Batool77. Batool N, Shehzadi H, Riaz MN, Riaz MA. Paternal malparenting and offspring personality disorders: mediating effect of early maladaptive schemas. J Pak Med Assoc. 2017;67:556-60.
|
Pakistan |
|
|
-
PAQ
-
YSQ-SF
-
PDQ
|
-
–
Permissive parenting style had positive correlations with histrionic, narcissistic and anti social personality disorders;
-
–
Authoritarian parenting had positive correlations with EMS and depressive personality disorder;
-
–
EMS had positive correlations with histrionic, antisocial, narcissistic and depressive personality disorder;
-
–
EMS partially mediated between permissive paternal parenting style and narcissistic personality disorder and between authoritarian paternal parenting style and depressive personality disorder.
|
-
–
Concentrated on four personality disorders;
-
–
Measured role of overall schemas instead of investigating the effects of the eighteen schemas;
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–
Investigated the entire phenomenon of personality disorders through the lens of paternal malparenting;
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–
Generalizations cannot be made.
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Beigi88. Beigi NA, Askari H. Interaction of parent-child schemas in different types of personality disorders. Int J Adv Biotechnol Res. 2016;4:1039-46.
|
Iran |
|
|
-
MCMI-III
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YSQ-SF
|
-
–
In the first cluster, VUL in children correlated with VUL and DS schemas in mother. The child's ED schema correlated perfectly with ED in father;
-
–
In the second cluster, VUL in children correlated with AB, DS, FA, EM and VUL in mother. The child's ED schema correlated perfectly with father's ED schema;
-
–
In the third cluster, the VUL in the child correlated with mother's VUL, AB, MA, ISC and DS significantly. The ED schema correlated perfectly with ED in the father;
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–
MA schema in the father were predictors of developing third cluster in the child. SI schema in the mother was a predictor of developing third cluster in the child. SUB and VUL schemas in the child predict the third cluster of personality disorders.
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Brown99. Brown JM, Selth S, Stretton A, Simpson S. Do dysfunctional coping modes mediate the relationship between perceived parenting style and disordered eating behaviours? J Eat Disord. 2016;4-27.
|
Australia |
-
–
174 participants
-
–
18 to 65 years
|
-
–
To investigate whether dysfunctional schema coping modes mediate the relationship between perceived negative parenting and the eating disorder behaviors of restricting, binging, and overcompensation (purging and overexercising)
|
-
YPI-R
-
SMI
-
EDDS
|
-
–
The perfectionistic overcontroller and self-aggrandiser modes mediated the relationships between perceived negative parenting and compensatory behavior. The compliant surrenderer mode was found to mediate the relationships between negative parenting and both restricting and compensatory behavior. The detached protector and detached self-soother modes further mediated the relationships between perceived negative parenting experiences and both restriction and compensatory behavior;
-
–
Both restricting and compensatory behavior were weakly correlated with a variety of different perceived negative parenting experiences. The strongest correlations were seen between Perfectionistic Overcontroller and both controlling and conditional/narcissistic father, between Detached Self-soother and belittling, emotionally depriving and emotionally inhibited mother and between both Compliant Surrenderer and Detached Protector and emotionally inhibited mother. Restriction was weakly to moderately correlated with all dysfunctional coping modes except Bully/attack, with the strongest correlation being with Perfectionistic Overcontroller. Binge eating was only weakly correlated with a single mode – the Detached Protector. Finally, compensatory behavior was strongly correlated with the Detached Protector, with weak to moderate correlations with all other dysfunctional coping modes.
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-
–
Each of the behaviors was only measured with a single question;
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–
Only the coping mode subscales of the SMI were included, and re-included the Perfectionistic Overcontroller coping mode, after it being excluded from the original SMI;
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–
Self-report method;
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–
The cross-sectional design;
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–
Perceptions of parenting styles are subjective.
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Cockram1010. Cockram DM, Drummond PD, Lee CW. Role and treatment of early maladaptive schemas in Vietnam veterans with PTSD. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2010;7:165-82.
|
Australia |
|
Study 1:
|
Study 1:
DQ
MOPS
YSQ -L3
ASDS
|
Study 1:
- –
Average parental style scores differed significantly between PTSD and no PTSD groups in both parenting categories and in all subscales of the MOPS;
- –
The PTSD group experienced greater indifference, abuse and overcontrol from both parents than the no PTSD group;
- –
Veterans diagnosed with PTSD scored higher on the YSQ-L3 and on the MPS than veterans not diagnosed with PTSD.
- –
VUL and EI schema discriminated significantly between veterans with PTSD and those without PTSD.
|
-
–
Use of retrospective accounts;
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–
Limits on how far to generalize the study results;
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–
Participants were volunteers and not randomly selected;
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–
Current PTSD status was not measured in the first study.
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Haugh1111. Haugh JA, Miceli M, DeLorme J. Maladaptive parenting, temperament, early maladaptive schemas, and depression: a moderated mediation analysis. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2016;39:103-16.
|
USA |
-
–
657 university students
-
–
18 to 46 years old
|
|
-
YSQ-SF-3
-
YPI
-
ATQ-SF
-
BDI-II
|
-
–
Negative affect and extraversion temperament factors were significantly related to depressive symptoms and EMS domains;
-
–
Temperament was shown to have a significant influence on the indirect effect of parenting on depressive symptoms through EMS.
-
–
Significant associations were found between maladaptive parenting styles and both EMS domains and depressive symptoms;
-
–
ED, Belittling, and Overprotective styles were significantly and positively related to EMS domains and BDI-II scores;
-
–
ED parenting was most strongly correlated to the RD domain;
-
–
Overprotective parenting was most strongly correlated with the IAP domain;
-
–
The influence of parenting on depressive symptoms was shown to be mediated by EMS (RD, and IAP domains).
|
-
–
Only included parenting, temperament and schema factors that were most relevant to depression;
-
–
Self-report measures;
-
–
The measure of parenting reported experiences from when subjects were children;
-
–
Lack of diversity in the sample;
-
–
Non-clinical population with depressive symptoms (minimum to moderate ranges);
-
–
Participants only reporting the mother as primary caregiver.
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Jones1212. Jones C, Harris G, Leung, L. Parental rearing behaviours and eating disorders: the moderating role of core beliefs. Eat Behav. 2005;6:355-64.
|
UK |
|
|
-
EDI
-
YSQ-SF-3
-
sEMBU
|
-
–
SI, VUL, and SS schema moderated the predictive influence of paternal rejection on eating psychopathology;
-
–
Both SI and VUL beliefs were found to moderate the relationship between paternal rejection and drive for thinness;
-
–
SS beliefs moderated the effect of paternal rejection on body dissatisfaction;
-
–
Paternal rejection predicted body dissatisfaction except when the individual held intense, dysfunctional beliefs about needing to meet other people's needs.
|
|
Jones1313. Jones CJ, Leung N, Harris, G. Father-daughter relationship and eating psychopathology: the mediating role of core beliefs. Br J Clin Psychol. 2016;45:319-30.
|
UK |
-
–
66 females with current eating psychopathology, 16-59 years old
-
–
50 female volunteers in a non-clinical group, 18-62 years old
|
-
–
To explore the relationship between recollections of paternal rearing behavior and eating psychopathology
-
–
To determine whether specific core beliefs would act as mediators between aspects of parenting and eating symptomatology
|
-
EDI
-
YSQ-SF-3
-
sEMBU
|
-
–
Negative recollections of paternal rearing behaviors, and higher levels of several core beliefs were related to eating symptomatology;
-
–
AB, DS and VUL schema were found to mediate the influence of aspects of paternal rearing behaviors on eating psychopathology;
-
–
Paternal rearing behaviors were predictive of eating psychopathology;
-
–
Perception of paternal overprotection is predictive of drive for thinness;
-
–
Perceived paternal rejection can lead to the development of a combination of fear that significant others will not be able to continue providing emotional support and to underlying feelings of shame and inferiority.
-
–
No associations were found between eating psychopathology and perceptions of parenting or core beliefs within the non-clinical group
|
|
Khajouei Nia1414. Khajouei-Nia M, Sovani A, Forooshani GR. Exploring correlation between perceived parenting styles, early maladaptive schemas, and depression among women with depressive symptoms in Iran and India - role of early maladaptive schemas as mediators and moderatos. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2014;16:e17492.
|
Iran and India |
|
|
-
BDI
-
YSQ-SF
-
YPI
|
-
–
The association between parental rearing styles and depressive symptoms was not moderated by EMS;
-
–
AB EMS had a mediating role in the relationship between maternal rearing style and depression in Iran;
-
–
AB and PP EMS mediated the effects of paternal rearing style and depression in India;
-
–
The correlation between childhood experiences and depression in adulthood was mediated by EMS.
|
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Kooraneh1515. Kooraneh AE, Amirsardari, L. Predicting early maladaptive schemas using Baumrind's Parenting Styles. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2015;9:e952.
|
Iran |
|
|
-
YSQ-SF
-
BPI
|
-
–
The best parenting style was authoritarian, and most schemas belong to the fields of RD, IA, and OVI, respectively;
-
–
The authoritarian parenting style could positively predict EMS in the area of RD, either could explain 3.4% of the variance of EMS in the area of OD.
-
–
The permissive parenting style could not explain EMS in the areas of RD, IAP, IL, OD or OVI;
-
–
The authoritative parenting style could negatively predict EMS in the area of RD, and could explain 3.4% of the variance of EMS in the area of OD, but not in IAP, IL or OVI.
|
|
Körük1616. Körük S, Öztürk A, Kara A. The predictive strength of perceived parenting and parental attachment styles on psychological symptoms among Turkish university students. Int J Instruction. 2016;9:215-30.
|
Turkey |
|
|
-
YPI
-
PBI
-
BSI
|
-
–
Pessimistic/fearful mother, overprotective/worrywart father and emotionally divesting father perceptions meaningfully predicted depression and anxiety;
-
–
Pessimistic/fearful mother and belittling/captious mother perceptions meaningfully predicted negative-self symptoms;
-
–
Pessimistic/fearful mother, overprotective/worrywart father and belittling/captious mother meaningfully predicted somatization;
-
–
Caring/controlling behaviors of the father and protecting behaviors of the mother meaningfully predicted depression in the negative direction;
-
–
Caring/controlling behaviors of the mother and protecting behaviors of the father meaningfully predicted anxiety in the negative direction.
-
–
Caring/controlling behaviors of the mother and protecting, and caring/controlling behaviors of the father meaningfully predicted negative-self symptoms and hostility in the negative direction.
|
|
Jalali1717. Jalali MR, Zargar M, Salavati M, Kakavand AR. Comparison of early maladaptive schemas and parenting origins in patients with opioid abuse and non-abusers. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci. 2011;6:54-60.
|
Iran |
-
–
56 opioid dependent males, 20 to 45 years old
-
–
56 not opioid dependent males, 20 to 45 years old
|
|
-
SCID-I
-
YSQ-L3
-
YPI
|
-
–
The means for all EMS in the clinical group were higher than the control group and this was especially more apparent in AB, ED, SI, EG, ISC, SS, AR, US and PU schemas.
-
–
The two groups differed significantly in terms of EMS, EMS domains;
-
–
The clinical group had higher scores than the control group in terms of parenting origins;
-
–
Approximately, all EMS were related to their parenting origins. The only exceptions, where differences in means were not significant, were MA, DS, DI, and FA in mothers' parenting origins, and FA, DV and SS in fathers' parenting origins
-
–
Opioid abusers scored higher for EMS and parenting origins than non-opioid abusers and parenting origins were related to their corresponding schemas.
|
|
Lucadame1818. Lucadame R, Cordero S, Daguerre L. El papel mediador de los esquemas desadaptativos tempranos entre los estilos parentales y los síntomas de depresión. Psicol Conductual. 2017;25:275-95.
|
Uruguay |
|
|
-
YPI
-
YSQ-L3
-
LSB-50
|
-
–
For both parents, the EMS of AB, SI and IS mediate the relationship between early perceived parenting styles (from the domains RD and IA) and symptoms of depression for both parents;
-
–
EMS mediates the relationship between parental styles and symptoms of depression.
|
-
–
Self-report instruments.
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Lumley1919. Lumley MN, Dozois DJA, Hennig KH, Marsh A. Cognitive organization, perceptions of parenting and depression symptoms in early adolescence. Cognit Ther Res. 2012;36:300-10.
|
Canada |
|
|
-
CDI
-
MASC
-
CSQ
-
PDST
-
CRPBI
|
-
–
There was no significant relationship between anxiety symptoms and either positive or negative EMS organization;
-
–
Organization of positive and negative EMS was significantly related to depression symptoms;
-
–
Negative EMS content was only related with ethnicity;
-
–
The analyses show that depression symptoms were related with ethnicity and that anxiety symptoms were related with sex;
-
–
High negative EMS scores were associated with high depression scores;
-
–
Low parental responsivity levels were significantly associated with major depression symptoms and high levels of psychological control;
-
–
Parental psychological control was associated with race/ethnicity
-
–
Parental responsivity emerged as the only predictor of the NSO.
|
|
Monirpoor2020. Monirpoor N, Gholamyzarch M, Tamaddonfard M, Khoosfi H, Ganjali AR. Role of father-child relational quality in early maladaptive schemas. Int J High Risk Behav Addict. 2012;1:50-4.
|
Iran |
|
|
-
YSQ-SF
-
PBI-FF
-
PCRS
|
-
–
Father care and father emotional involvement predicted 20.7% of the ED schema variance;
-
–
Father excessive support and emotional interaction predicted 9.3% of the MA schema variance, 11.7% of the SI schema variance and 13.4% of the DF schema variance;
-
–
Father care and excessive support predicted 13.6% of the SUB schema variance.
-
–
Father excessive support predicted 0.9% of the AB schema variance, 2.4% of the EM self schema variance and 1.5% of the US schema variance;
-
–
Positive father's affection predicted 8.5% of the FA schema variance and 9.4% of the DI schema variance;
-
–
Father excessive support and positive father's affection predicted 5.9% of the VUL schema variance;
-
–
Relationship with father predicted 8.7% of the EI schema and 5.5% of the EM schema;
-
–
Relationship with father and lack of child's anger toward father predicted 8.9% of the ISC schema
|
|
Muris2121. Muris, P. Maladaptive schemas in non-clinical adolescents: relations to perceived parental rearing behaviours, big five personality factors and psychopathological symptoms. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2006;13:405-13.
|
Netherlands |
|
To investigate whether:
- –
Detrimental parental rearing behaviors are associated with the presence of EMS
- –
The personality trait of neuroticism is positively related to such EMS
- –
Detrimental parenting behaviors and neuroticism each account for a unique proportion of the variance in EMS scores
- –
EMS are associated with psychopathological symptoms
|
-
YSQ-A
-
EMBU-C for children
-
BFQC
-
PQY
|
-
–
Detrimental rearing behaviors were associated with the presence of maladaptive schemas;
-
–
The personality trait of neuroticism was positively related to a broad range of maladaptive schemas;
-
–
Neuroticism and detrimental parental rearing behaviors both accounted for a unique proportion of the variance in distorted thinking patterns;
-
–
Maladaptive schemas were linked to various types of psychological symptoms, including symptoms of anxiety disorders, depression, disruptive behavior, eating problems and substance use.
-
–
Parental rearing behaviors accounted for a significant proportion of the variance in YSQ-A scores, except for DI.
|
-
–
The study was cross-sectional in nature;
-
–
Sample of non-clinical adolescents who were predominantly Caucasian, with relatively high educational levels;
-
–
The sample was rather small (N=173) and as a result it was not possible to perform factor analysis on the items of the YSQ-A;
-
–
Self-report measures;
-
–
Unclear whether a questionnaire like the YSQ-A truly measures maladaptive schemas.
|
Pellerone2222. Pellerone M, Craparo G, Tornabuoni. Relationship between parenting and cognitive schemas in a group of male adult offenders. Front Psychol. 2016;7:302.
|
Italy |
|
-
–
To investigate the presence of cognitive schemas, in a group of male adult prisoners
-
–
To explore whether parental style influences cognitive patterns in a group of offenders
-
–
To investigate the predictive variables of these cognitive schemas in adult offenders
|
-
SCID-II
-
PBI
-
YSQ-L3
|
-
–
The target group have an affectionate constraint attachment with their mother, while one third of the population has a negligent attachment with their father;
-
–
Offenders scored significantly higher than non-offenders on the level of paternal control and the YSQ subscales.
-
–
The study underlines the influence of maternal care on most of the cognitive schemas, and the role of father's control in the tendency to SI and DS in the offenders;
-
–
Being an inmate, having a low level of maternal care and a high level of maternal control are predictive of the tendency to social rejection, and being an inmate with young age, reduced maternal care and high maternal control are predictive of IAP.
|
|
Pellerone2323. Pellerone M, Iacolino C, Mannino G, Formica I, Zabbara SM. The influence of parenting on maladaptive cognitive schema: a cross-sectional research on a group of adults. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2017;10:47-58.
|
Italy |
|
-
–
To verify whether being parents and living at home with parents affect parenting style and cognitive domains
-
–
To examine how variables of parenting influence cognitive styles
-
–
To examine age as moderating variable of the relation between parenting styles and cognitive domains in a group of adult men and women
|
-
PBI
-
YSQ
|
-
–
Being a younger adult male with mother's parenting style characterized by a lower level of nurturance is predictive of the RD domain, whereas being a younger adult woman, with a higher level of maternal control is predictive of the IL domain;
-
–
The analysis of whether being parents and living at home with parents affect parenting or cognitive domains found no significant effect.
-
–
The type of maternal parenting affects all domains except SI and SUB;
-
–
Age moderates the correlation between parenting behavior and maternal nurturance and IAP domains.
|
-
–
The results in no way allow for casual conjectures;
-
–
Did not use a measure to account for socially desirable responding and/or the tendency to minimize pathology;
-
–
Did not use current parental behaviors;
-
–
Small sample size that may have limited the generalizability of the findings and the ability to identify other differences in maladaptive schemas.
|
Shah & Weller2424. Shah RC, Waller G. Parental style and vulnerability to depression: the role of core beliefs. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2000;188:19-25.
|
England |
-
–
60 depressive individuals (17 men, 43 women)
-
–
67 healthy individuals (33 men, 34 women)
|
-
–
To investigate the possible mediating role of core beliefs in depressive parental relations
-
–
To examine whether this relationship between parental rearing styles and depression in adulthood is mediated by the EMS
|
-
PBI
-
YSQ
-
BDI
|
-
–
The experimental group recalled less affectionate and more overprotective parental care, in relation to the control group;
-
–
The depressed group were differentiated by poorer perceived parenting (low care and high overprotection);
-
–
DS, SS and ISC EMS were more present in the experimental group.
-
–
DI, VUL, US and EI EMS mediated the relationship between maternal bond and paternal overprotection and levels of depression in the experimental group.
|
|
Simon2525. Simon L, Zsolt U, Fogd D, Czobor P. Dysfunctional core beliefs, perceived parenting behavior and psychopathology in gender identity disorder: a comparison of male-to-female, female-to-male transsexual and nontranssexual control subjects. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2011;42:38-45.
|
Hungary |
|
-
–
To characterize MF and FM transsexuals in psychopathology, core conceptualizations of the self and the world, and parenting experiences by comparing them to controls of the same and the opposite sex
-
–
To delineate differences in MF and FM transsexuals in these three areas
|
-
YSQ
-
YPI
-
SC-90-R
|
-
–
Subjects with GID demonstrated a level of psychiatric distress comparable to that of controls.
-
–
Subjects with GID display elevated scores, however, on multiple EMS compared to nontranssexual subjects, indicating feelings of isolation, emotional deprivation and an urge to meet others' needs, with MF transsexuals also conceptualizing themselves as more vulnerable and deficient than controls.
-
–
Parenting experiences of transsexual subjects were characterized by increased maternal dominance, emotional abuse and neglect compared to controls, with males being exposed to a disengaged maternal style and more paternal emotional neglect and criticism.
-
–
Both MF and FM transsexuals were made to feel that they will inevitably fail in areas of achievement.
|
|
Soygüt2626. Soygüt G, Cakir Z. The mediating role of the interpersonal schemas between parenting styles and psychological symptoms: a schema focused view. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 2009;20:144-52.
|
Turkey |
|
-
–
To examine the relationship between the perception of parenting styles and interpersonal schemas
-
–
To investigate the role of interpersonal schemas in mediating between the perception of parenting style and psychological symptoms
|
-
YPI
-
ISQ
-
SCL-90-R
|
-
–
Perceived parenting styles have predictive power for a number of interpersonal schemas;
-
–
Parenting perceptions showing maximum positive correlations with depression were belittling/captious mother, ruling/former mother, overprotective/worrywart mother and belittling/captious father.
-
–
Positive correlations with anxiety were found to be belittling/captious mother, overprotective/worrywart mother, pessimistic/fearful mother, and ruling/former father.
-
–
The Hostility situation of interpersonal schemas played a mediating role between psychological symptoms and normative, belittling/criticizing, pessimistic/worried parenting styles on the mother forms; and normative, belittling/criticizing, emotionally depriving, pessimistic/worried, punitive, and restricted/emotionally inhibited parenting styles on the father forms of the scales.
|
|
Thimm2727. Thimm JC. Mediation of early maladaptive schemas between perceptions of parental rearing style and personality disorder symptoms. J Behav Ther Exp. 2009;41:52-9.
|
Norway |
|
|
-
s-EMBU
-
YSQ-L3
-
DSM-IV, ICD-10 DIP-Q
-
GAFS
-
BDI
|
-
–
All schemas were associated with the three personality disorder clusters;
-
–
The BDI are related to maternal rejection, to the five schema domains and the personality disorder clusters A, B and C;
-
–
The results showed that EMS mediated the relationship between parental rearing styles and personality disorder symptoms;
-
–
Rejection from both parents and less emotional warmth from mother were significantly related to cluster A and B personality pathology, whereas cluster C symptoms were associated with paternal rejection;
-
–
RD, OD, IAP, OVI were significantly related to parenting rejection.
|
|
Wright2828. Wright MO, Crawford E, Del Castillo D. Childhood emotional maltreatment and later psychological distress among college students: the mediating role of maladaptive schemas. Child Abuse Neglect. 2009;33:59-68.
|
USA |
|
-
–
To study the long-term influences of parental emotional abuse and emotional neglect in young adults, in relation to dissociative, anxiety and depression symptoms
-
–
To identify which symptoms were mediated by the EMS
|
-
CAST-6
-
LEQ
-
YSQ
-
TSC-40
|
-
–
VUL, SS and DS EMS mediated the relationship between emotional neglect and anxiety and depression symptoms.
-
–
VUL and DS EMS were mediated in the relationship between the child's emotional neglect and dissociative symptoms. Emotional neglect was related to dissociative symptoms and mediated by DV and VUL EMS.
-
–
Sexual abuse was also a significant predictor of dissociation.
-
–
Emotional abuse and neglect, alcoholic parents and income were significant predictors of anxiety and depression and were mediated by VUL, DS and SS EMS.
-
–
Emotional abuse was significantly correlated to VUL, SS and DS EMS. Emotional abuse and neglect have a greater psychological impact than physical abuse and neglect.
|
|