Walking for transport |
Participants were classified through a binary variable in two groups: those that spent at least 10 minutes walking per week to access places such as stores, services, community centers, churches, and friends’ and families’ houses, and those that did not. |
Binary: 1 or 0 |
Individual |
International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) – EpiFloripa Aging study (2013/14) |
Neighbourhood perception (Control)
|
Commerce |
Presence of supermarkets, convenience stores / mini markets / grocery stores, farmers’ markets. |
Perception of destinations availability within 15 minutes walking |
Individual |
Adapted version of the Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale (NEWS)(Florindo et al., 2012Florindo, A. A., Guimarães, V. V., de Farias Júnior, J. C., Salvador, E. P., de Sá, T. H., Reis, R. S., & Hallal, P. C. (2012). Validação de uma escala de percepção do ambiente para a prática de atividade física em adultos de uma região de baixo nível socioeconômico. Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria e Desempenho Humano, 14(6), 647–659. https://doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2012v14n6p647 https://doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2012v1...
) – EpiFloripa Aging study (2013/14) |
Commerce and services |
Presence of stores, bookstores, banks, pharmacies, beauty parlors, barbershops. |
Food services |
Presence of restaurants, bakeries, snack bars, coffee shops. |
Social and health facilites |
Presence of health centers or community centers |
Neighborhood Variables (Control)
|
Average Slope |
Average of slope values for each neighborhood (buffer). |
Percentage (%) |
Buffer |
Florianópolis digital elevation model (DEM, 2012) |
Buffer area |
Area of the polygon formed by the buffer, which varies according to its radius and the connectivity of the road network around the residence. |
Square kilometers (Km2) |
Buffer |
Street network (PMF, 2012); EpiFloripa Home Addresses (2013/14) |
Average per capita household income |
Monthly nominal income of people aged 10 or over considering the average value of the census tracts included in the buffer. |
Reais BRL (R$) Income quartiles |
Buffer |
IBGE Census (2010) Tabular data and census tracts |
Independent Variables
|
Land use balance |
Entropy=− pi×ln(pi))/ln(N), where pi is the proportion of land use category i to total land use, and N is the number of land use categories: residential, commercial, services (including buildings with mixed use), institutions (religious and educational) and public services. The reduction to five categories followed previous studies (Frank & Engelke, 2005Frank, L. D., & Engelke, P. (2005). Multiple Impacts of the Built Environment on Public Health: Walkable Places and the Exposure to Air Pollution. International Regional Science Review, 28(2), 193–216. https://doi.org/10.1177/0160017604273853 https://doi.org/10.1177/0160017604273853...
; Brown et al., 2009Brown, B. B., Yamada, I., Smith, K. R., Zick, C. D., Kowaleski-Jones, L., & Fan, J. X. (2009). Mixed land use and walkability: Variations in land use measures and relationships with BMI, overweight, and obesity. Health and Place, 15(4), 1130–1141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2009.06.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.20...
; Christian et al., 2011Christian, H. E., Bull, F. C., Middleton, N. J., Knuiman, M. W., Divitini, M. L., Hooper, P., Amarasinghe, A., & Giles-Corti, B. (2011). How important is the land use mix measure in understanding walking behaviour? Results from the RESIDE study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-8-55 https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-8-55...
), excluding categories of non-walkable uses (industrial uses and vacant land). |
Continuous variable normalized to values from 0 to 1 |
Buffer |
Land Use data at parcel level (PMF, 2012). |
Richness |
Number of different land use categories in the buffer, considering nine categories: residential, commercial, industrial, mixed use, parks, services, religious institutions, public service and educational institutions. |
1 to 9 land use categories |
Buffer |
Retail Building Coverage Ratio – BCR |
Ratio between the sum of the land area occupied by commercial buildings and the sum of the size of the parcels on which the buildings are located, considering all lots with commercial uses that touched the buffer polygon and its total area, regardless of whether they were completely inside the polygon boundary. |
∑ commercial buildings area footprint (m2)/∑ commercial lots area (m2) |
Buffer |
Building footprint and Land Use at parcel level data (PMF, 2012). |
Proportion of commercial and residential parcels |
The relation between commercial and residential parcels within the buffer. |
# commercial parcels/# residential parcels |
Buffer |
Land Use data at parcel level (PMF, 2012). |
Proportion of nonresidential and residential parcels |
The relation between nonresidential parcels (commercial, industrial, mixed use, parks, services, religious institutions, public service and educational institutions) and residential parcels within the buffer (Hoek, 2008Hoek, J. W. van den. (2008). The MXI (Mixed-use Index) as Tool for Urban Planning and Analysis. Corporations and Cities: Envsioning Corporate Real Estate in the Urban Future, May, 15. http://www.bk.tudelft.nl/fileadmin/Faculteit/BK/Actueel/Symposia_en_congressen/CRE_2008/Papers/doc/Paper03_vandenHoek.pdf http://www.bk.tudelft.nl/fileadmin/Facul...
). |
# nonresidential parcels/# residential parcels |
Destination density |
Number of parcels with non-residential uses divided by the buffer area. |
# nonresidential parcels/Buffer area (km2) |