E17 2011 - Germany3333. Zick G, Frerichs A, Ahrens M, Schniewind B, Elke G, Schädler D, et al. A new technique for bedside placement of enteral feeding tubes: a prospective cohort study. Crit Care [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2020 Dec 22];15:R8. Available from: Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/cc9407 https://doi.org/10.1186/cc9407...
|
Insertion of the tube under radiological or endoscopic guidance. |
Early placement of a feeding tube during abdominal surgery was beneficial in trauma patients with severe intracranial injury. |
E18 2010 - China3434. Gao X, Zhang L, Zhao J, Tian F, Sun H, Wang P, et al. Bedside electromagnetic-guided placement of nasoenteral feeding tubes among critically Ill patients: a single-centre randomized controlled trial. J Crit Care [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2020 Dec 23]; 8:216-21. Available from: Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2018.09.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2018.09.0...
|
"Blind" insertion and patient in semi-fowler position; application of corrected formula to measure how far the tube will be inserted. |
The corrected formula of the nose-lobe distance of the ear-xiphoid process as a precise method to determine the insertion length of the nasogastric tube. |
E19 2010 - Netherlands3535. Mathus-Vliegen EMH, Duflou A, Spanier MBW, Fockens P. Nasoenteral feeding tube placement by nurses using an electromagnetic guidance system (with video). Gastrointest Endosc [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2020 Dec 24];71(4):728-36. Available from: Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2009.10.046 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2009.10.04...
|
The SORT maneuver (patient positioning, NGT orientation, contralateral rotation and torsional movement) versus neck flexion lateral pressure method (NFLP). |
The SORT maneuver has a high success rate. Therefore, this method can be executed, but there is still no consensus on a standard approach. |
E20 2005 - USA3636. Marino LV, Ramchandra P, Nathoo N. Blind transpyloric nasojejunal versus nasogastric tube intubation in severe head injuries: a preliminary report. J Clin Neurosci [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2020 Dec 22];12(4):435-7. Available from: Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2004.04.009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2004.04.0...
|
Conventional technique, tube freezing and reverse Sellick´s maneuver. |
Nasogastric tube insertion using reverse Sellick´s maneuver shows the highest success rate and fewer adverse events among the three methods compared in anesthetized and intubated adult patients. |
E5 2017 - Turkey2121. Kavakli AS, Ozturk NK, Karaveli A, Onuk AA, Ozyurek L, Inanoglu K. Comparação de diferentes métodos de inserção de sonda nasogástrica em pacientes anestesiados e intubados. Rev Bras Anestesiol [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2021 Jan 07];67(6):578-83. Available from: Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjan.2017.04.020 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjan.2017.04.0...
|
"Blind" insertion, laterally positioned head, tracheal tube assistance as an introducer "guide" and video laryngoscope aid in anesthetized and intubated adult patients. |
The use of video laryngoscope and tracheal tube during tube insertion compared to conventional ones increased the success rate and reduced tube folding, in addition to reducing mucosal bleeding. |
E6 2017 - Italy2222. Zatelli M, Vezzali N. 4-Point ultrasonography to confirm the correct position of the nasogastric tube in 114 critically ill patients. J ultrasound [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2020 Dec 22];20(1):53-8. Available from: Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40477-016-0219-0 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40477-016-0219-...
|
Tip measurement of the ear-lobe tip-xiphoid process/Ultrasound examination. |
Ultrasound is effective in verifying the correct positioning of the tube. |
E7 2016 - Malaysia2323. Ibadullah WHW, Yahya N, Ghazali SS, Kamaruzaman E, Yong LC, Dan A et al. Comparação das características de inserção de sonda nasogástrica, usando visibilização pelo laringoscópio GlideScope® vs. guiada pelo laringoscópio MacIntosh em pacientes anestesiados e intubados. Rev Bras Anestesiol [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2021 Jan 06];66(4):363-8. Available from: Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjan.2016.04.007 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjan.2016.04.0...
|
GlideScope-guided laryngoscope ® MacIntosh laryngoscope. |
The use of GlideScope® to facilitate nasogastric tube insertion was comparable to Macintosh laryngoscope use for insertion success rate and complications. |
E8 2016 - Japan2424. Yoon EWT, Nishihara K, Murata H. Maintaining enteral nutrition in the severely ill using a newly developed nasojejunal feeding tube with gastric decompression function. Intern Med [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2020 Dec 22];55:2945-50. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.55.6915 https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine...
|
Fluoroscopy. |
The insertion of the fluoroscopy tube was successful in gastric decompression, assisting in nutrition until the preparation of a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. |
E9 2015 - Netherlands2525. Gerritsen A, Rooij T, Dijkraaf MG, Busch OR, Bergman JJ, Ubbink DT, et al. Electromagnetic guided bedside or endoscopic placement of nasoenteral feeding tubes in surgical patients (CORE trial): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2020 Dec 22];16:119. Available from: Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-015-0633-1 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-015-0633-...
|
Patient in supine position. Insertion of post-pyloric feeding tube via electromagnetic transmitter and endoscopy in surgical patients. |
Effective techniques for insertion of nasoenteral feeding tube. More scientific studies are needed to strengthen the evidence. |
E10 2015 - Turkey2626. Gok F, Kilicaslan A, Yosunkaya A. Ultrasound-guided nasogastric feeding tube placement in critical care patients. Nutr Clin Pract [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2020 Dec 22];30(2):257-60. Available from: Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0884533614567714 https://doi.org/10.1177/0884533614567714...
|
Ultrasound examination/head in supine position. |
The passage of the tube with the aid of this method can be used as an adjuvant. |
E11 2015 - China2727. Liu X‐F, Zhu H‐Q, Xu Q‐L, Xie Y‐M. Comparison of two nasal-jejunal tube placement methods in critically ill patients with different acute gastrointestinal injury grades. Acad J Second Mil Med Univ [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2020 Dec 24];36(9):961-5. Available from: Available from: https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1008.2015.00961 https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1008.2015.0...
|
Placement of nasojejunal tube guided by ultrasound at the bedside versus "blind" insertion at the bedside. |
Placement of the ultrasound-guided jejunal nasal tube is better than the blind method. |
E12 2013 - India2828. Ghatak T, Samanta S, Baronia AK. A new technique to insert nasogastric tube in an unconscious intubated patient. N Am J Med Sci [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2020 Dec 22];5(1):68-70. Available from: Available from: https://doi.org/10.4103/1947-2714.106215 https://doi.org/10.4103/1947-2714.106215...
|
"Blind" insertion with neck flexion, identification of cricoid cartilage (all 20 cm inserted), and insertion of approximately 50 cm of nasogastric tube. |
Easy and useful technique for insertion in unconscious intubated patients. It does not alter vital responses or increase intracranial pressure as in laryngoscopy. |
E13 2013 - Taiwan2929. Illias AM, Hui Y, Lin C, Chang C, Yu H. A comparison of nasogastric tube insertion techniques without using other instruments in anesthetized and intubated patients. Ann Saudi Med [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2021 Jan 06];33(5):476-81. Available from: Available from: https://doi.org/10.5144/0256-4947.2013.476 https://doi.org/10.5144/0256-4947.2013.4...
|
Conventional insertion, neck flexion with lateral pressure and cricoid cartilage lifting. |
Neck flexion with lateral pressure and cricoid cartilage lifting are reliable for inserting the tube without the use of other instruments. |
E14 2012 - Taiwan3030. Tsai Y, Luo C, Illias A, Lin C, Yu H. Nasogastric tube insertion in anesthetized and intubated patients: a new and reliable method. BMC Gastroenterol [Internet]. 2012 [ cited 2021 Jan 07];12:99. Available from: Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-230X-12-99 https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-230X-12-99...
|
Insertion of the tube with the head in the supine position versus insertion with the aid of a "Rusch" intubation stylus tied at the ends by a knot. |
The "Rusch" stiletto-guided method of intubation is reliable, with a high success rate in anesthetized and intubated patients. |
E15 2011 - USA3131. Holzinger U, Brunner R, Miehsler W, Herkner H, Kitzberger R, Fuhrmann V et al. Jejunal tube placement in critically ill patients: a prospective, randomized trial comparing the endoscopic technique with the electromagnetically visualized method. Crit Care Med [Internet]. 2011 [cited Dec 25];39(1):73-7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181fb7b5f https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181fb...
|
Insertion of a jejunal feeding tube electromagnetically or endoscopically. |
The placement of the tube electromagnetically was as fast, safe and successful as the endoscopic tube. |
E16 2011 - USA3232. Kline AM, Sorce L, Sullivan C, Weishaar J, Steinhorn DM. Use of noninvasive electromagnetic device to place transpyloric feeding tubes in critically ill children. AJCC [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2020 Dec 22];20(6):453-61. Available from: Available from: https://doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2011221 https://doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2011221...
|
Insertion of transpypiloric feeding tube using conventional blind technique with the help of a noninvasive electromagnetic device. |
Insertion by non-invasive electromagnetic device significantly increases the time required for placement. |
E17 2011 - Germany3333. Zick G, Frerichs A, Ahrens M, Schniewind B, Elke G, Schädler D, et al. A new technique for bedside placement of enteral feeding tubes: a prospective cohort study. Crit Care [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2020 Dec 22];15:R8. Available from: Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/cc9407 https://doi.org/10.1186/cc9407...
|
Insertion of feeding tube by transnasal endoscopy. |
The procedure is safe and reliable, having a good success rate. Complications such as bleeding are rare. |
E18 2010 - China3434. Gao X, Zhang L, Zhao J, Tian F, Sun H, Wang P, et al. Bedside electromagnetic-guided placement of nasoenteral feeding tubes among critically Ill patients: a single-centre randomized controlled trial. J Crit Care [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2020 Dec 23]; 8:216-21. Available from: Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2018.09.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2018.09.0...
|
Patients in supine position. Insertion by optical endoscope fiber. Concomitantly, an electromagnetic technology is used. The image is displayed as the tube is inserted. |
Bedside electromagnetic-guided placement is as fast, safe, and successful as endoscopic placement. It may be considered the preferred technique in critically ill patients. |
E19 2010 - Netherlands3535. Mathus-Vliegen EMH, Duflou A, Spanier MBW, Fockens P. Nasoenteral feeding tube placement by nurses using an electromagnetic guidance system (with video). Gastrointest Endosc [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2020 Dec 24];71(4):728-36. Available from: Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2009.10.046 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2009.10.04...
|
Patient in supine position. The stylus is inserted inside the tube and allows the visualization of its position and path traveled. |
The procedure was considered feasible and safe and can be used in critically ill patients. |
E20 2005 - USA3636. Marino LV, Ramchandra P, Nathoo N. Blind transpyloric nasojejunal versus nasogastric tube intubation in severe head injuries: a preliminary report. J Clin Neurosci [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2020 Dec 22];12(4):435-7. Available from: Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2004.04.009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2004.04.0...
|
Blind procedure. Position without reclining, with the head slightly tilted back. |
The specifically designed nasojejunal tube showed greater efficacy in transpyloric placement after the Treitz ligament, when compared to the nasogastric tube in patients with severe head trauma. |
E21 2005 - USA3737. Fang JC, Hilden K, Holubkov R, DiSario JA. Transnasal endoscopy vs. fluoroscopy for the placement of nasoenteric feeding tubes in critically ill patients. Gastrointest Endosc [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2020 Dec 25];62(5):661-6. Available from: Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2005.04.027 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2005.04.02...
|
Endoscopic insertion of NES with a 5.1 mm ultra-thin tube endoscope and by fluoroscopic technique. |
The success of placing NES with an ultrathin transnasal endoscope is equivalent to fluoroscopy. |
E22 2005 - USA3838. Phipps LM, Weber MD, Ginder BR, Hulse MA, Thomas NJ. A randomized controlled trial comparing three different techniques of nasojejunal feeding tube placement in critically Ill children. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2020 Dec 25];29(6):420-4. Available from: Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0148607105029006420 https://doi.org/10.1177/0148607105029006...
|
Standard technique, standard technique with gastric insufflation and standard technique with the use of pre-insertion erythromycin. |
Most feeding tubes can be placed in critically ill children on the first or second attempt, regardless of the technique used. |
E23 2004 - USA3939. Foote JA, Kemmeter PR, Prichard PA, Baker RS, Paauw JD, Gawel JC, et al. A randomized trial of endoscopic and fluoroscopic placement of postpyloric feeding tubes in critically III patients. J Parenter Enter Nutr [Internet]. 2004 [cited 2020 Dec 23];28(3):154-7. Available from: Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0148607104028003154 https://doi.org/10.1177/0148607104028003...
|
Endoscopic vs. fluoroscopic placement of post-pyloric feeding tubes in critically ill patients. |
There is no significant difference in relation to the success rate or time of placement via endoscope and fluoroscopic of post-pyloric feeding tubes. |
E24 2000 - USA4040. Huerta G, Puri VK. Nasoenteric feeding tubes in critically ill patients (fluoroscopy versus blind). Nutrition [Internet]. 2000 [cited 2020 Dec 24];16(4):264-7. Available from: Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0899-9007(99)00307-x https://doi.org/10.1016/s0899-9007(99)00...
|
Patients were randomized in group A (fluoroscopy) or group B (blind insertion). |
Intubated or tracheostomized patients should place feeding nasoenteric tubes with fluoroscopy guidance. |
E25 2000 - USA4141. Spalding HK, Sullivan KJ, Soremi O, Gonzalez F, Goodwin SR. Bedside placement of transpyloric feeding tubes in the pediatric intensive care unit using gastric insufflation. Crit Care Med [Internet]. 2000 [cited 2020 Dec 24];28(6):2041-4. Available from: Available from: https://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-200006000-00060 https://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-2000060...
|
Gastric insufflation as a complement to the placement of feeding tubes in the small intestine. And insertion through the nostrils without the aid of adjuvant method. |
Gastric insufflation allows the rapid placement of feeding tubes in the small intestine with fewer attempts, compared to a standard insertion technique in children. |