Which anthropometric equation to predict body fat percentage is more strongly associated with maximum oxygen uptake in adolescents? A cross-sectional study

Gonçalves, Eliane Cristina de Andrade; Nardo Júnior, Nelson; Ribas, Michele Caroline de Souza; Silva, Diego Augusto Santos

doi:10.1590/1516-3180.2022.0437.R1.07022023

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Sao Paulo Medical Journal

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE • Sao Paulo Med. J. 141 (6) • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-3180.2022.0437.R1.07022023 copy

Which anthropometric equation to predict body fat percentage is more strongly associated with maximum oxygen uptake in adolescents? A cross-sectional study

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND:

Identifying the relationship between maximum consumption of oxygen and body fat percentage is important due to increased cardiovascular risk factors.

OBJECTIVE:

This study aimed to verify the association between body fat percentage determined by three predictive equations using anthropometric measures (Lohman, Boileau, and Slaughter) and maximum oxygen uptake (VO₂max). We also aimed to estimate the capacity of these equations for explaining VO₂max variations in adolescents according to sex.

DESIGN AND SETTING:

This was a cross-sectional study conducted in high schools in São José, Southern Brazil.

METHODS:

This study included 879 adolescents (14–19 years) from Southern Brazil. Aerobic fitness was assessed using the modified Canadian Aerobic Fitness Test. The independent variable was body fat percentage predicted by the Lohman, Boileau, and Slaughter equations. Analyses adjusted for sociodemographic variables, physical activity level, and sexual maturation were performed with P value < 0.05.

RESULTS:

All anthropometric prediction equations used to estimate body fat percentage explained VO₂max variations in adolescents. In male adolescents, both regression models based on the Boileau et al.¹²12. Boileau RA, Lohman TG, Slaughter MH. Exercise and body composition in children and youth. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 1985;7:17-27. Available from: https://experts.arizona.edu/en/publications/exercise-and-body-composition-of-children-and-youth. Accessed in 2022 (Jul 22).
https://experts.arizona.edu/en/publicati... and Lohman¹⁰10. Lohman TG. Applicability of body composition techniques and constants for children and youth. In: Pandolf KB. Exercise and sport sciences reviews. New York: Macmillan, 1986. equations revealed higher explanatory power for VO₂max (20%) compared with that based on the Slaughter et al.¹³13. Slaughter M, Lohman T, Boileau R, et al. Skinfold equations for estimation of body fatness in children and youth. Hum Biol. 1988;60(5):709-23. PMID: 3224965. equation (19%). In female adolescents, the model based on the anthropometric equation of Slaughter et al.¹³13. Slaughter M, Lohman T, Boileau R, et al. Skinfold equations for estimation of body fatness in children and youth. Hum Biol. 1988;60(5):709-23. PMID: 3224965. showed the greatest explanatory power for VO₂max (18%).

CONCLUSION:

The inverse relationship between VO₂max and body fat intensifies the need for effective intervention programs that prioritize maintenance of appropriate body fat and aerobic fitness levels because inadequate levels of both factors result in negative health consequences.

KEY WORDS (MeSH terms):
Fat body; Exercise; Physical fitness

AUTHORS’ KEY WORDS:
Association; Lifestyle; Physical activity; Adolescent health; Overweight

Reference	Year	Sex	Predictive equation’s
Boileau et al.¹²12. Boileau RA, Lohman TG, Slaughter MH. Exercise and body composition in children and youth. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 1985;7:17-27. Available from: https://experts.arizona.edu/en/publications/exercise-and-body-composition-of-children-and-youth. Accessed in 2022 (Jul 22). https://experts.arizona.edu/en/publicati...	1985	Male	%FAT = 1.35 (TR + SE) – 0.012 (TR+SE)² - 4,4
		Female	%FAT = 1.35 (TR + SE) – 0.012 (TR + SE)² - 2,4
Lohman¹⁰10. Lohman TG. Applicability of body composition techniques and constants for children and youth. In: Pandolf KB. Exercise and sport sciences reviews. New York: Macmillan, 1986.	1986	Male and female (all ages)	%BF = 1.35 (TR + SE) − 0.012 (TR + SE)² - I^a
Slaughter et al.¹³13. Slaughter M, Lohman T, Boileau R, et al. Skinfold equations for estimation of body fatness in children and youth. Hum Biol. 1988;60(5):709-23. PMID: 3224965.	1988	Male ∑BF < 35mm (all ages)	%BF = 1.21 (TR + SE) − 0.008 (TR + SE)² + I^b
		Female ∑BF < 35mm (all ages)	%BF = 1.33 (TR + SE) − 0.013 (TR + SE)² - 2.5
		Male ∑BF ≥ 35 mm (all ages)	%BF = 0.783 (TR+SE) + 1.6
		Female ∑BF ≥ 35 mm (all ages)	%BF = 0.546 (TR+SE) + 9.7

Variables	Total sample	Males	Females	P value	Cohen’s d
Variables	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	P value	Cohen’s d
Age (years)	16.22 ± 1.14	16.28 ± 1.19	16.16 ± 1.10	0.15	0.10
Height (cm)	166.56 ± 8.81	172.59 ± 7.35	161.17 ± 6.09	< 0.01*	1.69
Body mass (kg)	61.67 ± 12.20	65.43 ± 12.07	58.31 ± 11.32	0.25	0.60
BMI (kg/m²)	22.16 ± 3.72	21.89 ± 3.44	22.41 ± 3.95	0.25	0.14
TR (mm)	14.94 ± 7.34	10.75 ± 5.13	18.70 ± 6.99	< 0.01*	1.29
SE (mm)	13.32 ± 6.73	10.76 ± 4.86	15.60 ± 7.33	< 0.01*	0.77
ΣTR+SE (mm)	28.26 ± 13.49	21.51 ± 9.53	34.30 ± 13.66	< 0.01*	1.08
Boileau equation’s¹²12. Boileau RA, Lohman TG, Slaughter MH. Exercise and body composition in children and youth. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 1985;7:17-27. Available from: https://experts.arizona.edu/en/publications/exercise-and-body-composition-of-children-and-youth. Accessed in 2022 (Jul 22). https://experts.arizona.edu/en/publicati...	23.05 ± 7.42	18.02 ± 5.87	27.57 ± 5.51	< 0.01*	1.67
Lohman equation’s¹⁰10. Lohman TG. Applicability of body composition techniques and constants for children and youth. In: Pandolf KB. Exercise and sport sciences reviews. New York: Macmillan, 1986.	21.21 ± 7.53	15.99 ± 5.87	25.89 ± 5.52	< 0.01*	1.73
Slaughter equation’s¹³13. Slaughter M, Lohman T, Boileau R, et al. Skinfold equations for estimation of body fatness in children and youth. Hum Biol. 1988;60(5):709-23. PMID: 3224965.	22.82 ± 10.57	15.69 ± 8.32	29.23 ± 7.96	< 0.01*	1.66
VO₂max (ml/kg/minutes)	38.80 ± 5.83	42.68 ± 5.34	35.33 ± 3.66	< 0.01*	1.60

Variables	Male
	Simple		Multiple^†			Multiple^§			Multiple^‡
	β	CI 95%	β	CI95%	R²
					0.20			0.20			0.19
Skin color	0.80	(-0.14; 1.76)	0.88	(-0.18; 1.95)		0.89	(-0.17; 1.96)		0.92	(-0.14; 2.00)
Age	0.48	(-0.44; 1.41)	0.37	(-0.65; 1.40)		0.19	(-0.84; 1.22)		0.23	(-0.79; 1.27)
Economic level	-0.01	(-1.16; 1.14)	-0.16	(-1.33; 1.00)		-0.16	(-1.33; 1.00)		-0.14	(-1.32; 1.03)
Physical activity level	-1.19	(-2.22; -0.16)	1.55	(-2.68; -0.42)		-1.55	(-2.68; -0.42)		-1.54	(-2.67; -0.40)
Sexual maturation	-1.31	(-2.38; 0.25)	-1.43	(-2.63; -0.24)		-1.43	(-2.62; -0.23)		-1.35	(-2.55; -0.15)
Boileau equation’s*¹²12. Boileau RA, Lohman TG, Slaughter MH. Exercise and body composition in children and youth. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 1985;7:17-27. Available from: https://experts.arizona.edu/en/publications/exercise-and-body-composition-of-children-and-youth. Accessed in 2022 (Jul 22). https://experts.arizona.edu/en/publicati...	-0.41	(-0.49; -0.33)	-0.38	(-0.47; -0.29)
Lohman equation’s*¹⁰10. Lohman TG. Applicability of body composition techniques and constants for children and youth. In: Pandolf KB. Exercise and sport sciences reviews. New York: Macmillan, 1986.	-0.41	(-0.49; -0.33)				-0.38	(-0.47; -0.29)
Slaughter equation’s*¹³13. Slaughter M, Lohman T, Boileau R, et al. Skinfold equations for estimation of body fatness in children and youth. Hum Biol. 1988;60(5):709-23. PMID: 3224965.	-0.28	(-0.34; -0.22)							-0.27	(-0.33; -0.20)
	Female
Skin color	0.73	(0.09; 1.36)	0.69	-0.01; 1.40	0.14	0.69	-0.01; 1.40	0.14	0.74	0.04; 1.43	0.18
Age	-0.31	(-0.93; 0.31)	-0.40	(-1.10; 0.29)		-0.53	(-1.23; 0.16)		-0.87	-1.56; -0.18
Economic level	0.36	(-0.32; 1.05)	0.45	-0.25; 1.16		0.44	-0.26; 1.15		0.55	-0.14; 1.24
Physical activity level	-0.76	(-1.57; 0.03)	-0.47	(-1.37; 0.42)		-0.46	(-1.36; 0.42)		-0.44	-1.31; 0.43
Sexual maturation	-0.18	(-0.87; 0.50)	-0.44	(-1.20; 0.31)		-0.45	(-1.20; 0.31)		-0.19	(-0.95; 0.56)
Boileau equation’s*¹²12. Boileau RA, Lohman TG, Slaughter MH. Exercise and body composition in children and youth. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 1985;7:17-27. Available from: https://experts.arizona.edu/en/publications/exercise-and-body-composition-of-children-and-youth. Accessed in 2022 (Jul 22). https://experts.arizona.edu/en/publicati...	-0.26	(-0.32; -0.21)	-0.24	(-0.30; -0.17)
Lohman equation’s*¹⁰10. Lohman TG. Applicability of body composition techniques and constants for children and youth. In: Pandolf KB. Exercise and sport sciences reviews. New York: Macmillan, 1986.	-0.26	(-0.32; -0.20)				-0.23	(-1.21; 0.31)
Slaughter equation’s*¹³13. Slaughter M, Lohman T, Boileau R, et al. Skinfold equations for estimation of body fatness in children and youth. Hum Biol. 1988;60(5):709-23. PMID: 3224965.	-0.19	(-0.23; -0.15)							-0.18	(-0.23; -0.14)

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[1] Address for correspondence: Eliane Cristina de Andrade Gonçalves Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM) Av. Colombo, 5.790 — Bloco M-06 — Sala 15 Campus Universitário — Maringá (PR) — Brasil CEP 87020-900 Tel./Fax. (+55 44) 3011-4315 E-mail: elianeandradegoncalves@gmail.com