Wu 5252. Wu LT, Anthony JC. Tobacco smoking and depressed mood in late childhood and early adolescence. Am J Public Health. 1999;89:1837-40. 1999 |
United States |
Population based prospective cohort study |
1,731 |
This study was conducted by the Johns Hopkins University on public school students from the mid-Atlantic area aged 8-9 to 13-14 and consisting of an almost equal percentage of male and female subjects, with 75% being African Americans. It was concluded that smoking behaviors were associated with an increased risk for the onset of depression, but the presence of depressive symptoms did not lead to an increased potential for smoking initiation. |
Steuber 5555. Steuber TL, Danner F. Adolescent smoking and depression: which comes first? Addict Behav. 2006;31:133-6. 2006 |
United States |
National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health |
14,634 |
Adolescent smokers, quitters, and maintainers were more likely to be depressed as compared to their peers who had never smoked. Females were observed to have increased depressive symptoms around the time of onset of smoking. |
Raffetti 5656. Raffetti E, Donato F, Forsell Y, Galanti MR. Longitudinal association between tobacco use and the onset of depressive symptoms among Swedish adolescents: the Kupol cohort study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2019;28:695-704. 2019 |
Sweden |
Longitudinal study |
3,959 |
Current cigarette smoking, snus use, and tobacco dependence were assessed using questionnaires at baseline and 1-year follow-up. The outcome was onset of depressive symptoms measured with the CES-DC scale. The incidence of depressive symptoms at follow-up was greater in current than never smokers at baseline. Current cigarette smoking at the age of 13 years was strongly associated with onset of depressive symptoms 1 year later, with a significant interaction between tobacco use and sex. Feeling dependent on tobacco was also associated with depressive symptoms in males but not in females. Snus and overall tobacco use were not associated with the onset of depressive symptoms. |
McKelvey 6060. McKelvey KL, Ramo DE, Delucchi K, Rubinstein ML. Polydrug use among urban adolescent cigarette smokers. Addict Behav. 2017;66:145-50. 2017 |
United States |
Longitudinal survey |
176 |
Adolescent cigarette smokers completed surveys assessing drug use, smoking characteristics, demographics, and depressive symptoms at baseline and at 12, 24, and 36 months follow-up. Participants reported using, on average, two substances in addition to cigarettes. Adolescent cigarette-smokers who reported extended range use also reported symptoms of clinical depression at baseline and follow-up. |
Ranjit 6969. Ranjit A, Buchwald J, Latvala A, Heikkilä K, Tuulio-Henriksson A, Rose RJ, et al. Predictive association of smoking with depressive symptoms: a longitudinal study of adolescent twins. Prev Sci. 2019;20:1021-30. 2019 |
United States |
Longitudinal study of adolescent twins |
4,152 individuals, 1,910 twin pairs |
Longitudinal study evaluating the association between cigarette smoking and development of depressive symptoms among adolescents in a Finnish twin cohort. It was observed that cigarette smoking at the age of 14 predicted depressive symptoms at the age of 17. Regular smokers had higher depression scores as compared to never smokers. Within pairs, the estimates were lower for monozygotic pairs compared to dizygotic pairs, suggesting that shared genetic factors contribute to the associations observed in individual-based analyses. |
Lee 7070. Lee Y, Lee KS. Association of depression and suicidality with electronic and conventional cigarette use in South Korean adolescents. Subst Use Misuse. 2019;54:934-43. 2019 |
South Korea |
Longitudinal study |
62,276 |
This study was conducted with a Korean adolescent population to assess the association of depression and suicidality with conventional and e-cigarette use. Dual users had a higher prevalence of depression and suicidality for both lifetime and current use; e-cigarette-only users had higher levels of depression and suicidality than nonusers; and among female adolescents, conventional-cigarette-only users, e-cigarette-only users, and dual users had a higher prevalence of depression and suicidality than male adolescents |
Goodman 5353. Goodman E, Capitman J. Depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking among teens. Pediatrics. 2000;106:748-55. 2000 |
United States |
Longitudinal survey |
First sample 8,704; second sample 6,947 |
Baseline and 1-year follow-up data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Current cigarette smoking was the strongest predictor of developing high depressive symptoms, whereas baseline high depressive symptoms did not predict smoking behavior. |
Beal 7171. Beal SJ, Negriff S, Dorn LD, Pabst S, Schulenberg J. Longitudinal associations between smoking and depressive symptoms among adolescent girls. Prev Sci. 2014;15:506-15. 2014 |
United States |
Longitudinal |
262 |
This study examined the associations between smoking and depressive symptoms across ages 11 to 20. Increased smoking predicts a greater increase in depressive symptoms across adolescence. |
Boden 5151. Boden JM, Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ. Cigarette smoking and depression: tests of causal linkages using a longitudinal birth cohort. Br J Psychiatry. 2010;196:440-6. 2010 |
New Zealand |
Longitudinal |
1,055 |
A birth cohort was followed, and data were collected at birth, 4 months, 1 year, and annually to age 16 years, and again at ages 18, 21, and 25 years. Nicotine dependence and depression were assessed in adolescence and were observed to be associated at ages 18, 21, and 25 years. Among other models, nicotine dependence leading to increased risk of depression was found to be the best fitting causal model. |
Schuler 7272. Schuler MS, Vasilenko SA, Lanza ST. Age-varying associations between substance use behaviors and depressive symptoms during adolescence and young adulthood. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;157:75-82. 2015 |
United States |
Longitudinal survey |
6,070 |
Association between substance use behaviors and depressive symptoms were measured during young adulthood using time-varying effect models. Marijuana use and daily smoking were significantly associated with depressive symptoms at most ages from 12 to 31. There were no gender differences observed during adolescence. |