Oliveira SS (0000-0001-5477-6216)^* * Orcid (Open Researcher and Contributor ID). contributed to the conception, planning, critical review of the content and approval of the final version of the manuscript.

Conflict of interests: non-existent

Topic	Approaches
Mental health (31)¹⁵15 Freitas CM, Carvalho ML, Ximenes EF, et al. Socio-environmental vulnerability, disaster risk-reduction and resilience-building: lessons from the earthquake in Haiti and torrential rains in the mountain range close to Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. Ciênc. Saúde Colet. [internet]. 2012; 17(6):1577-86.^,²⁴24 Abeldafio RA, Fernández R. Salud mental en la comunidad en situaciones de desastre. Una revisión de los modelos de abordaje en la comunidad. Ciênc. Saúde Colet. 2016; 21(2):431-42.^,⁴⁴44 Guimarães LAM, Guimarães PM, Neves SNH, et al. A técnica de debriefing psicológico em acidentes e desastres. Mudanças. 2007; 15(1):1-12.^,⁵²52 Castro CF, Simoes DCM, Delamarque EV, et al. Mass events, disasters and public health/Eventos de massa, desastres e saúde pública. Ciênc. Saúde Colet. 2014; 19(9):3717^,⁵⁵55 López TE, Santana NP. El terremoto de 2010 en chile: respuesta del sistema de salud y de la cooperación internacional. Revpanam salud pública. 2011; 30(2)160-6.^,⁶³63 Sena A, Barcellos C, Ramalho W, et al. Measuring the invisible: analysis of the sustainable development goals in relation to populations exposed to drought. Ciênc. Saúde Colet. 2016; 21(3):671-84.^,⁶⁴64 Paranhos ME,WerlangBG Psicologianas emergências: uma nova prática a ser discutida. Psicol. ciene. prof. 2015; 35(2):557-71.^,⁶⁶66 Fernandes GCM, Boehs AE, Heidemann ITSB. O suporte social durante a transição familiar no pós-de-sastre natural. Texto & contexto – Enfermagem. 2013; 22(4):1098-105.^,⁶⁷67 Cova F, Valdivia M, Rincón P, et al. Estrés postraumático en población infantojuvenil post 27f. Post-traumatic stress disorder in young population after the natural disaster on february 27, 2010. Rev soc psiquiatr neurol infanc adolesc. 2011; 22(1):2-11.^,⁶⁸68 Bricefio AM, Abufhele M, Dávila AM, et al. Estrés postraumático en escolares a 8 meses del 27í Post-traumatic stress disorder in children in a coastal town eight months after the earthquake/tsunami. Rev soc psiquiatr neurol infanc adolesc. 2011; 22(l):12-20.^,⁷¹71 Panza R, Wiesenfeld E. Las tres caras de los desastres: percepción de riesgo, derrumbe y reubicación. Rev. Desast. socied. [internet]. 1997 [acesso em 2017 mar 15]; 5(8):76-90. Disponível em: https://www.de-senredando.org/public/revistas/dys/. https://www.de-senredando.org/public/rev... ^,⁷²72 Mocellin J, Barreto A, Gural D. Pobreza y desastres: terapia integrante sistemática en una barriada pobre de Brasil Rev. Desast. socied. [internet]. 1997 [acesso em 2017 mar 15]; 5(8):69-77 Disponível em: https:// www.desenredando.org/public/revistas/dys/. https:// www.desenredando.org/public/rev...	- Psychopathological disorders (symptomatology of PTSD – Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, depression, anxiety, stress, adaptive disorders and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder – ADHD); Intervention with survivors (emphasis on the disaster response phase – crisis management); Intervention experiences in mental health after an earthquake in Chile in 2010 (10); Importance of evaluating interventions as a prevention strategy in the development of traumatic pathologies; Integrated efforts with other sectors, articulated and contextualized.
Psychosocial and health impacts (38)¹¹11 Freitas CM, Ximenes EF. Enchentes e saúde pública: uma questão na literatura científica recente das causas, consequências e respostas para prevenção e mitigação. Ciênc. Saúde Colet. 2012; 17(6):1601-1616.^,¹⁴14 Valencio NFLS. Disasters: technicism and social suffering. 2014; 19(9):3631-44.^,¹⁵15 Freitas CM, Carvalho ML, Ximenes EF, et al. Socio-environmental vulnerability, disaster risk-reduction and resilience-building: lessons from the earthquake in Haiti and torrential rains in the mountain range close to Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. Ciênc. Saúde Colet. [internet]. 2012; 17(6):1577-86.^,²⁴24 Abeldafio RA, Fernández R. Salud mental en la comunidad en situaciones de desastre. Una revisión de los modelos de abordaje en la comunidad. Ciênc. Saúde Colet. 2016; 21(2):431-42.^,²⁶26 Londe LR, Marchezini V, Conceição RS, et al. Impactos de desastres socioambientais em saúde pública: estudos dos casos dos estados de Santa Catarina em 2008 e Pernambuco em 2010. Rev bras estud popul. 2015; 32(3):537-62.^,²⁹29 Vitriol V, Minoletti A, Alvarado R, et al. Respuesta de los centros de atención primaria en salud mental después del terremoto y tsunami del 2010 en la región del Maule. Rev med chil. 2014; 142(9):1120-7.^,³⁰30 Guimaro MS, Steinman M, Kernkraut AM, et al. Psychological distress in survivors of the 2010 Haiti earthquake. Einstein (São Paulo). 2013; 11(1):11-4.^,³¹31 Guimaro MS. Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among professionals during humanitarian aid in Haiti after the earthquake in 2010. Ciênc. Saúde Colet. 2013; 18(11):3175-81.^,³²32 Schonhaut BL. Terremotos, solidaridad y movilización nacional. Rev chil pediatr. 2013; 84(1):20-5.^,³³33 Sommer AK, Barreau VM, Dávila DA. et al. Intervención de salud mental en niños expuestos a desastre natural. Rev chil pediatr. 2013; 84(1):59-67^,³⁴34 Gomes ERB, Cavalcante ACS. Desastres naturais: perdas e reações psicológicas de vítimas de enchente em Teresina-PI. Psicol soe. 2012; 24(3):720-8.^,³⁵35 Correa A, Abufhele M, Bricefio AM, et al. Intervención de salud mental para niños expuestos al desastre en la comunidad de Iloca: experiencia de la unidad de psiquiatría infantil de clínica alemana. Rev soc psiquiatr neurol infanc adolesc. 2011; 22(1):92-101.^,³⁶36 Cova F, Rincón P. El terremoto y tsunami del 27-f y sus efectos en la salud mental. Ter psicol. 2010; 28(2):179-85.^,³⁷37 Erazo C, Pemjean A. Red de atención de salud mental en chile y el terremoto de febrero 2010: fortalezas, daños y respuestas. Rev chil salud pública. 2010; 14(l):59-65.^,³⁸38 García FE, Mardones R. Prevención de trastorno de estrés postraumático en supervivientes del terremoto de Chile de febrero de 2010: una propuesta de intervención narrativa. Ter psicol. 2010; 28(l):85-93.^,⁴⁵45 Benyakar M. Salud mental y desastres: nuevos desafíos. Revista neurol. Neuroc. y psiquiatría. 2002; 35(0:3-25.^,⁴⁶46 Alpino TA. Disasters related to droughts and public health – a review of the scientific literature. Ciênc. Saúde Colet. 2016; 21(3):809-20.^,⁴⁷47 Diaz CA, LamigMAV, Venegas MQ, et al. Re-signification of life experience in older adults affected by three kinds of natural disasters in Chile. FQS. 2016; 17(0:1-37.^,⁴⁸48 Camurça CE, Alencar A, Cidade E, et al. Implicações psicossociais da seca na vida de moradores de um municipio da zona rural do nordeste do Brasil. Avanc. psicol. Latino-americana. 2016; 34(0:117-128.^,⁴⁹49 Freitas CM, Silva DRX, Sena ARM, et al. Natural disasters and health: an analysis of the situation in Brazil. Ciênc. Saúde Colet. 2014; 19(9):3645.^,⁵⁰50 Spink MJP. Viver em áreas de risco: tensões entre gestão de desastres ambientais e os sentidos de risco no cotidiano. Ciênc. Saúde Colet. 2014; 19(9):3743-54.^,⁵¹51 Xavier D, Barcellos C, Freitas C. Extreme weather events and their consequences on health: the 2008 disaster in Santa Catarina taking into account different information sources. Ambiet. soc. [internet]. 2014; 17(4):273-290.^,⁵²52 Castro CF, Simoes DCM, Delamarque EV, et al. Mass events, disasters and public health/Eventos de massa, desastres e saúde pública. Ciênc. Saúde Colet. 2014; 19(9):3717^,⁵³53 Shoaf K. Organizing the health sector for response to disasters. Cad. Saúde Pública. 2014; 19(9):3705-15.^,⁵⁵55 López TE, Santana NP. El terremoto de 2010 en chile: respuesta del sistema de salud y de la cooperación internacional. Revpanam salud pública. 2011; 30(2)160-6.^,⁵⁶56 Grigoletto JC, Cabral AR, Bonfim CV, et al. Management of health sector actions in drought situations. Ciênc. Saúde Colet. 2016; 21(3):709.^,⁶⁰60 Santos Padilha C, Oliveira WF. Community therapy: practice reported by professionals within SUS in Santa Catarina, Brazil. Rev Gaúcha Enfer. 2012; 16(43):1069.^,⁶¹61 Dussaillant F, Guzmán E. Trust via disasters: the case of Chile’s 2010 earthquake. Disasters. 2014; 38(4):808-32.^,⁶²62 Magaña Frade I, Silva-Nadales S, Rovira Rubio R. Catástrofe, subjetividad femenina y reconstrucción: aportes y desafíos desde un enfoque de género para la intervención psicosocial en comunidades afectadas por el terremoto. Ter Psicol. 2010; 28(2):169-77.^,⁶³63 Sena A, Barcellos C, Ramalho W, et al. Measuring the invisible: analysis of the sustainable development goals in relation to populations exposed to drought. Ciênc. Saúde Colet. 2016; 21(3):671-84.^,⁶⁴64 Paranhos ME,WerlangBG Psicologianas emergências: uma nova prática a ser discutida. Psicol. ciene. prof. 2015; 35(2):557-71.^,⁶⁵65 Rocha V, Freitas CM. The theme of disaster in health care: profile of technical and scientific production in the specialized database on disasters of the virtual health library – vhl. Ciênc. Saúde Colet. 2014; 19(9):3775-90.^,⁶⁶66 Fernandes GCM, Boehs AE, Heidemann ITSB. O suporte social durante a transição familiar no pós-de-sastre natural. Texto & contexto – Enfermagem. 2013; 22(4):1098-105.^,⁶⁷67 Cova F, Valdivia M, Rincón P, et al. Estrés postraumático en población infantojuvenil post 27f. Post-traumatic stress disorder in young population after the natural disaster on february 27, 2010. Rev soc psiquiatr neurol infanc adolesc. 2011; 22(1):2-11.^,⁶⁸68 Bricefio AM, Abufhele M, Dávila AM, et al. Estrés postraumático en escolares a 8 meses del 27í Post-traumatic stress disorder in children in a coastal town eight months after the earthquake/tsunami. Rev soc psiquiatr neurol infanc adolesc. 2011; 22(l):12-20.^,⁷⁰70 Rojas MC, Meichtry NC, Vázquez JC, et al. El riesgo de la vivienda urbana para la salud de la población. Un análisis desde la salud colectiva y la vulnerabilidad social. 2012.^,⁷¹71 Panza R, Wiesenfeld E. Las tres caras de los desastres: percepción de riesgo, derrumbe y reubicación. Rev. Desast. socied. [internet]. 1997 [acesso em 2017 mar 15]; 5(8):76-90. Disponível em: https://www.de-senredando.org/public/revistas/dys/. https://www.de-senredando.org/public/rev... ^,⁷²72 Mocellin J, Barreto A, Gural D. Pobreza y desastres: terapia integrante sistemática en una barriada pobre de Brasil Rev. Desast. socied. [internet]. 1997 [acesso em 2017 mar 15]; 5(8):69-77 Disponível em: https:// www.desenredando.org/public/revistas/dys/. https:// www.desenredando.org/public/rev...	- Climate change and effects on the population’s health; Droughts, inundations and floods generating malnutrition and impacts on mental and environmental health; PTSD, post-traumatic and depressive disorders, psychosocial implications in rural dwellers of a municipality in the Northeast; Socio-environmental vulnerability and vulnerable groups (children, adolescents and the elderly) and social abandonment.
Public health (19)¹¹11 Freitas CM, Ximenes EF. Enchentes e saúde pública: uma questão na literatura científica recente das causas, consequências e respostas para prevenção e mitigação. Ciênc. Saúde Colet. 2012; 17(6):1601-1616.^,²⁴24 Abeldafio RA, Fernández R. Salud mental en la comunidad en situaciones de desastre. Una revisión de los modelos de abordaje en la comunidad. Ciênc. Saúde Colet. 2016; 21(2):431-42.^,²⁵25 Portugal FB. Quality of life of primary care patients in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, Brasil: associations with stressful life events and mental health. 2016; 21(2):497-508.^,²⁶26 Londe LR, Marchezini V, Conceição RS, et al. Impactos de desastres socioambientais em saúde pública: estudos dos casos dos estados de Santa Catarina em 2008 e Pernambuco em 2010. Rev bras estud popul. 2015; 32(3):537-62.^,²⁸28 Silva JAM, Siegmund G, Bredemeier J. Crisis interventions in online psychological counseling. Trends in psyc. psychot. 2015; 37(4):171-82.^,²⁹29 Vitriol V, Minoletti A, Alvarado R, et al. Respuesta de los centros de atención primaria en salud mental después del terremoto y tsunami del 2010 en la región del Maule. Rev med chil. 2014; 142(9):1120-7.^,³²32 Schonhaut BL. Terremotos, solidaridad y movilización nacional. Rev chil pediatr. 2013; 84(1):20-5.^,³⁷37 Erazo C, Pemjean A. Red de atención de salud mental en chile y el terremoto de febrero 2010: fortalezas, daños y respuestas. Rev chil salud pública. 2010; 14(l):59-65.^,⁴⁰40 Figueroa RA, González M, Marín H. Apoyo psicológico en desastres: propuesta de un modelo de atención basado en revisiones sistemáticas y metaanáli-sis. Rev med chil. 2010; 138(2):143-51.^,⁴¹41 Loubat M, Fernández AM, Morales M. La experiencia de peralillo: una intervención psicológica para el estado de emergencia. Ter psicol. 2010; 28(2):203-7^,⁴⁵45 Benyakar M. Salud mental y desastres: nuevos desafíos. Revista neurol. Neuroc. y psiquiatría. 2002; 35(0:3-25.^,⁵¹51 Xavier D, Barcellos C, Freitas C. Extreme weather events and their consequences on health: the 2008 disaster in Santa Catarina taking into account different information sources. Ambiet. soc. [internet]. 2014; 17(4):273-290.^,⁵²52 Castro CF, Simoes DCM, Delamarque EV, et al. Mass events, disasters and public health/Eventos de massa, desastres e saúde pública. Ciênc. Saúde Colet. 2014; 19(9):3717^,⁵³53 Shoaf K. Organizing the health sector for response to disasters. Cad. Saúde Pública. 2014; 19(9):3705-15.^,⁵⁴54 Cardoso TAO. Biosecurity and disaster: concepts, prevention, public health and management of corpses. Physis. 2012; 22(4):1523-42.^,⁵⁵55 López TE, Santana NP. El terremoto de 2010 en chile: respuesta del sistema de salud y de la cooperación internacional. Revpanam salud pública. 2011; 30(2)160-6.^,⁵⁹59 Cueto RM, Fernández MZ, Moll S, et al. Community participation and strengthening in a reconstruction context after a natural disaster. J prev interv community. 2015; 43(4):291-303^,⁶²62 Magaña Frade I, Silva-Nadales S, Rovira Rubio R. Catástrofe, subjetividad femenina y reconstrucción: aportes y desafíos desde un enfoque de género para la intervención psicosocial en comunidades afectadas por el terremoto. Ter Psicol. 2010; 28(2):169-77.^,⁶⁵65 Rocha V, Freitas CM. The theme of disaster in health care: profile of technical and scientific production in the specialized database on disasters of the virtual health library – vhl. Ciênc. Saúde Colet. 2014; 19(9):3775-90.	- Association between the impacts of disasters on public health (case studies from the states of Santa Catarina in 2008 and Pernambuco in 2010, drought, floods, earthquake and tsunami in Chile in 2010, floods and landslides in Nova Friburgo in 2011); Relationship between drought and health in Brazil, causing malnutrition, impacts on mental health, water and air quality, access to health services; Health risks in mass events and disasters; Biosafety; Response of the health system and international cooperation in the February 2010 earthquake and tsunami in Chile; Coordination and organization required within health systems.
Risk management (13)¹⁴14 Valencio NFLS. Disasters: technicism and social suffering. 2014; 19(9):3631-44.^,¹⁵15 Freitas CM, Carvalho ML, Ximenes EF, et al. Socio-environmental vulnerability, disaster risk-reduction and resilience-building: lessons from the earthquake in Haiti and torrential rains in the mountain range close to Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. Ciênc. Saúde Colet. [internet]. 2012; 17(6):1577-86.^,⁴⁸48 Camurça CE, Alencar A, Cidade E, et al. Implicações psicossociais da seca na vida de moradores de um municipio da zona rural do nordeste do Brasil. Avanc. psicol. Latino-americana. 2016; 34(0:117-128.^,⁴⁹49 Freitas CM, Silva DRX, Sena ARM, et al. Natural disasters and health: an analysis of the situation in Brazil. Ciênc. Saúde Colet. 2014; 19(9):3645.^,⁵¹51 Xavier D, Barcellos C, Freitas C. Extreme weather events and their consequences on health: the 2008 disaster in Santa Catarina taking into account different information sources. Ambiet. soc. [internet]. 2014; 17(4):273-290.^,⁵³53 Shoaf K. Organizing the health sector for response to disasters. Cad. Saúde Pública. 2014; 19(9):3705-15.^,⁵⁵55 López TE, Santana NP. El terremoto de 2010 en chile: respuesta del sistema de salud y de la cooperación internacional. Revpanam salud pública. 2011; 30(2)160-6.^,⁵⁶56 Grigoletto JC, Cabral AR, Bonfim CV, et al. Management of health sector actions in drought situations. Ciênc. Saúde Colet. 2016; 21(3):709.^,⁵⁷57 Favero E, Diesel V. A seca enquanto um hazard e um desastre: umarevisão teórica. Aletheia. 2008; (27):198.^,⁶²62 Magaña Frade I, Silva-Nadales S, Rovira Rubio R. Catástrofe, subjetividad femenina y reconstrucción: aportes y desafíos desde un enfoque de género para la intervención psicosocial en comunidades afectadas por el terremoto. Ter Psicol. 2010; 28(2):169-77.^,⁶⁹69 Bedregal P, Carvallo C, Hernández V, et al. Estrés post-traumático post terremoto 27f en cuidadores principales de niños preescolares, factores asociados del cuidador, de la familia y la crianza. Post-traumatic stress disorder after 27/f earthquake in primary caregivers of preschool children, factors associated with the caregiver, family and parenting. Rev soc psiquiatr neurol infanc adolesc. 2011; 22(l):21-28.^,⁷⁰70 Rojas MC, Meichtry NC, Vázquez JC, et al. El riesgo de la vivienda urbana para la salud de la población. Un análisis desde la salud colectiva y la vulnerabilidad social. 2012.^,⁷²72 Mocellin J, Barreto A, Gural D. Pobreza y desastres: terapia integrante sistemática en una barriada pobre de Brasil Rev. Desast. socied. [internet]. 1997 [acesso em 2017 mar 15]; 5(8):69-77 Disponível em: https:// www.desenredando.org/public/revistas/dys/. https:// www.desenredando.org/public/rev...	- Risk analysis as a corrective and preventive measure, risk perception (risk ranking as part of the understanding of risk perception); Civil defense; Analysis of socio-environmental vulnerability and vulnerable groups (socio-environmental vulnerability creating conditions for disasters and limiting prevention and mitigation strategies); Biosafety (corpse management, inefficient public policies, environmental degradation, vulnerability, climate change); Drought, dry season, floods and earthquake in Haiti in 2010; Climate change, sustainable development agenda, Rio + 20; Risk associated with lower socioeconomic development; Production of meanings (tensions between socio-environmental disaster management and the importance of risk in everyday life); Characterization, indicators and risk assessment in an integrated manner (human and biota); Risk communication technology as a preventive health practice.

Psychosocial impacts on disasters

- Effects on health:

Communicable diseases (Floods), malnutrition (Drought), emotional insecurity, post-traumatic disorders, disorders and symptoms of depression, stress and anxiety, suicide (in all types of disaster), psychological stress triggering chronic cardiovascular diseases, aggressiveness;

- Social consequences:

mpairment of access and quality of basic services, problems in water and air quality, change in the social role in a fragmented context (Drought and Floods), lack of assistance in post-impact, unhealthy temporary shelters, social insecurity, disbelief in the public power due to social abandonment in the process of reconstruction and recovery, socio-environmental vulnerability, economic loss, increased poverty, loss of housing, gender violence, cases of opportunism in international humanitarian aid (political interests);

- Symbolic consequences:

displacement of part of the family to obtain income due to the expropriation of affected lands – forced displacement, loss of family space (Drought, Floods, Volcanic Eruption).

Psychosocial support in disasters

Relief operations, emotional restraint, social support, emotional support workshops, evidence-based interventions, support at the biopsychosocial and behavioral levels, empowerment and community participation (protagonists in the reconstruction of daily life), strengthening of community resources, community therapy, training of professionals health and care, strengthening social capital, promoting networks of trust, strengthening family ties, preparing children and teachers for disaster risk, educational activities, strengthening values such as trust, solidarity and support, psychological first aid, systematization and evaluation of emotional support interventions, early and effective interventions to increase individuals’ resilience and emotional strength, physical and mental care, psychological support to reduce psychological distress and help with physical rehabilitation sica, psychosocial interventions from a gender perspective, care spaces, community spaces, exploratory intervention maps, training and self-care with health professionals, coping strategies and psychosocial interventions in training with primary care professionals (focus on additional skills), primary care as a gateway to the health system, comprehensive care, psychoeducation, educational activities in general, shared and articulated work with other social sectors, psychological intervention in the online context, reframing the experience of the elderly, spiritual faith, integrative systemic therapy.

[1] Collaborators

Carvalho MM (0000-0002-0433-0838)^* * Orcid (Open Researcher and Contributor ID). contributed to the conception, planning, analysis and data interpretation, elaboration of the draft, critical review of the content and approval of the final version of the manuscript. Oliveira SS (0000-0001-5477-6216)^* * Orcid (Open Researcher and Contributor ID). contributed to the conception, planning, critical review of the content and approval of the final version of the manuscript.

Brasil

Brasil

Psychosocial aspects in socioenvironmental disasters of geoclimatic origin: an integrative literature review

ABSTRACT