Hawryluck et al., 200421
|
Pandemics |
Median of 10 (8-10) days |
66% in home quarantine, 34% in work quarantine; 58% remained inside their residence for the duration of quarantine; description of personal protective measures; limited social contact; social distancing and restrictions on daily activities; no description of routine and basic supplies. |
129 |
Quarantined people; most with a high level of education; 68% were healthcare workers. |
Cross-sectional |
★★ |
★★ |
★★ |
Reynolds et al., 200822
|
Pandemics |
Mean of 8.3 ± 3.1 days |
89.8% in home quarantine, 10.2% in work quarantine; no description of isolation frequency; 15.8% compliant with all protective measures; no description of social distancing; limited social contact; restrictions on daily activities; no description of routine and basic supplies. |
1,057 |
Quarantined people; Mean age 49.2 years (SD = 15.7). |
Cohort |
★ |
★★ |
★★ |
Yuan et al., 202023
|
Pandemics |
14 days |
Home quarantine; no description of isolation frequency, personal protective measures, social distancing, social contact, restrictions on daily activities, routine, or basic supplies. |
939 |
Quarantined people; 65.92% were university students. |
Cross-sectional |
★★★ |
★ |
★★ |
Meo et al., 202024
|
Pandemics |
14 days |
Home quarantine; no description of isolation frequency, personal protective measures, social distancing, social contact, restrictions on daily activities, routine, or basic supplies. |
530 |
Medical students. |
Cross-sectional |
★★★ |
★ |
★★ |
Gonçalves et al., 202025
|
Pandemics |
Varies among participants |
Home quarantine; no description of isolation frequency, personal protective measures, social distancing, social contact, restrictions on daily activities, routine, or basic supplies. |
539 |
Quarantined people; aged from 18 to 76 years (M = 37.04; SD = 12.91). |
Cross-sectional |
★★★ |
★ |
★★ |
Shi et al., 202026
|
Pandemics |
Unspecified |
Home quarantine; no description of isolation frequency, personal protective measures, social distancing, social contact, restrictions on daily activities, routine, or basic supplies. |
56,679 |
Quarantined people; most with high level of education. |
Cross-sectional |
★★★★ |
★★ |
★★ |
Rey et al., 202027
|
Pandemics |
Unspecified |
Home quarantine. 27.9% of the participants had been confined at home for more than 5 days, 14.8% for 4 days, 12.2% for 3 days, 9.3% for 2 days, 12.4% for 1 day, and 21.6% for no days. No description of personal protective measures. Description of social distancing. Limited social contact. Restrictions on daily activities. No description of routine. Fear of food or health products shortages. |
3,055 |
Quarantined people; most well educated; 75.1% were women. |
Cross-sectional |
★★★★ |
★★ |
★★ |
Chen et al., 202028
|
Pandemics |
At least 2 months |
Home quarantine; no description of isolation frequency, personal protective measures, social distancing, social contact, restrictions on daily activities, routine, or basic supplies. |
992 |
Chinese college students; Mean age = 19.45 ± 1.41 years. |
Cross-sectional |
★★★ |
★ |
★★ |
Peng et al., 202029
|
Pandemics |
14 days |
Home quarantine; no description of isolation frequency, personal protective measures, social distancing, social contact, restrictions on daily activities, routine or basic supplies. |
2,237 |
Quarantined people; aged from 18 to 70 years without clear diagnoses of COVID-19 infection. |
Cross-sectional |
★★★★ |
★★ |
★★★ |
Elmer et al., 202030
|
Pandemics |
14 days after introduction of social distancing |
Home quarantine; no description about frequency and personal protective measures; social distancing and restrictions on daily activities; limited social contact; no description of routine and basic supplies. |
336 |
Quarantined people; college students; higher proportion of male students. |
Cohort |
★ |
★ |
★★ |
Yi et al., 201431
|
Space |
520 days |
Simulated trip; no environmental challenges; light-dark cycle not reported; limited occupational activities; strict routine; contact with family or friends not reported; usual basic supplies; possibility of early end of isolation not reported. |
6 |
Males, mean age of 33 years. |
Cohort |
★★ |
★★ |
★★★ |
Luger et al. 201432
|
Space |
Mean of 23.9 ±9.0 (isolated) or 18.4 ± 6.7 days (control) |
Simulated trip; environmental challenges not reported; light-dark cycle not reported; no record of leisure/occupational activities; no record of routine; contact with family or friends not reported; no record of basic supplies; possibility of early end of isolation not reported. |
28 |
Isolated group: four females and 10 males, mean age of 32.9 ± 9.2 years. Control group: four females and 10 males, mean age of 32.4 ± 12.3 years. |
Cohort |
★★★ |
★ |
★★ |
Yuan et al., 201933
|
Space |
180 days |
Simulated trip; environmental challenges not reported; light-dark cycle of 24 hours and 40 minutes from day 72 to day 108; presence of leisure/occupational activities; strict routine; limited social contact with family and friends; usual basic supplies; possibility of early end of isolation not reported. |
4 |
3 males and 1 female, mean age of 34.2 ± 6.6 years |
Cohort |
★★ |
★★ |
★★ |
Basner et al., 201434
|
Space |
520 days |
Simulated trip; space-like environment with altered light-dark cycle; presence of leisure/occupational activities; strict routine; no report of social contact with family and friends; limited basic supplies; possibility of early end of isolation not reported. |
6 |
Males, mean age of 32 years (range 27-38). |
Cohort |
★ |
★★ |
★★ |
Kanas et al., 200135
|
Space |
4-7 months |
Official trip; space environment with altered light-dark cycle; leisure/occupational activities or routine not reported; no report of social contact with family and friends; no report of basic supplies; early end of isolation not possible. |
71 |
Five U.S. astronauts, eight Russian cosmonauts and 42 U.S., and 16 Russian control personnel. |
Cohort |
★★ |
★ |
★★ |
Rosnet et al., 199836
|
Space |
135 days |
Simulated trip; environmental challenges not reported; light-dark cycle not reported; limited leisure/occupational activities; strict routine; contact with family or friends not reported; no record of basic supplies; possibility of early end of isolation not reported. |
3 |
Males aged 31-36 year. |
Cohort |
★★ |
★ |
★★ |
Sandal et al., 200937
|
Submarine |
10 or 40 days |
NATO standard submarines, environment with altered light-dark cycle; leisure/occupational activities or routine not reported; no report of social contact with family and friends; no report of basic supplies; early end of isolation not possible. |
196 |
39 submarine workers on a 40-day (mean age of 27.11 ± 4.97 years) or 10-day (28.30 ± 3.78) trip; 25 office workers (32.23 ± 5.61 years); 121 military recruits (20.3 0± 4.30 years). |
Cohort |
★★★ |
|
★★ |
Décamps et al., 200538
|
Antarctica |
350 days (50 weeks) |
Restricted accessibility. Early end of isolation not possible during winter. Group isolation. Limited social contact with friends or family. Exposure to extreme environmental conditions. Altered light-dark cycle. No description of availability of basic supplies. No description of routine. Presence of occupational activities. Limited leisure activities. |
27 |
Average age = 29 years and 7 months (range = 21 to 59 years). |
Cohort |
★ |
|
★★★ |
Per et al., 200039
|
Antarctica |
2-5 months |
Restricted accessibility. Possibility of early end of isolation. Group isolation. No description of social contact with family or friends. Exposure to extreme environmental conditions. Altered light-dark cycle. No description of availability of basic supplies. No description of routine. Presence of occupational activities. No description of leisure activities. |
11 |
Male volunteers. Ages 37-51 years. |
Cohort |
★ |
|
★★ |
Sandal et al., 201840
|
Antarctica |
10 months |
Restricted accessibility. Early end of isolation not possible. Group isolation. Limited social contact with family or friends. Exposure to extreme environmental conditions. Altered light-dark cycle. No description of availability of basic supplies. No description of routine. Presence of occupational activities. Limited leisure activities. |
27 |
Crew 1: males; ages ranging from 23 to 58 years (M = 38.3, SD = 10.64). Crew 2: 10 males and three females; ages ranging from 22 to 51 years (M = 34.5, SD = 9.17). |
Cohort |
★ |
|
★★ |
Strewe et al., 201941
|
Antarctica |
12 months |
Restricted accessibility. Early end of isolation not possible during winter. Group isolation. Limited social contact with family or friends. Exposure to extreme environmental conditions. Altered light-dark cycle. Limited basic supplies. No description of routine. Presence of occupational activities. No description of leisure activities. |
26 |
10 females and 16 males. Females aged (31.8 ± 6.1) and males aged (37.7 ± 9.1). Expeditioners were primarily employed as scientists, cooks, engineers (including IT), electricians, and medical doctors. |
Cohort |
★ |
★ |
★★ |
Caputo et al., 202042
|
Antarctica |
12 months |
Restricted accessibility. Early end of isolation not possible during winter. Group isolation. Limited social contact with family or friends. Exposure to extreme environmental conditions. Altered light-dark cycle. Limited basic supplies. No description of routine. Presence of occupational activities. No description of leisure activities. |
13 |
Healthy volunteers (10 men, three women, average age 34.1 ± 3.1, range 24-56 years). |
Cohort |
★ |
★ |
★★ |
Tortello et al., 202043
|
Antarctica |
12 months |
Restricted accessibility. Early end of isolation not possible during winter. Group isolation. Limited social contact with family or friends. Exposure to extreme environmental conditions. Altered light-dark cycle. Limited basic supplies. No description of routine. Presence of occupational activities. No description of leisure activities. |
13 |
Healthy volunteers (men age 34 ± 1, similar anthropometric characteristics (body mass index: 26 ± 1 kg/m2). |
Cohort |
★ |
★ |
★★ |
Shimamiya et al., 200444
|
Experimental/ lab conditions |
10 days |
Physical space of 34.1 m2 (6.82 m2 per participant). Group isolation. No description of social contact with family or friends. Possibility of early end of isolation . No description of availability of basic supplies. No description of light-dark cycle. No description of routine. Limited occupational activities. No description of leisure activities. |
10 |
Male university students (age 20-27 years, mean 22.8). |
Cross-sectional |
★★ |
|
★★ |
Smith et al., 197245
|
Experimental/ lab conditions |
21 days |
Physical space of either ~2 m3 or ~5.7 m3 of usable space per participant. Group isolation. No contact with family or friends. Possibility of early end of isolation. Usual basic supplies. No description of light-dark cycle. Flexible routine. Limited occupational activities. Limited leisure activities. |
56 |
Volunteer Naval enlisted men; ages ranging from 18 to 32, averaging 20.8 years. |
Quasi-experimental |
★ |
★★ |
★★ |
Zubek et al., 196946
|
Experimental/ lab conditions |
7 days |
Physical space of 2.1 m in height, 2.7 m in diameter, and 2.3 m at the base (dome-shaped). Solitary isolation. Limited or absent social contact with family or friends. Possibility of early end of isolation. No description of availability of basic supplies. Unaltered light-dark cycle. Flexible routine. Limited occupational activities. Limited leisure activities. |
66 |
Male university students. |
Quasi-experimental |
★★ |
★★ |
★ |
Taylor et al., 196847
|
Experimental/ lab conditions |
8 days |
Physical space of 13.4 m2 (6.7 m2 per participant). Group isolation. No social contact with family or friends. Possibility of early end of isolation. Limited basic supplies. Altered light-dark cycle. Flexible routine. Limited occupational activities. Limited leisure activities. |
168 |
Males. Ages ranging from 18 to 20. |
Cross-sectional |
★★ |
★★ |
★ |
Zuckerman et al., 196648
|
Experimental/ lab conditions |
Two sessions of 8 hours and 5 minutes, one week apart |
No description of size of physical space. Solitary isolation. No contact with family or friends. Possibility of early end of isolation. Altered and unaltered light-dark exposure. Strict routine. Absence of occupational activities. Absence of leisure activities. |
18 |
Healthy males. |
Quasi-experimental |
★ |
★ |
★ |