Development as Freedom in Brazil

Dalto, Karla Karoline Soares; Pires, Mônica de Moura; Aguiar, Paulo César Bahia de

doi:10.14393/SN-v33-2021-59137

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Papers • Soc. nat. 33 • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.14393/SN-v33-2021-59137 copy

Development as Freedom in Brazil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The search for socio-economic development has been one of the main objectives to guide government policies in different countries. The deepening of the environmental crisis and the demand for well-being have led governments and society to discuss new models of development and instruments capable of measuring them. The present work is part of this theme by structuring an index of development backed by the studies of Amartya Sen, whose theory is based on the expansion of individual freedoms and the extinction of deprivations that restrict their opportunities. The main objective of this article is to analyze the socioeconomic reality of Brazilian federative units and regions by means of a Development as Freedom Index (DFI; Índice de Desenvolvimento como Liberdade - IDL) and sub-indices of Instrumental Freedoms advocated by Amartya Sen. To that end, the theoretical assumptions for defining and survey of variables, the protection of freedoms that reflect national values is identified in Brazilian legislation, and the sub-indices and the index are tested, applying them to understand the national, regional and State reality. The results showed that Brazil is in a “regular” condition of development, with an IDL of 0.50. It was evident the strong social vulnerability in the Northeast and North regions and the non-fulfillment of social needs by governmental spheres at the demanded level, an affirmation reinforced by the low and the regular sub-index they obtained for Social Opportunities. There is a concentration of wealth in the South, Southeast and Midwest of the country and more access to the opportunities, and in the Northeast there are a greater number of States with low socioeconomic performance.

Keywords:
Sustainability; Privations; Capabilities

Freedoms	Variables	Data Source*
Political Freedoms	Voter turnout percentagem	BRASIL (2018a)
	Percentage of voters affiliated to political parties
	Party participation with representation in the federal legislature
	The proportion of candidates by gender for positions in the federal legislature
	Percentage of contested candidacies for positions in the federal legislature
	The ratio between the number of existing state councils and the total number of mandatory and optional councils observed in all States	IBGE (2017a).
	Percentage of residents in permanent households with access to TV	IBGE (2015a).
	Variability of printed newspaper titles by inhabitants	IBGE (2016a).
	Percentage of people over 10 years old with internet access	IBGE (2015b).
Economic Facilities	Male occupancy rate	IBGE (2018a).
	Female occupancy rate	IBGE (2018b).
	Percentage of households with average family income equal to or less than 1 minimum wage per capita	IBGE (2015c).
	Average income ratio between men and women	IBGE (2018c).
	Percentage of children aged between 5 and 14 working	IBGE (2015d).
	The ratio of labor inspectors per 10,000 workers	IBGE (2018d).
	Percentage of accidents and deaths at work	IBGE (2016b).
	Industry added value due to the total added to the economy	IBGE (2013a).
	Number of trucks per km of road network	CNT (2016).
	Percentage of consumer complaints resolved in relation to those made in official defense bodies	BRASIL (2018b).
Social Opportunities	Net school attendance rate	IBGE (2015e).
	Illiteracy rate	IBGE (2018e).
	Higher Level Completion Rate	IBGE (2018f).
	Average of IDEB grades for all levels of education	BRASIL (2018c)
	Percentage of municipalities with garbage collection per collection company	IBGE (2015f).
	Percentage of municipalities with selective garbage collection	IBGE(2015g).
	Rate of households with sewage connected to the cesspool or septic network	IBGE (2015h).
	Percentage of households with access to treated water	IBGE (2017b).
	Percentage of households with access to electricity	IBGE (2015i).
	Percentage of total vaccination coverage	BRASIL (2018d).
	Hospitalizations for diseases related to inadequate environmental sanitation (Unit. per 100,000. inhab.)	IBGE (2017c).
	The ratio of the number of health teams per thousand inhabitants	BRASIL (2018e)
	The ratio between number of doctors and inhabitants	BRASIL (2018f).
	The ratio of hospital beds per 100,000 inhabitants	BRASIL (2018g).
	Life expectancy at birth	PNUD (2013a).
	Child mortality rate	PNUD (2013b).
	The ratio between civil and military police and population	IBGE (2014).
	Homicide rate per 100,000 inhabitants	BRASIL (2018h).
	Percentage of municipalities with their own environmental legislation	IBGE (2013b).
	Percentage of municipalities with municipal funding for the environment	IBGE (2013c).
	Ratio between areas destined to conservation units and total area of the state	IBGE (2013d).
	Rate of increase in pesticide use (kg/hec), 2005-2014	IPEA (2020)
	Lost accumulated area of biomes in the states over the original area	IBGE (2017c).
Transparency Guarantees	Percentage of compliance with the Access to Information Law (“Lei de Acesso à Informação”; LAI) by the states according to mandatory information	BRASIL (2018i)
Transparency Guarantees	Percentage of states that comply with the Fiscal Responsibility Law (“Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal”; LRF) for public spending	BRASIL (2018j).
Protective Security	The growth rate of beneficiaries of the Bolsa Família Program in relation to the total population between 2015 - 2018	BRASIL (2018k).
Protective Security	The growth rate of the number of BPC beneficiaries in relation to the total population between 2015 - 2018	BRASIL (2018l).

Region/State	Instrumental Freedoms Sub-Index					General index (DFI)
Region/State	Political Freedoms	Economic Facilities	Social Opportunities	Transparency Guarantees	Protective Security
North	0,54	0,41	0,44	0,90	0,28	0,47
Acre	0,54	0,47	0,39	0,84	0,11	0.44
Amazonas	0,41	0,30	0,46	0,93	0,25	0,43
Amapá	0,73	0,35	0,41	0,97	0,19	0,48
Pará	0,40	0,37	0,32	1,00	0,20	0,37
Rondônia	0,44	0,38	0,48	0,89	0,57	0,47
Roraima	0,58	0,51	0,55	0,71	0,30	0,55
Tocantins	0,65	0,46	0,49	0,94	0,33	0,52
Midwest	0,57	0,50	0,63	0,69	0,59	0,59
Distrito Federal	0,61	0,70	0,86	0,96	0,73	0,78
Goiás	0,61	0,47	0,56	0,55	0,55	0,55
Mato Grosso	0,55	0,42	0,54	0,68	0,53	0,52
Mato G. do Sul	0,50	0,40	0,56	0,57	0,54	0,51
Northeast	0,53	0,37	0,38	0,61	0,19	0,41
Alagoas	0,49	0,37	0,34	0,21	0,13	0,36
Bahia	0,55	0,32	0,40	0,90	0,17	0,42
Ceará	0,53	0,45	0,45	0,66	0,19	0,47
Maranhão	0,52	0,34	0,25	0,41	0,12	0,32
Paraíba	0,55	0,36	0,38	0,44	0,18	0,40
Pernambuco	0,54	0,36	0,49	0,38	0,14	0,45
Piauí	0,51	0,39	0,32	0,65	0,24	0,39
Rio G. do Norte	0,56	0,40	0,45	1,00	0,34	0,48
Sergipe	0,48	0,34	0,37	0,88	0,19	0,40
Southeast	0,56	0,45	0,66	0,42	0,66	0,59
Espírito Santo	0,62	0,45	0,62	0,46	0,67	0,58
Minas Gerais	0,60	0,40	0,59	0,07	0,64	0,53
Rio de Janeiro	0,59	0,49	0,71	0,50	0,62	0,62
São Paulo	0,42	0,46	0,74	0,63	0,74	0,61
South	0,68	0,48	0,66	0,78	0,85	0,65
Paraná	0,64	0,46	0,67	0,92	0,74	0,63
Rio G. do Sul	0,72	0,46	0,69	0,51	0,82	0,64
Santa Catarina	0,67	0,51	0,67	0,91	1,00	0,66
Brazil	0,56	0,42	0,51	0,69	0,42	0,50

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[1] AUTHORS' CONTRIBUTION

Karla Karoline Soares Dalto conceived and prepared the manuscript. She collected the data, performed the treatment and analyzed the data. She drew up the chart, actively participated in the discussion of results, reviewed and approved the final version of the work. Mônica de Moura Pires conceived the study, analyzed the data, prepared the manuscript, revised and approved the final version of the work. Paulo César Bahia de Aguiar prepared the map, chart and table. He analyzed the data, corrected and organized the text. He approved the final version of the work.