Bacteremia due to Staphylococcus cohnii ssp. urealyticus caused by infected pressure ulcer: case report and review of the literatureAbstracts
CONTEXT Coagulase-negative staphylococci are common colonizers of the human skin and have become increasingly recognized as agents of clinically significant nosocomial infections.
CASE REPORT The case of a 79-year-old male patient with multi-infarct dementia who presented systemic inflammatory response syndrome is reported. This was attributed to bacteremia due to Staphylococcus cohnii ssp. urealyticus, which was grown on blood cultures originating from an infected pressure ulcer. The few cases of Staphylococcus cohnii infection reported in the literature consist of bacteremia relating to catheters, surgical prostheses, acute cholecystitis, brain abscess, endocarditis, pneumonia, urinary tract infection and septic arthritis, generally presenting a multiresistant profile, with nearly 90% resistance to methicillin.
CONCLUSIONS The reported case is, to our knowledge, the first case of true bacteremia due to Staphylococcus cohnii subsp. urealyticus caused by an infected pressure ulcer. It shows that this species may be underdiagnosed and should be considered in the differential diagnosis for community-acquired skin infections.
Staphylococcal infections; Pressure ulcer; Bacteremia; Dementia; Community-acquired infections
CONTEXTO Staphylococcus coagulase-negativos, colonizadores frequentes da pele humana, têm sido reconhecidos como agentes de infecções nosocomiais.
RELATO DE CASO Relata-se o caso de um paciente de 79 anos com demência vascular que apresentou síndrome da resposta inflamatória sistêmica atribuída a bacteremia por Staphylococcus cohnni ssp. urealyticus, que cresceu em hemoculturas, secundária a uma úlcera de pressão infectada. Os poucos casos de infecção por Staphylococcus cohnii relatados na literatura descrevem bacteremia associada a cateter, próteses cirúrgicas, colecistite aguda, abscesso cerebral, endocardite, pneumonia, infecção do trato urinário e artrite séptica, geralmente apresentando um perfil de multirresistência, com aproximadamente 90% de resistência à meticilina.
CONCLUSÕES O caso relatado é, ao nosso conhecimento, o primeiro de bacteremia verdadeira por Staphylococcus cohnii subsp. urealyticus causada por uma úlcera por pressão, mostrando que esta espécie pode estar subdiagnosticada e deveria ser considerada no diagnóstico diferencial das infecções cutâneas adquiridas na comunidade.
Infecções estafilocócicas; Úlcera por pressão; Bacteriemia; Demência; Infecções comunitárias adquiridas
INTRODUCTION
Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are common colonizers of the human skin and are the most frequent constituent of the normal flora at this site. Although once considered to be non-virulent and probably contaminant microbes, these organisms have become increasingly recognized as agents of clinically significant nosocomial infections. Hence, it has become more important to know about the epidemiology and pathology of the species individually.
A review of the literature was conducted through an online search of keywords and the word Staphylococcus cohnii in the PubMed, SciELO and Lilacs databases. Relevant papers were analyzed and included in this paper, and these were mostly other case reports (Table 1).
CASE REPORT
A 79-year-old male patient with a previous diagnosis of multi-infarct dementia and hypertension was admitted to the emergency department of Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição (HNSC) after an episode of malaise, shivering, fever, disorientation and hypoxemia, compatible with an episode of bacteremia, which was witnessed by a primary healthcare physician.
The patient was admitted to the emergency department with acute worsening of his baseline state of disorientation, which was fluctuating between drowsiness and agitation (diagnosed as delirium by the medical staff), tachycardia, tachypnea and mild fever, associated with a grade III infected sacral pressure ulcer (i.e. down to the superficial fascia) and pressure ulcers above both femoral trochanters (without signs of infection). Hematological and biochemical laboratory tests showed pH 7.42, PaCO2 39.2 mmHg, lactate 0.9 mmol/l, leukocyte count of 15,040 with 83.3% neutrophils, and normal renal and hepatic function tests. A diagnosis of systemic inflammatory response syndrome was made, with bacteremia as the most likely cause. An active search for the focus of the probable infection found sterile urine, no sign of recent lung infection and two positive samples from peripheral blood cultures for multisensitive Staphylococcus cohnii ssp. urealyticus (which was sensitive to gentamicin, tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, cefalotin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, oxacillin, clindamycin and vancomycin). There was no bone exposure in the infected ulcer scar, and a normal roentgenogram ruled out local osteomyelitis. A diagnosis of true bacteremia due to Staphylococcus cohnii ssp. urealyticus caused by an infected pressure ulcer was made.
The patient was discharged from the hospital after a 10-day course of treatment: four days of empirical vancomycin and six days of antibiogram-oriented oxacillin, with regression of fever for more than 72 hours, normal leukocyte count, C-reactive protein and an improvement in clinical state, in accordance with the statement from the local Infection Control Committee for coagulase-negative staphylococci bacteremia.
The patient was admitted to hospital again, two and six months later, with pressure ulcer infections due to Gram-negative bacilli. These were treated with piperacillin/tazobactam and meropenem, respectively, with no Gram-positive cocci identified. At the last hospital admission, because of a deeper ulcer scar, the patient under went a bone biopsy that ruled out osteomyelitis.
DISCUSSION
Data collected in medical intensive care units through the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) system between 1992 and 1997 revealed that CoNS accounted for 36% of all bloodstream isolates, making these organisms the most common cause of nosocomial bloodstream infections.1 A second database of nosocomial bloodstream infections in United States hospitals from 1995 to 2002 also identified CoNS as the most common cause, responsible for 31% of cases.2 Despite the high frequency of bloodstream infections (BSI), true bacteremia due to CoNS is an unusual event. Only 4 to 12% of patients with BSI are estimated to have this condition.3 Whereas contamination of blood cultures leads to additional laboratory tests, unnecessary antibiotic use and increased hospital stay, failure to recognize true bacteremia can lead to increased morbidity and mortality.
It has been estimated that more than 80% of CoNS are resistant to methicillin and semi-synthetic penicillins. In Brazil, this condition has been observed in 87.7% of CoNS isolates in BSIs,4 and thus, vancomycin becomes the choice for the initial treatment for these patients. In CoNS species, an important correlation between oxacillin resistance and decreased susceptibility to glycopeptides has been shown.
Staphylococcus cohnii is a microorganism belonging to the CoNS group. It is composed of two major subspecies that are defined on the basis of their characteristics: Staphylococcus cohnii subsp. cohnii and Staphylococcus cohnii subsp. urealyticus. It is occasionally a skin colonizer, like Staphylococcus simulans, Staphylococcus xylosus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Staphylococcus warneri; thus, Staphylococcus cohnii infection in humans is an unusual event.5 They are nonmotile, nonspore-forming, Gram-positive, negative coagulase, aerobic, clustering cocci that produce catalase. Few cases of Staphylococcus cohnii-related infection have been described in the literature, It may be responsible for bacteremia relating to catheters, surgical prostheses such as spinal fixation material, acute cholecystitis, brain abscess, endocarditis, pneumonia, urinary tract infection and septic arthritis,6 generally presenting with a multiresistant profile in human infections, with nearly 90% of them showing resistance to methicillin.6 It is believed to form a genetic resistance reservoir in hospitals. The subspecies differ regarding their colonization environments: Staphylococcus cohnii subsp. cohnii isolates have more frequently been isolated in hospital than in non-hospital environments, whereas Staphylococcus cohnii subsp. urealyticus isolates occur more frequently in homes, and are only rarely isolated from hospitalized patients and staff.6
Some case series have already reported Staphylococcus cohnii samples. An Argentinian hemodialysis center reported 59 strains, of which 18% were oxacillin-resistant, 27% were clindamycin-resistant and none were vancomycin or teico-planin-resistant; however, no clinical infection charts were reported in relation to this population.7 A Turkish study reported an occurrence of staphylococcal true bacteremia (with two positive samples from blood cultures) in general wards, while one case of Staphylococcus cohnii bacteremia was reported from an intensive care unit, without reports on infection foci or the antibiotic resistance profile.8 A Brazilian survey on blood samples positive for CoNS in a nosocomial setting showed that the prevalence of Staphylococcus cohnii was 5.9% (n = 14), with 28.6% susceptibility to oxacillin and 100% susceptibility to vancomycin and teicoplanin.9 A Czech case series showed one nosocomial blood culture strain of Staphylococcus cohnii subsp. urealyticus, with a notable resistance profile, such that it was only sensitive to three of the thirteen antibiotics tested.6 An outbreak of infection caused by linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus cohnii subsp. urealyticus in a Greek intensive care unit was reported, with septicemia in four patients; this was due to selection pressure through linezolid use in case of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium.10
CONCLUSIONS
The reported case is, to our knowledge, the first case of true bacteremia due to Staphylococcus cohnii subsp. urealyticus caused by an infected pressure ulcer. It shows that this species may be underdiagnosed and should be considered in the differential diagnosis for community-acquired skin infections.
REFERENCES
- 1 Richards MJ, Edwards JR, Culver DH, Gaynes RP. Nosocomial infections in medical intensive care units in the United States. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. Crit Care Med. 1999;27(5):887-92.
- 2 Wisplinghoff H, Bischoff T, Tallent SM, et al. Nosocomial bloodstream infections in US hospitals: analysis of 24,179 cases from a prospective nationwide surveillance study. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39(3):309-17.
- 3 Kirchhoff LV, Sheagren JN. Epidemiology and clinical significance of blood cultures positive for coagulase-negative staphylococcus. Infect Control. 1985;6(12):479-86.
- 4 Sader HS, Sampaio JL, Zoccoli C, Jones RN. Results of the 1997 SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program in Three Brazilian Medical Centers. Braz J Infect Dis. 1999;3(2):63-79.
- 5 Pfaller MA, Herwaldt LA. Laboratory, clinical, and epidemiological aspects of coagulase-negative staphylococci. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1988;1(3):281-99.
- 6 Drozenová J, Petrás P. [Characteristics of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from hemocultures]. Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol. 2000;49(2):51-8.
- 7 de Allori MC, Jure MA, Romero C, de Castillo ME. Antimicrobial resistance and production of biofilms in clinical isolates of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus strains. Biol Pharm Bull. 2006;29(8):1592-6.
- 8 Koksal F, Yasar H, Samasti M. Antibiotic resistance patterns of coagulase-negative staphylococcus strains isolated from blood cultures of septicemic patients in Turkey. Microbiol Res. 2009;164(4):404-10.
- 9 Del'Alamo L, Cereda RF, Tosin I, Miranda EA, Sader HS. Antimicrobial susceptibility of coagulase-negative staphylococci and characterization of isolates with reduced susceptibility to glycopeptides. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 1999;34(3):185-91.
- 10 Petinaki E, Kanellopoulou M, Damani A, et al. Linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus cohnii, Greece. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(1):116-8.
Publication Dates
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Publication in this collection
Mar 2013
History
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Reviewed
23 July 2011 -
Received
11 Nov 2011 -
Accepted
15 Feb 2012
