France1010. Rouget F, Kadhel P, Monfort C, Viel JF, Thome JP, Cordier S, et al. Chlordecone exposure and risk of congenital anomalies: the Timoun Mother-Child Cohort Study in Guadeloupe (French West Indies). Environ Sci Pollut Res Int [Internet]. 2020 Nov [cited 2020 Jul 06];27(33):40992-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06031-y https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06031...
|
cohort |
1,068 pregnant women |
Malformations of the reproductive system |
IV |
Brazil88. Gaspari L, Sampaio DR, Paris F, Audran F, Orsini M, Neto JB, Sulatn C. High prevalence of micropenis in 2710 male newborns from na intensive-use pesticide area of Northeastern Brazil. Int J Androl [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2020 Jul 6];35(3):253-64. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.2011.01241.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.2011...
|
cohort |
2710 male born |
Cryptorchidism, hypospadias and micropenis |
IV |
France2727. Chevrier C, Limon G, Monfort C, Rouget F, Garlantézec R, Petit C, et al. Urinary biomarkers of prenatal atrazine exposure and adverse birth outcomes in the PELAGIE birth cohort. Environ Health Perspect [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2020 Jul 03];119(7):1034-41. Available from: https://doi.org/doi:10.1289/ehp.1002775 https://doi.org/doi:10.1289/ehp.1002775...
|
cohort |
579 pregnant women |
Fetal growth restriction |
IV |
USA1919. Addissie YA, Kruszka P, Troia A, Wong ZC, Everson JL, Kozel BA, et al. Prenatal exposure to pesticides and risk for holoprosencephaly: a case control study. Environ Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Dec 08];19(1):65. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-020-00611-z https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-020-00611...
|
control case |
92 cases and 56 controls |
Holoprosencephaly |
IV |
USA1111. Axelsson J, Scott K, Dillner J, Lindh CH, Zhang H, Rylander L, et al. Exposure to polychlorinated compounds and cryptorchidism; A nested case-control study. PLoS One [Internet]. 2020 Jul 23 [cited 2020 Dec 08];15(7):e0236394. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236394 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.023...
|
control case |
165 cases and 165 controls |
Cryptorchidism |
IV |
USA2424. Pettigrew SM, Bell EM, Van Zutphen AR, Rocheleau CM, Shaw GM, Romitti PA, et al. Paternal and joint parental occupational pesticide exposure and spina bifida in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997 to 2002. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2020 Jul 06];106(11):963-71. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/bdra.23551 https://doi.org/10.1002/bdra.23551...
|
control case |
291 cases for 2,745 controls |
Spina bifida |
IV |
USA1717. Winston JJ, Emch M, Meyer RE, Langlois P, Weyer P, Mosley B, et al. Hypospadias and maternal exposure to atrazine via drinking water in the National Birth Defects Prevention study. Environ Health [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2020 Jul 06];15(1):76. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-016-0161-9 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-016-0161-...
|
control case |
343 cases of hypospadias and 1,422 male controls |
Hypospadias |
IV |
USA2929. Agopian AJ, Cai Y, Langlois PH, Canfield MA, Lupo PJ. Maternal residential atrazine exposure and risk for choanal atresia and stenosis in offspring. J Pediatr [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2020 Jul 6];162(3):581-6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.08.012 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.08....
|
control case |
372 cases for 3,720 controls |
Choanal atresia or stenosis |
IV |
USA2626. Kielb C, Lin S, Herdt-Losavio M, Bell E, Chapman B, Rocheleau CM, et al. Maternal periconceptional occupational exposure to pesticides and selected musculoskeletal birth defects. Int J Hyg Environ Health [Internet] 2014 [cited 2020 Jul 06];217(2-3):248-54. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.06.003 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.06....
|
control case |
871 cases and 2,857 controls |
Craniosynostosis, gastroschisis, diaphragmatic hernia and transverse limb deficiencies |
IV |
USA2121. Makelarski JA, Romitti PA, Rocheleau CM, Burns TL, Stewart PA, Waters MA, et al. Maternal periconceptional occupational pesticide exposure and neural tube defects. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2020 Jul 06];100(11):877-86. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/bdra.23293 https://doi.org/10.1002/bdra.23293...
|
control case |
502 cases and 2950 controls |
Neural tube defects |
IV |
USA2323. Yang W, Carmichael SL, Roberts EM, Kegley SE, Padula AM, English PB, et al. Residential agricultural pesticide exposures and risk of neural tube defects and orofacial clefts among offspring in the San Joaquin Valley of California. Am J Epidemiol [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2020 Jul 06];179(6):740-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwt324 https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwt324...
|
control case |
367 cases and 785 controls |
Anencephaly, spina bifida with and without cleft palate |
IV |
USA3232. Shaw GM, Yang W, Roberts E, Kegley SE, Padula A, English PB, Carmichael SL. Early pregnancy agricultural pesticide exposures and risk of gastroschisis among offspring in the San Joaquin Valley of California. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2020 Jul 06];100(9):686-94. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/bdra.23263 https://doi.org/10.1002/bdra.23263...
|
control case |
156 cases for 785 controls |
Gastroschisis |
IV |
USA1515. Rocheleau CM, Romitti PA, Sanderson WT, Sun L, Lawson CC, Waters MA, et al. Maternal occupational pesticide exposure and risk of hypospadias in the National birth defects prevention study. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2020 Jul 06];91(11):927-36. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/bdra.22860 https://doi.org/10.1002/bdra.22860...
|
control case |
646 cases and 1493 controls |
Hypospadias |
IV |
USA77. Carmichael SL, Herring AH, Sjödin A, Jones R, Larry N, Ma C, et al. Hypospadias and halogenated organic pollutant levels in maternal mid-pregnancy serum samples. Chemosphere [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2020 Jul 06]; 80(6):641-6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.04.055 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.20...
|
control case |
20 cases and 28 controls |
Hypospadias |
IV |
USA3333. Waller SA, Paul K, Peterson SE, Hitti JE. Agricultural-related chemical exposures, season of conception, and risk of gastroschisis in Washington State. Am J Obstet Gynecol [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2020 Jul 06];202(3): p241.e1-241.e6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2010.01.023 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2010.01.0...
|
control case |
4 controls for one case, with 805 cases for 3,616 controls |
Gastroschisis and abdominal wall defects |
IV |
Brazil2525. Oliveira NP, Moi GP, Atanaka-Santos M, Silva AMC, Pignati WA. Malformações congênitas em municípios de grande utilização de agrotóxicos em Mato Grosso, Brasil. Ciênc Saúde Coletiva [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2020 Jul 06];19(10):4123-30. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320141910.08512014 https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232014191...
|
control case |
219 cases for 862 controls |
Congenital malformations |
IV |
Brazil3838. Ueker ME, Silva VM, Moi GP, Pignati WA, Mattos IE, Silva AMC. Parenteral exposure to pesticides and occurence of congenital malformations: hospital-based case-control study. BMC Pediatr [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2020 Jul 06];16(1):125. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-016-0667-x https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-016-0667-...
|
control case |
137 cases for 274 controls |
<5 years with congenital malformations |
IV |
Brazil and India2020. Kalra S, Dewan P, Batra P, Sharma T, Tyagi V, Banerjee BD. Organochlorine pesticide exposure in mothers and neural tube defects in offsprings. Reprod Toxicol [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2020 Jul 06];66:56-60. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.09.005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2016....
|
control case |
35 cases 35 controls (mother and baby) |
Congenital anomaly due to neural tube defects |
IV |
India1616. ShekharYadav C, Bajpai M, Kumar V, Ahmed RS, Gupta P, Banerjee BD. Polymorphism in CYP1A1, GSTMI, GSTT1 genes and organochlorine pesticides in the etiology of hypospadias. Hum Exp Toxicol [Internet] 2011 [cited 2020 Jul 06];30(10):1464-74. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0960327110392402 https://doi.org/10.1177/0960327110392402...
|
control case |
80 boys with hypospadias and 120 controls |
Hypospadias |
IV |
India3131. Sharma E, Mustafa M, Pathak R, Ahmed RS, Vaid NB, Baneriee BD. A case control study of gene environmental interaction in fetal growth restriction with special reference to organochlorine pesticides. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2020 Jul 06];161(2):163-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2012.01.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2012.01...
|
control case |
cases of fetal growth restriction: 50; control: 50 |
Fetal growth restriction |
IV |
France1414. Morera AM, Valmalle AF, Asensio MJ, Chauvin MA, Durand P. A study of risk factors for hypospadias in the Rhône-Alpes region (France). J Pediatr Urol [Internet] 2006 [cited 2020 Jul 06];2(3):169-77. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpurol.2005.09.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpurol.2005.09...
|
control case |
225 cases of hypospadias and 225 controls |
Hypospadias |
IV |
Netherlands3636. Spinder N, Bergman JEH, Kromhout H, Vermeulen R, Corsten-Janssen N, Boezen HM, et al. Maternal occupational exposure and congenital heart defects in offspring. Scand J Work Environ Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Dec 4];46(6):588-608. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3912 https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3912...
|
control case |
1174 cases and 5602 controls |
Congenital heart diseases |
IV |
Netherlands3737. Spinder N, Bergman JE, Boezen HM, Vermeulen RC, Kromhout H, Walle HE. Maternal occupational exposure and oral clefts in offspring. Environ Health [Internet] 2017 [cited 2020 Jul 06]; 16:83. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-017-0294-5 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-017-0294-...
|
control case |
387 cases were defined as non-syndromic clefts, 1,135 chromosomal and 4,352 malformed non-chromosomal controls |
Cleft lip |
IV |
Mexico1313. Montes LPB, WaliszewskiII S, Hernández-ValeroIII M, Sanín-Aguirre L, Infanzón-Ruiz R, Jañas AG. Exposición prenatal a los plaguicidas organoclorados y criptorquidia. Ciênc Saúde Coletiva [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2020 Jul 06];15(Suppl 1):1169-74. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232010000700025 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-8123201000...
|
control case |
Mother-baby binomial Newborns diagnosed with cryptorchidism (n=41). 41 controls with deciduous testicles |
Cryptorchidism |
IV |
Mexico1818. Brender JD, Felkner M, Suarez L, Canfield MA, Henry JP. Maternal pesticide exposure and neural tube defects in Mexican Americans. Ann Epidemiol. [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2020 Jul 06];20(1):16-22. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2009.09.011 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2009...
|
control case |
184 case women and 225 control women |
Neural tube defects |
IV |
Ethiopia3535. Mekonnen AG, Hordofa AG, Kitila TT, Sav A. Modifiable risk factors of congenital malformations in bale zone hospitals, Southeast Ethiopia: an unmatched case-control study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Dec 04];20(1):129. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-020-2827-0 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-020-2827-...
|
control case |
136 cases and 273 control |
Congenital malformations |
IV |
Hungary3434. Fazekas-Pongor V, Csáky-Szunyogh M, Fekete M, Mészáros A, Cseh K, Pénzes M. Congenital heart diseases and parental occupational exposure in a Hungarian case-control study in 1997 to 2002. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) [Internet]. 2021 Mar [cited 2020 Dec 04];61(2):55-62. Available from: Available from: Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/cga.12401. https://doi.org/10.1111/cga.12401....
|
control case |
2,263 cases and 6,789 controls |
Congenital heart diseases |
IV |
Paraguay3030. Ojeda CL, Leite SB. Factores de riesgo prenatales y su asociación a malformaciones congénitas en un hospital universitario de referência. Pediatr (Asunción) [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2020 Jul 06];45(1):8-16. Available from: https://doi.org/10.31698/ped.45012018002 https://doi.org/10.31698/ped.45012018002...
|
control case |
66 cases and 66 controls |
Congenital malformations |
IV |
Greece1212. Michalakis M, Tzatzarakis MN, Kovatsi L, Alegakis KA, Tsakalof AK, Heretise I, et al. Hypospadias in offspring is associated with chronic exposure of parents to organophosphate and organochlorine pesticides. Toxicol Lett [Internet] 2014 [cited 2020 Jul 06];230(2):139-45. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.10.015 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.10...
|
control case |
29 children with hypospadias and 49 fathers |
Hypospadias |
IV |
Egypt2828. El-Helaly M, Abdel-Elah K, Haussein A, Shalaby H. Paternal occupational exposures and the risk of congenital malformations--a case-control study. Int J Occup Med Environ Health [Internet] 2011 [cited 2020 Jul 06];24(2):218-27. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2478/s13382-011-0019-x https://doi.org/10.2478/s13382-011-0019-...
|
control case |
242 cases of congenital malformations and 270 controls |
Congenital malformations |
IV |
China2222. Ren A, Qiu X, Jin L, Ma J, Zhiwen L, Zhang L, et al. Association of selected persistent organic pollutants in the placenta with the risk of neural tube defects. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2020 Jul 06];108(31):12770-5. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1105209108 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1105209108...
|
control case |
80 fetuses or newborns with NTDs, while the controls were 50 healthy newborns |
Neural tube defects (NTDs) |
|
Italy99. Giordano F, Abballe A, De Felip E, di Domenico A, Ferro F, Grammatico P et al. Maternal exposures to endocrine disrupting chemicals and hypospadias in offspring. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol [Internet] 2010 [cited 2020 Jul 6];88(4):241-50. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/bdra.20657 https://doi.org/10.1002/bdra.20657...
|
control case |
80 mothers with babies with hypospadias and 80 mothers with healthy controls |
Hypospadias |
IV |