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Involuntary/intrusive nature11. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.,22. Franklin CL, Raines AM. The overlap between OCD and PTSD: Examining self-reported symptom dierentiation. Psychiatry Res. 2019;280:112508.,66. Auxéméry Y. Post-traumatic psychiatric disorders: PTSD is not the only diagnosis. Presse Med. 2018;47:423-30.,1111. Grabe HJ, Ruhrmann S, Spitzer C, Josepeit J, Ettelt S, Buhtz F, et al. Obsessive-compulsive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychopathology. 2008;41:129-34.,2424. Afari N, Ahumada SM, Wright LJ, Mostoufi S, Golnari G, Reis V, et al. Psychological trauma and functional somatic syndromes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychosom Med. 2014;76:2-11.
25. Avdibegovic E, Delic A, Hadzibeganovic K, Selimbasic Z. Somatic diseases in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Medicinski Arhiv. 2010;64:154-7.
26. Badour CL, Bown S, Adams TG, Bunaciu L, Feldner MT. Specificity of fear and disgust experienced during traumatic interpersonal victimization in predicting posttraumatic stress and contamination-based obsessive-compulsive symptoms. J Anxiety Disord. 2012;26:590-8.
27. Bond S, Gourlay C, Desjardins A, Bodson-Clermont P, Boucher ME. Anxiety, depression and PTSD-related symptoms in spouses and close relatives of burn survivors: when the supporter needs to be supported. Burns. 2017;43:592-601.
28. Brady KT, Killeen TK, Brewerton T, Lucerini S. Comorbidity of psychiatric disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61:22-32.
29. Brakoulias V, Starcevic V, Belloch A, Brown C, Ferrao YA, Fontenelle LF, et al. Comorbidity, age of onset and suicidality in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD): an international collaboration. Compr Psychiatry. 2017;76:79-86.-3030. Brewin CR. Episodic memory, perceptual memory, and their interaction: foundations for a theory of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychol Bull. 2014;140:69-97.
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Uncontrollable/difficult to control nature11. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.,22. Franklin CL, Raines AM. The overlap between OCD and PTSD: Examining self-reported symptom dierentiation. Psychiatry Res. 2019;280:112508.,66. Auxéméry Y. Post-traumatic psychiatric disorders: PTSD is not the only diagnosis. Presse Med. 2018;47:423-30.,1111. Grabe HJ, Ruhrmann S, Spitzer C, Josepeit J, Ettelt S, Buhtz F, et al. Obsessive-compulsive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychopathology. 2008;41:129-34.,2424. Afari N, Ahumada SM, Wright LJ, Mostoufi S, Golnari G, Reis V, et al. Psychological trauma and functional somatic syndromes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychosom Med. 2014;76:2-11.
25. Avdibegovic E, Delic A, Hadzibeganovic K, Selimbasic Z. Somatic diseases in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Medicinski Arhiv. 2010;64:154-7.
26. Badour CL, Bown S, Adams TG, Bunaciu L, Feldner MT. Specificity of fear and disgust experienced during traumatic interpersonal victimization in predicting posttraumatic stress and contamination-based obsessive-compulsive symptoms. J Anxiety Disord. 2012;26:590-8.
27. Bond S, Gourlay C, Desjardins A, Bodson-Clermont P, Boucher ME. Anxiety, depression and PTSD-related symptoms in spouses and close relatives of burn survivors: when the supporter needs to be supported. Burns. 2017;43:592-601.
28. Brady KT, Killeen TK, Brewerton T, Lucerini S. Comorbidity of psychiatric disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61:22-32.
29. Brakoulias V, Starcevic V, Belloch A, Brown C, Ferrao YA, Fontenelle LF, et al. Comorbidity, age of onset and suicidality in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD): an international collaboration. Compr Psychiatry. 2017;76:79-86.-3030. Brewin CR. Episodic memory, perceptual memory, and their interaction: foundations for a theory of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychol Bull. 2014;140:69-97.
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Intermittent nature11. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.,22. Franklin CL, Raines AM. The overlap between OCD and PTSD: Examining self-reported symptom dierentiation. Psychiatry Res. 2019;280:112508.,66. Auxéméry Y. Post-traumatic psychiatric disorders: PTSD is not the only diagnosis. Presse Med. 2018;47:423-30.,1111. Grabe HJ, Ruhrmann S, Spitzer C, Josepeit J, Ettelt S, Buhtz F, et al. Obsessive-compulsive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychopathology. 2008;41:129-34.,2424. Afari N, Ahumada SM, Wright LJ, Mostoufi S, Golnari G, Reis V, et al. Psychological trauma and functional somatic syndromes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychosom Med. 2014;76:2-11.
25. Avdibegovic E, Delic A, Hadzibeganovic K, Selimbasic Z. Somatic diseases in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Medicinski Arhiv. 2010;64:154-7.
26. Badour CL, Bown S, Adams TG, Bunaciu L, Feldner MT. Specificity of fear and disgust experienced during traumatic interpersonal victimization in predicting posttraumatic stress and contamination-based obsessive-compulsive symptoms. J Anxiety Disord. 2012;26:590-8.
27. Bond S, Gourlay C, Desjardins A, Bodson-Clermont P, Boucher ME. Anxiety, depression and PTSD-related symptoms in spouses and close relatives of burn survivors: when the supporter needs to be supported. Burns. 2017;43:592-601.
28. Brady KT, Killeen TK, Brewerton T, Lucerini S. Comorbidity of psychiatric disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61:22-32.
29. Brakoulias V, Starcevic V, Belloch A, Brown C, Ferrao YA, Fontenelle LF, et al. Comorbidity, age of onset and suicidality in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD): an international collaboration. Compr Psychiatry. 2017;76:79-86.-3030. Brewin CR. Episodic memory, perceptual memory, and their interaction: foundations for a theory of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychol Bull. 2014;140:69-97.
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Sense of “nowness”11. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.
2. Franklin CL, Raines AM. The overlap between OCD and PTSD: Examining self-reported symptom dierentiation. Psychiatry Res. 2019;280:112508.-33. Green B. Post-traumatic stress disorder: symptom profiles in men and women. Curr Med Res Opin. 2003;19:200-4.,66. Auxéméry Y. Post-traumatic psychiatric disorders: PTSD is not the only diagnosis. Presse Med. 2018;47:423-30.,2424. Afari N, Ahumada SM, Wright LJ, Mostoufi S, Golnari G, Reis V, et al. Psychological trauma and functional somatic syndromes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychosom Med. 2014;76:2-11.
25. Avdibegovic E, Delic A, Hadzibeganovic K, Selimbasic Z. Somatic diseases in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Medicinski Arhiv. 2010;64:154-7.
26. Badour CL, Bown S, Adams TG, Bunaciu L, Feldner MT. Specificity of fear and disgust experienced during traumatic interpersonal victimization in predicting posttraumatic stress and contamination-based obsessive-compulsive symptoms. J Anxiety Disord. 2012;26:590-8.-2727. Bond S, Gourlay C, Desjardins A, Bodson-Clermont P, Boucher ME. Anxiety, depression and PTSD-related symptoms in spouses and close relatives of burn survivors: when the supporter needs to be supported. Burns. 2017;43:592-601.
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Loss of contact with the surrounding environment for periods of minutes or more2424. Afari N, Ahumada SM, Wright LJ, Mostoufi S, Golnari G, Reis V, et al. Psychological trauma and functional somatic syndromes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychosom Med. 2014;76:2-11.
25. Avdibegovic E, Delic A, Hadzibeganovic K, Selimbasic Z. Somatic diseases in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Medicinski Arhiv. 2010;64:154-7.
26. Badour CL, Bown S, Adams TG, Bunaciu L, Feldner MT. Specificity of fear and disgust experienced during traumatic interpersonal victimization in predicting posttraumatic stress and contamination-based obsessive-compulsive symptoms. J Anxiety Disord. 2012;26:590-8.-2727. Bond S, Gourlay C, Desjardins A, Bodson-Clermont P, Boucher ME. Anxiety, depression and PTSD-related symptoms in spouses and close relatives of burn survivors: when the supporter needs to be supported. Burns. 2017;43:592-601.
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Distorted time perception11. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.,22. Franklin CL, Raines AM. The overlap between OCD and PTSD: Examining self-reported symptom dierentiation. Psychiatry Res. 2019;280:112508.,66. Auxéméry Y. Post-traumatic psychiatric disorders: PTSD is not the only diagnosis. Presse Med. 2018;47:423-30.,1111. Grabe HJ, Ruhrmann S, Spitzer C, Josepeit J, Ettelt S, Buhtz F, et al. Obsessive-compulsive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychopathology. 2008;41:129-34.,2424. Afari N, Ahumada SM, Wright LJ, Mostoufi S, Golnari G, Reis V, et al. Psychological trauma and functional somatic syndromes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychosom Med. 2014;76:2-11.
25. Avdibegovic E, Delic A, Hadzibeganovic K, Selimbasic Z. Somatic diseases in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Medicinski Arhiv. 2010;64:154-7.
26. Badour CL, Bown S, Adams TG, Bunaciu L, Feldner MT. Specificity of fear and disgust experienced during traumatic interpersonal victimization in predicting posttraumatic stress and contamination-based obsessive-compulsive symptoms. J Anxiety Disord. 2012;26:590-8.
27. Bond S, Gourlay C, Desjardins A, Bodson-Clermont P, Boucher ME. Anxiety, depression and PTSD-related symptoms in spouses and close relatives of burn survivors: when the supporter needs to be supported. Burns. 2017;43:592-601.
28. Brady KT, Killeen TK, Brewerton T, Lucerini S. Comorbidity of psychiatric disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61:22-32.
29. Brakoulias V, Starcevic V, Belloch A, Brown C, Ferrao YA, Fontenelle LF, et al. Comorbidity, age of onset and suicidality in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD): an international collaboration. Compr Psychiatry. 2017;76:79-86.-3030. Brewin CR. Episodic memory, perceptual memory, and their interaction: foundations for a theory of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychol Bull. 2014;140:69-97.
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Interferes with attention/concentration11. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.,22. Franklin CL, Raines AM. The overlap between OCD and PTSD: Examining self-reported symptom dierentiation. Psychiatry Res. 2019;280:112508.,66. Auxéméry Y. Post-traumatic psychiatric disorders: PTSD is not the only diagnosis. Presse Med. 2018;47:423-30.,1111. Grabe HJ, Ruhrmann S, Spitzer C, Josepeit J, Ettelt S, Buhtz F, et al. Obsessive-compulsive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychopathology. 2008;41:129-34.,2424. Afari N, Ahumada SM, Wright LJ, Mostoufi S, Golnari G, Reis V, et al. Psychological trauma and functional somatic syndromes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychosom Med. 2014;76:2-11.
25. Avdibegovic E, Delic A, Hadzibeganovic K, Selimbasic Z. Somatic diseases in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Medicinski Arhiv. 2010;64:154-7.
26. Badour CL, Bown S, Adams TG, Bunaciu L, Feldner MT. Specificity of fear and disgust experienced during traumatic interpersonal victimization in predicting posttraumatic stress and contamination-based obsessive-compulsive symptoms. J Anxiety Disord. 2012;26:590-8.
27. Bond S, Gourlay C, Desjardins A, Bodson-Clermont P, Boucher ME. Anxiety, depression and PTSD-related symptoms in spouses and close relatives of burn survivors: when the supporter needs to be supported. Burns. 2017;43:592-601.
28. Brady KT, Killeen TK, Brewerton T, Lucerini S. Comorbidity of psychiatric disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61:22-32.
29. Brakoulias V, Starcevic V, Belloch A, Brown C, Ferrao YA, Fontenelle LF, et al. Comorbidity, age of onset and suicidality in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD): an international collaboration. Compr Psychiatry. 2017;76:79-86.-3030. Brewin CR. Episodic memory, perceptual memory, and their interaction: foundations for a theory of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychol Bull. 2014;140:69-97.
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Indecisiveness/doubt11. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.,1111. Grabe HJ, Ruhrmann S, Spitzer C, Josepeit J, Ettelt S, Buhtz F, et al. Obsessive-compulsive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychopathology. 2008;41:129-34.,2424. Afari N, Ahumada SM, Wright LJ, Mostoufi S, Golnari G, Reis V, et al. Psychological trauma and functional somatic syndromes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychosom Med. 2014;76:2-11.
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27. Bond S, Gourlay C, Desjardins A, Bodson-Clermont P, Boucher ME. Anxiety, depression and PTSD-related symptoms in spouses and close relatives of burn survivors: when the supporter needs to be supported. Burns. 2017;43:592-601.
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29. Brakoulias V, Starcevic V, Belloch A, Brown C, Ferrao YA, Fontenelle LF, et al. Comorbidity, age of onset and suicidality in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD): an international collaboration. Compr Psychiatry. 2017;76:79-86.
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Recurrent and persistent11. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.,22. Franklin CL, Raines AM. The overlap between OCD and PTSD: Examining self-reported symptom dierentiation. Psychiatry Res. 2019;280:112508.,66. Auxéméry Y. Post-traumatic psychiatric disorders: PTSD is not the only diagnosis. Presse Med. 2018;47:423-30.,1111. Grabe HJ, Ruhrmann S, Spitzer C, Josepeit J, Ettelt S, Buhtz F, et al. Obsessive-compulsive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychopathology. 2008;41:129-34.,2424. Afari N, Ahumada SM, Wright LJ, Mostoufi S, Golnari G, Reis V, et al. Psychological trauma and functional somatic syndromes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychosom Med. 2014;76:2-11.
25. Avdibegovic E, Delic A, Hadzibeganovic K, Selimbasic Z. Somatic diseases in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Medicinski Arhiv. 2010;64:154-7.
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29. Brakoulias V, Starcevic V, Belloch A, Brown C, Ferrao YA, Fontenelle LF, et al. Comorbidity, age of onset and suicidality in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD): an international collaboration. Compr Psychiatry. 2017;76:79-86.
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35. Gershuny BS, Baer L, Jenike MA, Minichiello WE, Wilhelm S. Comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder: impact on treatment outcome for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159:852-4.
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Occurs while sleeping7575. Otte C. Incomplete remission in depression: role of psychiatric and somatic comorbidity. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2008;10:453-60.
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Motor areas (supplementary motor area) |
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Insula |
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Amygdala |
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Medial temporal lobe |
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Prefrontal cortex |
- |
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Striatum (putamen and caudate) |
- |
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Thalamus |
- |
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Inferior frontal gyrus |
- |
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Orbitofrontal cortex |
- |
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Nucleus accumbens |
- |
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