Sao Paulo Med J
Sao Paulo Medical Journal
Sao Paulo Med. J.
1516-3180
1806-9460
Associação Paulista de Medicina
CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO:
Trombose arterial pode ocorrer em consequência de trombofilias hereditárias e de
lipoproteína (a) [Lp (a)] e fibrinogênio aumentados. Nosso objetivo foi estudar a
predominância de marcadores comuns da trombofilia em 85 casos consecutivos de
trombose arterial.
TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL:
Um estudo retrospectivo foi realizado sobre 85 pacientes jovens tratados
consecutivamente no ambulatório ou admitidos por infarto do miocárdio ou acidente
vascular cerebral (AVC) num hospital de cuidado terciário.
MÉTODOS:
Oitenta e cinco pacientes indianos (idade < 45 anos) que se apresentaram com
AVC isquêmico (n = 48) ou infarto do miocárdio (n = 37) e 50 controles foram
estudados para sete marcadores de trombofilia que incluíram antitrombina (AT),
fator V, proteína C, proteína S, resistência ativada da proteína C (APC-R),
fibrinogênio e Lp (a). Os ensaios funcionais da proteína C, proteína S, fator V e
APC-R foram executados por métodos baseados em coagulação. A avaliação
semiquantitativa do fibrinogênio foi feita pelo método de Clauss e a Lp(a) por
imunoturbimetria. A análise estatística foi feita pelo software
Epi Info 6.
RESULTADOS:
Trinta e três amostras (38.8%) foram positivas para um ou vários marcadores do
trombofilia. As anomalias mais comuns foram Lp (a) (20%), fibrinogênio (17.6%) e
APC-R (14.2%) elevados. Baixos níveis da proteína C, proteína S e AT foram
detectados em 4.7%, 9.4% e 7% dos pacientes, respectivamente. Globalmente, os
perfis dos fatores de risco foram: fumo (33%), antecedentes familiares positivos
(15.3%), hiperlipidemia (7%), hipertensão, diabetes mellitus e obesidade (2.3%
cada).
CONCLUSÕES:
Uma associação foi encontrada entre baixos níveis de proteína C, proteína S, AT e
trombose arterial, mas somente os níveis de fibrinogênio elevado, tabagismo,
história familiar positiva e hiperlipidemia assumiram significância
estatística.
INTRODUCTION
Inherited thrombophilia is more commonly associated with venous rather than arterial
thrombosis. There is controversy regarding the role of inherited causes of thrombophilia
such as deficiencies of natural anticoagulants (antithrombin, protein C and protein S)
and activated protein C resistance (APC-R) in arterial thrombosis, while increased
fibrinogen levels and acquired causes such as antiphospholipid antibodies have been
implicated. Inherited causes of thrombophilia, especially protein C deficiency, are more
common in children with a first arterial ischemic stroke than in healthy children.1 The likelihood of detecting at least one thrombophilia marker in young patients
with myocardial infarction (MI) who have fewer conventional risk factors is
significantly high.2
OBJECTIVE
This study was carried out to study the frequency of multiple thrombophilia markers
including APC-R, antithrombin (AT), factor V, protein C, protein S and fibrinogen in
patients with primary arterial thrombosis presenting clinically as MI or stroke, since
there are very few Indian studies on the subject.
METHODS
We conducted a retrospective study in which data pertaining to 85 consecutive cases (48
with ischemic stroke and 37 with MI) and 50 controls were analyzed for the presence of
seven thrombophilia markers. The inclusion criteria for patients were the presence of
one or more of the following: (i) Age < 45 years at onset of thrombotic episode and
(ii) absence of any obvious cause such as prolonged immobilization, sickle cell disease,
cardiac arrhythmias or source of thrombus that predisposed towards thrombosis. The
control population included age and sex-matched healthy blood donors and volunteers,
except for some very young pediatric patients. Informed consent from all participants
and approval from the Indian Naval Hospital Ship Asvini Ethics Committee were obtained
for this study. Two patients with multiple episodes at the time of recruitment for the
study were over 45 years old, but they had had the first episode before reaching 45
years of age and hence were included.
Factor V levels were estimated, given that very low factor V may cause increased
APC-R.3 Lp(a) was included in this study because it is an independent risk factor for
myocardial infarction in adults and for strokes in children.4
,
5 Histories of important risk factors, including smoking, hyperlipidemia,
hypertension, diabetes mellitus and positive family histories were elicited from all
patients and controls. Family studies were not done, but detailed history-taking and
clinical examination had excluded other causes of hypercoagulability, including
diabetes, hypertension, liver disease, infections, malignancies, polycythemia,
thrombocytosis, nephritic syndrome, use of oral contraceptives and hormone replacement
therapy. Due to budgetary constraints, other thrombophilia markers such as serum
homocysteine, factor V Leiden and raised factor VIII were not included.
Sample collection and processing
All samples were collected from patients after stabilization for 10-12 weeks and none
of the patients were on oral anticoagulants at the time of sampling. Fifty-two
patients were not on any treatment, 20 were on low-dose aspirin and 13 were on
coumarins, from which they were weaned off and put on low molecular weight heparin
for three weeks before their samples were drawn for testing. Samples were collected
by means of venipuncture with one-tenth volume of 0.109 M trisodium citrate.
Platelet-poor plasma (count < 104/mm3) was prepared for testing APC-R by means of
centrifugation at 200 g for 10 minutes, and followed by centrifugation at 10,000 g
for 5 minutes. Plasma samples were stored as 10 aliquots of 200 µl in Eppendorf tubes
at -40° Celsius until testing. The functional activities of protein C, protein S and
AT were determined using kits from Diagnostica Stago, France (STA-Staclot for protein
C, protein S and APC-R; STA deficient V for factor V; and STA-Stachrom for AT). The
AT, protein C and protein S levels in test plasma were expressed as percentages (%)
of the standard plasma. Fibrinogen estimation was done using Clauss's method.6 All
abnormal results were reconfirmed on a fresh sample from the patients taken at least
12 weeks later.
Equipment and methods
All tests except for AT estimation were performed on a four-channel semiautomatic
coagulometer (Diagnostica Stago, France). AT estimation was done on a biochemistry
analyzer, as mentioned in a previous study on venous thrombosis.7 The diagnostic methods for detecting MI were troponin T, CK MB and
aminotransferase; EKG or echocardiography during acute phase of MI followed by
coronary angiography; radionuclide lung scanning or angiography for pulmonary
embolism; arteriography for peripheral arterial occlusions; and CT scan, magnetic
resonance imaging or arteriography for cerebral thrombosis. For a diagnosis of
transient ischemic attack (TIA), a focal neurological deficit resolving within 24
hours was required, whereas if it persisted beyond 24 hours, a diagnosis of stroke
was made.
Statistical analysis
The Epi Info 6 software was used for statistical analysis on the accrued data. The
chi-square test was used for data analysis. P values were calculated and The Yates
and Mantel-Haenszel corrections were made. The controls were compared with the
patients in both disease subgroups. Odds ratios were calculated whenever possible.
Fisher's exact test (both one and two-tailed) was performed and its results were used
for drawing conclusions. The sample size was calculated considering a study power of
60%, odds ratio worth detecting of 1.00, exposure to risk factors among controls of
6% and a 90% confidence interval, resulting in a minimum sample of 53 patients.
RESULTS
A total of 85 patients (M/F 78/7) and 50 age-matched controls (M/F 46/4) were studied.
The mean ages and ranges for patients and controls were 37.2 years (3-45 years) and 34
years (5-45 years), respectively. The demographic data on the patients and controls are
shown in Table 1. The means and ranges of values
for seven quantitative thrombophilia markers are shown in Table 2. The normal levels of various parameters were derived from
ranges obtained in control populations and did not vary significantly from the ranges
mentioned in product inserts.
Table 1
Age and sex distribution of cases and controls and number of episodes in
cases
Mean age (range in years)
Sex Male/ Female
Single episode
Multiple episodes
Controls
34 (18-45)
46/4
NA
NA
Myocardial infarction
40.2 (27-53)
38/0
38
7*
Stroke
37.4 (3-49)
41/7
44
4
NA
= not applicable
*
Two patients were over 45 years at the time of recruitment, but had their
first episode of MI before reaching 45 years age.
Table 2
Mean values and ranges for various parameters in controls, and comparison
with values mentioned in product insert
Test
Range (controls)
Mean
Range or mean (product insert)
PT
11.1-13.2 s
12.1
11.5 -14.5
APTT
26-34 s
29
32.4
AT
79-124%
97
80-120
Protein C
89-150%
105
70-130
Protein S
91-150%
110
65-140
APC-R
120 - > 240 s
> 120
> 120 s
Fibrinogen
130-300 mg/dl
180
200-400
Lp(a)
10-23 mg/dl
15.1
10.7
PT
= prothrombin time
APTT
= activated partial thromboplastin time
LA-PTT
= lupus-sensitive APTT
AT
= antithrombin
APCR
= activated protein C resistance
Lp(a)
= lipoprotein alpha
s
= seconds
mg/dl
= milligrams per deciliter.
Multiple episodes of thrombosis occurred in 11 patients, of whom seven had MI, three had
stroke and one had both. A family history of stroke, MI or thrombophilia was present in
13 patients. The frequencies of thrombophilia markers and risk factors in patients and
controls are shown in Table 3.
Table 3
Frequencies of thrombophilia markers and risk factors in controls and
patients
Parameter No.
Thrombophilia marker or risk factor
Stroke (n = 48)
P value
MI (n = 37)
P-value
Control (n = 50)
1
No abnormality1
21
-
10
-
40
2
Protein S
5
0.06
3
0.42
1
3
Protein C
2
0.34
2
0.23
0
4
Antithrombin
2
0.97
4
0.06
0
5
APC-R
7
0.23
5
0.24
2
6
Fibrinogen
10
0.002
6
0.012
0
7
Lipoprotein(a)
5
0.86
14
0.09
5
8
Smoking
12
0.048
15
0.018
5
9
Dyslipidemia
3
0.78
7
0.045
2
10
Family history
4
0.01
7
0.005
0
APC-R
= activated protein C resistance
MI
= myocardial infarction
Abnormal results for parameters 2-4 refer to low levels, while for
parameters 6-9 they refer to increase in levels
1
= refers to parameters 2-9.
The mean fibrinogen levels for the controls and patients were 150 mg% and 279 mg%
respectively, with a peak value of 1700 mg% in the latter. A cutoff of 500 mg/dl was
taken as an indicator of raised fibrinogen, in order to make the diagnostic criteria
more stringent. Abnormal low values for protein C, protein S and AT and raised values
for fibrinogen and Lp(a) are presented in Table
4. Low factor V was present in a single case of MI and the levels were 51% of
normal. This patient was only 27 years old and also had elevated Lp(a) (78 mg/dl) and
raised fibrinogen (553 mg%). On echocardiography, he was found to have extensive
anterior and lateral wall infarction. No risk factors could be identified in nearly 50%
of the patients (15/31) who were negative for thrombophilia markers. A combination of
thrombophilia markers and/or risk factors was seen in 36 of the remaining 54 patients
(66.7%).
Table 4
Control mean versus patient mean with peak or lowest values
Parameter
Control
Stroke
MI
Protein C
105%
97.8 (62*)
103 (29*)
Protein S
110%
103 (27.4*)
109 (19*)
Antithrombin
97%
97.8 (62*)
95 (40*)
Factor V
103%
98%
114% (51*)
Lp(a)
21 mg/dl
37 (105†)
40 (105†)
Fibrinogen
180 mg/dl
400 (1150†)
389 (1700†)
MI
= Myocardial infarction
*
lowest value
†
peak value. Any value below 120 seconds for modified activated partial
thromboplastin time (APTT) was taken to be abnormal and indicative of
activated protein C resistance (APC-R).
The clinical presentation was classical ischemic stroke in 37 cases, of which three had
predominance of sensory symptoms, TIA in five cases and seizures in six patients.
Classical features were present in 31/37 MI cases (83.8%): two each presented with
unstable angina, non-Q and silent MI. Smoking was the commonest (40%) risk factor in
this group, followed by dyslipidemia and a positive family history (19%).
Statistically significant parameters
P values for various parameters are presented in Table 3.
DISCUSSION
The presence of a thrombophilia marker in 38.8% of the patients may appear a little
high, but some other authors have reported the presence of a thrombophilia marker in 50%
of young patients with MI with ≤ 1 risk factor.2 This can also be attributed to the marker selection, especially Lp(a) and
fibrinogen. Contrary to the previous belief that factor V Leiden is rare in
Indians,8 some recent studies have reported higher frequency of APC-R in Indian patients
with venous thrombosis.9
-
11 In the present study, APC-R was detected in 14% of the patients and 4% of the
controls. In a study by Khare et al., the prevalence of factor V Leiden was
significantly higher in MI cases than in controls.12 The product insert mentions that there is excellent concordance with DNA
analysis for factor V Leiden, so it is possible that most of the patients with APC-R
would have shown positivity for factor V Leiden if DNA analysis had been done. The
limitations of this study include the lack of DNA studies for detecting factor V Leiden,
which is the commonest cause of APC-R. There is also a need to look for other mutations
that could lead to APC-R in Indians.
None of the patients with deficiencies of AT, protein C or protein S had the abnormality
in isolation, while APC-R was the sole abnormality in only 2/13 cases. This highlights
the relevance of investigating multiple factors in combination as the cause of
thrombotic episodes. Presence of antiphospholipid antibodies can cause the artifacts of
low protein S and positive APC-R. The AT levels were in the range of 60-65% of normal
activity in five out of the six patients and 40% in one patient. It is quite possible
that these five would have yielded a normal value for AT level, thus showing the limited
role of AT deficiency in arterial thrombosis.
In our study, low AT was found to be significantly related to MI, which is contrary to a
previous report in the literature by Khare et al., who reported that protein C, protein
S and AT deficiencies was seen in 3/120 cases each (2.5%).12 The fibrinogen levels in the present study were significantly elevated in MI
patients, in agreement with previous Indian studies.12
-
14 Also in the present study, we observed that higher levels correlated with higher
frequency of recurrence and severity of thrombotic episode. Lp(a) is a non-modifiable
risk factor that has been shown to be an independent risk factor for thrombosis.14
-
16 Hence, both fibrinogen and Lp(a) must be evaluated in young patients with
arterial thrombosis.
In our study, the AT levels were low in 6.5% of the patients, and were higher than in
Indian studies on DVT cases.11
,
12 The AT levels were in the range of 60-65% of the normal range (80-130%) in 5/6
patients and it was 45% in one patient. It is possible that low AT levels acted on
combination with other markers to cause thrombosis, but only moderate decreases in AT
are associated with venous thrombosis.17 The patients and controls were also tested for antiphospholipid antibodies,
including lupus anticoagulants and anticardiolipin antibodies, but these data have
already been published and hence are not mentioned in this paper.
Thrombophilia screening is extremely expensive for a developing country like India. The
combined commercial cost of functional assays for AT, factor V, protein C, protein S and
APC-R is $ 300, while antigenic assays are four times as expensive and not easily
available in this country. These tests should not be performed routinely and can be
contemplated only if all other tests are negative. Furthermore, these tests must not be
done during the acute stage. Testing for fibrinogen and Lp(a) is relatively
inexpensive.
Morris et al. mentioned that testing for inherited thrombophilia is of no use in stroke
cases of arterial origin.18 In a study on 129 young patients with MI, Celik et al. found that congenital
thrombophilia did not contribute towards enhanced risk of disease.19 Ng et al. also concluded that the yield from performing extensive diagnostic
tests is often poor and, in the majority of cases, no established curative measures
exist.20
Concentrates of protein C, protein S and AT are extremely expensive and not available
even in cases of severe deficiency, and so have a limited role in management. Therefore,
extreme prudence has to be exercised in test selection and such tests must be done only
after the patient has been stabilized and been taken off coumarin.
CONCLUSION
Routine testing for fibrinogen could be useful in addition to well-recognized markers
including AT, APC-R, protein S and protein C for all young patients with a primary
thrombotic episode. There is an urgent requirement to study the Indian population for
factor V Leiden and APC-R.
Dr. Seema Sharama and Dr. Vani Suryam, for statistical analysis of the data
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Autoria
Mahendra Narain Mishra Address for correspondence: Mahendra Narain Mishra Dr Lal Path Labs Pvt
Ltd National Reference Laboratory Sector 18, Block E - Rohini Pin code 110085 New
Delhi, India E-mail: mnmishra@hotmail.com
Department of Pathology, Dr. Lal Path Labs Pvt Ltd., New Delhi, IndiaDr. Lal Path Labs Pvt Ltd.IndiaNew Delhi, IndiaDepartment of Pathology, Dr. Lal Path Labs Pvt Ltd., New Delhi, India
Ravi Kalra
Department of Cardiology, Indian Naval Hospital Ship Asvini, Mumbai, Maharashtra, IndiaIndian Naval Hospital Ship AsviniIndiaMumbai, Maharashtra, IndiaDepartment of Cardiology, Indian Naval Hospital Ship Asvini, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Shalesh Rohatgi
Department of Neurology, Command Hospital , Chandimandir, Haryana, IndiaCommand Hospital IndiaChandimandir, Haryana, IndiaDepartment of Neurology, Command Hospital , Chandimandir, Haryana, India
Address for correspondence: Mahendra Narain Mishra Dr Lal Path Labs Pvt
Ltd National Reference Laboratory Sector 18, Block E - Rohini Pin code 110085 New
Delhi, India E-mail: mnmishra@hotmail.com
Sources of funding: Dr. JR Bhardwaj (Previous Director General, Armed
Forces Medical Services)
Conflict of interest: None
SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS
Department of Pathology, Dr. Lal Path Labs Pvt Ltd., New Delhi, IndiaDr. Lal Path Labs Pvt Ltd.IndiaNew Delhi, IndiaDepartment of Pathology, Dr. Lal Path Labs Pvt Ltd., New Delhi, India
Department of Cardiology, Indian Naval Hospital Ship Asvini, Mumbai, Maharashtra, IndiaIndian Naval Hospital Ship AsviniIndiaMumbai, Maharashtra, IndiaDepartment of Cardiology, Indian Naval Hospital Ship Asvini, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Department of Neurology, Command Hospital , Chandimandir, Haryana, IndiaCommand Hospital IndiaChandimandir, Haryana, IndiaDepartment of Neurology, Command Hospital , Chandimandir, Haryana, India
Table 4
Control mean versus patient mean with peak or lowest values
table_chartTable 1
Age and sex distribution of cases and controls and number of episodes in
cases
Mean age (range in years)
Sex Male/ Female
Single episode
Multiple episodes
Controls
34 (18-45)
46/4
NA
NA
Myocardial infarction
40.2 (27-53)
38/0
38
7*
Stroke
37.4 (3-49)
41/7
44
4
table_chartTable 2
Mean values and ranges for various parameters in controls, and comparison
with values mentioned in product insert
Test
Range (controls)
Mean
Range or mean (product insert)
PT
11.1-13.2 s
12.1
11.5 -14.5
APTT
26-34 s
29
32.4
AT
79-124%
97
80-120
Protein C
89-150%
105
70-130
Protein S
91-150%
110
65-140
APC-R
120 - > 240 s
> 120
> 120 s
Fibrinogen
130-300 mg/dl
180
200-400
Lp(a)
10-23 mg/dl
15.1
10.7
table_chartTable 3
Frequencies of thrombophilia markers and risk factors in controls and
patients
Parameter No.
Thrombophilia marker or risk factor
Stroke (n = 48)
P value
MI (n = 37)
P-value
Control (n = 50)
1
No abnormality1
21
-
10
-
40
2
Protein S
5
0.06
3
0.42
1
3
Protein C
2
0.34
2
0.23
0
4
Antithrombin
2
0.97
4
0.06
0
5
APC-R
7
0.23
5
0.24
2
6
Fibrinogen
10
0.002
6
0.012
0
7
Lipoprotein(a)
5
0.86
14
0.09
5
8
Smoking
12
0.048
15
0.018
5
9
Dyslipidemia
3
0.78
7
0.045
2
10
Family history
4
0.01
7
0.005
0
table_chartTable 4
Control mean versus patient mean with peak or lowest values
Parameter
Control
Stroke
MI
Protein C
105%
97.8 (62*)
103 (29*)
Protein S
110%
103 (27.4*)
109 (19*)
Antithrombin
97%
97.8 (62*)
95 (40*)
Factor V
103%
98%
114% (51*)
Lp(a)
21 mg/dl
37 (105†)
40 (105†)
Fibrinogen
180 mg/dl
400 (1150†)
389 (1700†)
Como citar
Mishra, Mahendra Narain, Kalra, Ravi e Rohatgi, Shalesh. Perfil clínico, marcadores comuns de trombofilia e fatores de risco em 85 pacientes indianos jovens com trombose arterial. Sao Paulo Medical Journal [online]. 2013, v. 131, n. 06 [Acessado 3 Abril 2025], pp. 384-388. Disponível em: <https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-3180.2013.1316369>. ISSN 1806-9460. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-3180.2013.1316369.
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