Frequency of fungi associated with Creole corn seeds under different environmental conditions in Guerrero, Mexico

García-Solano, Guadalupe; Palemón-Alberto, Francisco; Ortega-Acosta, Santo Ángel; Damián-Nava, Agustín; Juárez-López, Porfirio; García-Escamilla, Paul; Villar-Luna, Edgar; Cruz-Lagunas, Blas

doi:10.1590/0100-5405/260498

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ARTICLES • Summa Phytopathol. 48 (4) • Oct-Dec 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0100-5405/260498 copy

Frequency of fungi associated with Creole corn seeds under different environmental conditions in Guerrero, Mexico

Frequência de fungos associados a sementes de milho crioulo em diferentes condições ambientais em Guerrero, México

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

In Mexico, Creole corn has presented problems related to seed rot. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the frequency of fungi associated with Creole corn seeds. From January to February 2019, 13 Creole corn samples were collected from several localities in Guerrero, Mexico. The samples were processed in PDA culture medium and the frequency of each fungus was estimated based on cultural characteristics and taxonomic keys. Considering symptomatic corn seed samples, Fusarium oxysporum was recorded in eight samples at 97.2%, followed by F. graminearum, isolated from race “Olotillo 1” at 94.4% and from race “Cónico pepitilla” at 58.3%. Phomopsis sp. was isolated at 100% from race “Olotillo 2”. Gibberella moniliformis was isolated from “Elotes Occidental 1” at 83.3%, while the least frequent isolate (19.4%) from “Pepitilla” was Sarocladium strictum, which was recorded in three samples at the low values of 11.1% and 2.8% for races “Arrocillo 2” and “Pepitilla”, respectively; Talaromyces variabilis was found in two samples at 11.1% and 2.8% from “Arrocillo 2” and “Cónico pepitilla”, respectively; Stenocarpella macrospora was isolated at 72.2% from “Pepitilla”. Aspergillus flavus was obtained from “Cónico Pepitilla” at 16.7%, while Setosphaeria turcica and Emericella sp. were less frequently isolated. Considering asymptomatic seeds of race “Cónico pepitilla”, F. oxysporum was isolated at 8.3%, Fusarium acuminatum at 8.3% and Gibberella moniliformis at 41.7%; from asymptomatic seeds of “Olotillo 1” and “Olotillo 2”, Phomopsis sp. was isolated at 50% and Rhizoctonia solani at 50%, respectively. In the present study, the fungi F. oxysporum, Phomopsis sp., G. moniliformis and F. graminearum were most frequently associated with Creole corn seeds.

Keywords
Zea mays ; fungal disease; seed mycoflora

Region of Guerrero State	Municipality	Locality	Coordinates	Relative humidity (%)	Altitude (m.a.s.l)	Races of corn
Norte	Cocula	Tlanipatlán	18°9’34.05”N 99°44’52.51”W	58.80	1,067	Elotes Occidentales (morado 1), No identificado (blanco), Elotes Occidentales (morado 2) and Elotes Occidentales (rosado 3)
	Cuetzala del Progreso	Apetlanca	18°12’27.9”N 99°47’21.29”W	58.80	1,718	Pepitilla (blanco)
	Cuetzala del Progreso	San Francisco Lagunita	18°10’34.28”N 99°46’3.75”W	58.80	1,679	Cónico Pepitilla (blanco), Arrocillo delgado (blanco-crema), Arrocillo (blanco 1) and Arrocillo (blanco 2)
Centro	Chilapa de Álvarez	Cuamañotepec	17°33’0.07”N 99°3’9.68”W	62.69	2,096	Olotillo (blanco 1),
Costa Chica	San Luis Acatlán	Pascala del Oro	17°3’17.49”N 98°48’35.09”W	67.28	1,085	Olotillo (morado 2), Maíz Costeño (blanco 1 and blanco 2)

Race of corn	Fgra	Foxy	Facu	Sstr	Gmon	Smac	Phom	Tvar	Afla	Rsol	Stur	Emer	Sh
^a a Apetlanca, Municipality Cuetzala del Progreso; Pepitilla	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	2.8^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	2.8^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	19.4^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	72.2^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	2.8^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;
^b b Cuamañotepec, Municipality Chilapa de Álvarez; Olotillo 1	94.4^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	5.6^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;
^b b Cuamañotepec, Municipality Chilapa de Álvarez; Olotillo 1	0^g g isolation of fungi from asymptomatic seeds.	0^g g isolation of fungi from asymptomatic seeds.	0^g g isolation of fungi from asymptomatic seeds.	0^g g isolation of fungi from asymptomatic seeds.	0^g g isolation of fungi from asymptomatic seeds.	0^g g isolation of fungi from asymptomatic seeds.	50^g g isolation of fungi from asymptomatic seeds.	0^g g isolation of fungi from asymptomatic seeds.	0^g g isolation of fungi from asymptomatic seeds.	0^g g isolation of fungi from asymptomatic seeds.	0^g g isolation of fungi from asymptomatic seeds.	0^g g isolation of fungi from asymptomatic seeds.	50^g g isolation of fungi from asymptomatic seeds.
^c c San Francisco Lagunita, Municipality Cuetzala del Progreso; Cónico pepitilla	58.3^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	5.6^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	16.7^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	2.8^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	16.7^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;
^c c San Francisco Lagunita, Municipality Cuetzala del Progreso; Cónico pepitilla	0^g g isolation of fungi from asymptomatic seeds.	8.3^g g isolation of fungi from asymptomatic seeds.	8.3^g g isolation of fungi from asymptomatic seeds.	0^g g isolation of fungi from asymptomatic seeds.	41.7^g g isolation of fungi from asymptomatic seeds.	0^g g isolation of fungi from asymptomatic seeds.	0^g g isolation of fungi from asymptomatic seeds.	0^g g isolation of fungi from asymptomatic seeds.	0^g g isolation of fungi from asymptomatic seeds.	0^g g isolation of fungi from asymptomatic seeds.	0^g g isolation of fungi from asymptomatic seeds.	0^g g isolation of fungi from asymptomatic seeds.	41.7^g g isolation of fungi from asymptomatic seeds.
^c c San Francisco Lagunita, Municipality Cuetzala del Progreso; Arrocillo delgado	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	8.3^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	75^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	16.7^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	2.8^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;
^c c San Francisco Lagunita, Municipality Cuetzala del Progreso; Arrocillo 1	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	13.9^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	8.3^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	66.7^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	11.1^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;
^c c San Francisco Lagunita, Municipality Cuetzala del Progreso; Arrocillo 2	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	38.9^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	11.1^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0.0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	11.1^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	38.9^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;
^d d Tlanipatlan, Municipality Cocula; Elotes occidentales1	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	83.3^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	16.7^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;
^d d Tlanipatlan, Municipality Cocula; Blanco no identificado	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	97.2^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	2.8^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;
^d d Tlanipatlan, Municipality Cocula; Elotes occidentales2	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	77.8^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	22.2^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;
^d d Tlanipatlan, Municipality Cocula; Elotes occidentales3	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	52.8^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	44.4^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	2.8^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;
^e e Pascala del Oro, Municipality San Luis Acatlan. Fgra= Fusarium graminearum, Foxy= Fusarium oxysporum, Facu= Fusarium acuminatum, Sstr= Sarocladium strictum, Gmon= Gibberella moniliformis, Smac= Stenocarpella macrospora, Phom= Phomopsis sp., Tvar= Talaromyces variabilis, Afla= Aspergillus flavus, Rsol= Rizoctonia solani, Stur= Setosphaeria turcica, Emer= Emericella sp., Sh= No fungal development. Olotillo 2	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	100^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;
^e e Pascala del Oro, Municipality San Luis Acatlan. Fgra= Fusarium graminearum, Foxy= Fusarium oxysporum, Facu= Fusarium acuminatum, Sstr= Sarocladium strictum, Gmon= Gibberella moniliformis, Smac= Stenocarpella macrospora, Phom= Phomopsis sp., Tvar= Talaromyces variabilis, Afla= Aspergillus flavus, Rsol= Rizoctonia solani, Stur= Setosphaeria turcica, Emer= Emericella sp., Sh= No fungal development. Olotillo 2	0^g g isolation of fungi from asymptomatic seeds.	0^g g isolation of fungi from asymptomatic seeds.	0^g g isolation of fungi from asymptomatic seeds.	0^g g isolation of fungi from asymptomatic seeds.	0^g g isolation of fungi from asymptomatic seeds.	0^g g isolation of fungi from asymptomatic seeds.	0^g g isolation of fungi from asymptomatic seeds.	0^g g isolation of fungi from asymptomatic seeds.	0^g g isolation of fungi from asymptomatic seeds.	50^g g isolation of fungi from asymptomatic seeds.	0^g g isolation of fungi from asymptomatic seeds.	0^g g isolation of fungi from asymptomatic seeds.	50^g g isolation of fungi from asymptomatic seeds.
^e e Pascala del Oro, Municipality San Luis Acatlan. Fgra= Fusarium graminearum, Foxy= Fusarium oxysporum, Facu= Fusarium acuminatum, Sstr= Sarocladium strictum, Gmon= Gibberella moniliformis, Smac= Stenocarpella macrospora, Phom= Phomopsis sp., Tvar= Talaromyces variabilis, Afla= Aspergillus flavus, Rsol= Rizoctonia solani, Stur= Setosphaeria turcica, Emer= Emericella sp., Sh= No fungal development. Maíz costeño 1	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	97.2^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	2.8^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;
^e e Pascala del Oro, Municipality San Luis Acatlan. Fgra= Fusarium graminearum, Foxy= Fusarium oxysporum, Facu= Fusarium acuminatum, Sstr= Sarocladium strictum, Gmon= Gibberella moniliformis, Smac= Stenocarpella macrospora, Phom= Phomopsis sp., Tvar= Talaromyces variabilis, Afla= Aspergillus flavus, Rsol= Rizoctonia solani, Stur= Setosphaeria turcica, Emer= Emericella sp., Sh= No fungal development. Maíz costeño 2	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	50^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	0^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;	50^f f isolation of fungi from symptomatic seeds;

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[1] Corresponding authors: Santo Ángel Ortega-Acosta (angelortega011185@hotmail.com)