Estratégias para o Desenvolvimento de Revestimentos Resistentes ao Desgaste: Uma Revisão

This review presents the possible strategies to increase the wear resistance of hardfacing alloys based on metallic matrix and second hard phase’s coupled design. As the wear resistance is not an intrinsic property of material, the results of many wear tests are discussed in light of the interaction between mechanical properties and wear severity, which is dependent on the microstructure. These strategies are based on the hardness increase, considering the kind and size of the second hard phase, the fracture toughness, and the dilution level of hardfacing. The guidelines provided for designing better the hardfacing alloys for usual abrasion conditions depending on the volume fraction of the second hard phase.

Key-words:
Abrasive wear; Hardfacing; Carbides

Authorship

Giuseppe Pintaude

Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná – UTFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brasil.Universidade Tecnológica Federal do ParanáBrasilCuritiba, PR, BrasilUniversidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná – UTFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8215-4481

E-mail: pintaude@utfpr.edu.br (GP)

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Formulas

Figures (10)
Formulas (2)

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Figure 1
The effect of carbide size on wear behavior of Co-base alloys during the DSRW test. Adapted from [¹⁶16 Desai VM, Rao CM, Kosel TH, Fiore NF. Effect of carbide size on the abrasion of cobalt-base powder metallurgy alloys. Wear. 1984;94(1):89-101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(84)90168-6.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(84)9... ].

Thumbnail

Figure 2
The blocking action promoted by a chromium carbide on a manual scratch did with a glass fragment [¹⁷17 Pintaude G, Bernardes FG, Santos MM, Sinatora A, Albertin E. Mild and severe wear of steels and cast irons in sliding abrasion. Wear. 2009;267(1-4):19-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2008.12.099.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2008.12... ].

Thumbnail

Figure 3
Volume loss caused by silica as a function of binder mean free path [²²22 Larsen-Basse J, Koyanagi ET. Abrasion of WC-Co alloys by quartz. Journal of Lubrication Technology. 1979;101(2):208-211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3453325.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3453325... ].

Thumbnail

Figure 4
A two-step mechanism involved removing the second hard phase during abrasion [¹⁷17 Pintaude G, Bernardes FG, Santos MM, Sinatora A, Albertin E. Mild and severe wear of steels and cast irons in sliding abrasion. Wear. 2009;267(1-4):19-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2008.12.099.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2008.12... ,²¹21 Wang Q, Zhang Y, Ding X, Wang S, Ramachandran CS. Effect of WC grain size and abrasive type on the wear performance of HVOF-sprayed WC-20Cr3C2-7Ni coatings. Coatings. 2020;10(7):660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10070660.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings100706... -²²22 Larsen-Basse J, Koyanagi ET. Abrasion of WC-Co alloys by quartz. Journal of Lubrication Technology. 1979;101(2):208-211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3453325.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3453325... ].

Thumbnail

Figure 5
Variation of abrasion resistance as a function of fracture toughness for materials with a relatively low volume fraction of the second hard phase. Adapted from [²⁵25 Zum Gahr KH, Doane DV. Optimizing fracture toughness and abrasion resistance in white cast irons. Metallurgical Transactions. A, Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science. 1980;11(4):613-620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02670698.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02670698... ].

Thumbnail

Figure 6
Variation of fracture toughness of carbides in high-chromium cast iron as a function of matrix hardness, using Vickers hardness test. Adapted from [²⁷27 Franco SD, Sinatora A. Determinação da tenacidade à fratura de carbonetos M7C3 usando o método da indentação. In: Anais do XI Congresso Brasileiro de Engenharia e Ciência dos Materiais; 1994; Águas de São Pedro. São Paulo: IPEN; 1994. p. 247-50.].

Thumbnail

Figure 7
Effect of difference in the metallic matrix’s hardness and carbides of high-chromium cast iron on wear resistance determined in DRSW testing. Adapted from [²⁸28 Kim CK, Lee S, Jung JY. Effects of heat treatment on wear resistance and fracture toughness of duo-cast materials composed of high-chromium white cast iron and low-chromium steel. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions. A, Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science. 2006;37(3):633-643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-006-0035-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-006-003... ].

Thumbnail

Figure 8
Microcracking of MC carbide observed in a softer multicomponent cast iron abraded by 0.2 mm alumina paper [¹⁷17 Pintaude G, Bernardes FG, Santos MM, Sinatora A, Albertin E. Mild and severe wear of steels and cast irons in sliding abrasion. Wear. 2009;267(1-4):19-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2008.12.099.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2008.12... ].

Thumbnail

Figure 9
Variation of abrasion resistance with the fracture toughness (determined by indentation) of WC-Co alloys [³³33 Roebuck B, Gant AJ, Gee MG. Abrasion and toughness property maps for WC/Co hardmetals. Powder Metallurgy. 2007;50(2):111-114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174329007X211526.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174329007X2115... ].

Thumbnail

Figure 10
Resulted microstructure from PTA deposit of 45% wt. of chromium carbides onto NiAl alloy, processed with 100 A [³⁶36 Yano DH, Brunetti C, Pintaude G, D’Oliveira ASCM, Canale L, Dean SW. Modification of NiAl intermetallic coatings processed by PTA with chromium carbides. Journal of ASTM International. 2011;8(4):1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/JAI103439.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/JAI103439... ].

Thumbnail

(1)

Thumbnail

(2)

Figure 1 The effect of carbide size on wear behavior of Co-base alloys during the DSRW test. Adapted from [¹⁶16 Desai VM, Rao CM, Kosel TH, Fiore NF. Effect of carbide size on the abrasion of cobalt-base powder metallurgy alloys. Wear. 1984;94(1):89-101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(84)90168-6.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(84)9... ].

Figure 2 The blocking action promoted by a chromium carbide on a manual scratch did with a glass fragment [¹⁷17 Pintaude G, Bernardes FG, Santos MM, Sinatora A, Albertin E. Mild and severe wear of steels and cast irons in sliding abrasion. Wear. 2009;267(1-4):19-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2008.12.099.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2008.12... ].

Figure 3 Volume loss caused by silica as a function of binder mean free path [²²22 Larsen-Basse J, Koyanagi ET. Abrasion of WC-Co alloys by quartz. Journal of Lubrication Technology. 1979;101(2):208-211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3453325.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3453325... ].

Figure 4 A two-step mechanism involved removing the second hard phase during abrasion [¹⁷17 Pintaude G, Bernardes FG, Santos MM, Sinatora A, Albertin E. Mild and severe wear of steels and cast irons in sliding abrasion. Wear. 2009;267(1-4):19-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2008.12.099.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2008.12... ,²¹21 Wang Q, Zhang Y, Ding X, Wang S, Ramachandran CS. Effect of WC grain size and abrasive type on the wear performance of HVOF-sprayed WC-20Cr3C2-7Ni coatings. Coatings. 2020;10(7):660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10070660.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings100706... -²²22 Larsen-Basse J, Koyanagi ET. Abrasion of WC-Co alloys by quartz. Journal of Lubrication Technology. 1979;101(2):208-211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3453325.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3453325... ].

Figure 5 Variation of abrasion resistance as a function of fracture toughness for materials with a relatively low volume fraction of the second hard phase. Adapted from [²⁵25 Zum Gahr KH, Doane DV. Optimizing fracture toughness and abrasion resistance in white cast irons. Metallurgical Transactions. A, Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science. 1980;11(4):613-620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02670698.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02670698... ].

Figure 6 Variation of fracture toughness of carbides in high-chromium cast iron as a function of matrix hardness, using Vickers hardness test. Adapted from [²⁷27 Franco SD, Sinatora A. Determinação da tenacidade à fratura de carbonetos M7C3 usando o método da indentação. In: Anais do XI Congresso Brasileiro de Engenharia e Ciência dos Materiais; 1994; Águas de São Pedro. São Paulo: IPEN; 1994. p. 247-50.].

Figure 7 Effect of difference in the metallic matrix’s hardness and carbides of high-chromium cast iron on wear resistance determined in DRSW testing. Adapted from [²⁸28 Kim CK, Lee S, Jung JY. Effects of heat treatment on wear resistance and fracture toughness of duo-cast materials composed of high-chromium white cast iron and low-chromium steel. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions. A, Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science. 2006;37(3):633-643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-006-0035-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-006-003... ].

Figure 8 Microcracking of MC carbide observed in a softer multicomponent cast iron abraded by 0.2 mm alumina paper [¹⁷17 Pintaude G, Bernardes FG, Santos MM, Sinatora A, Albertin E. Mild and severe wear of steels and cast irons in sliding abrasion. Wear. 2009;267(1-4):19-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2008.12.099.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2008.12... ].

Figure 9 Variation of abrasion resistance with the fracture toughness (determined by indentation) of WC-Co alloys [³³33 Roebuck B, Gant AJ, Gee MG. Abrasion and toughness property maps for WC/Co hardmetals. Powder Metallurgy. 2007;50(2):111-114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174329007X211526.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174329007X2115... ].

Figure 10 Resulted microstructure from PTA deposit of 45% wt. of chromium carbides onto NiAl alloy, processed with 100 A [³⁶36 Yano DH, Brunetti C, Pintaude G, D’Oliveira ASCM, Canale L, Dean SW. Modification of NiAl intermetallic coatings processed by PTA with chromium carbides. Journal of ASTM International. 2011;8(4):1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/JAI103439.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/JAI103439... ].

(1)

\frac{d V}{d l} = \frac{t a n θ}{π} \frac{W}{H}

(2)

\frac{d V}{d l} = k \frac{d^{1 / 2}}{K_{I C}^{3 / 4}} \frac{p^{5 / 4}}{H^{1 / 2}}

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Estratégias para o Desenvolvimento de Revestimentos Resistentes ao Desgaste: Uma Revisão

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[1] E-mail: pintaude@utfpr.edu.br (GP)