Assessing mobility resilience and vulnerability in the context of challenging transportation fare policies: a case study of Rio de Janeiro

Santos, Tálita; Cardoso, Marcus; Silva, Marcelino Aurelio Vieira da; Fernandes, Vicente Aprigliano

doi:10.1590/2175-3369.016.e20230236

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Special Section: Urban Inequalities and Segregation • urbe, Rev. Bras. Gest. Urbana 16 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-3369.016.e20230236 copy

Assessing mobility resilience and vulnerability in the context of challenging transportation fare policies: a case study of Rio de Janeiro

Avaliação da resiliência e da vulnerabilidade da mobilidade no contexto de políticas desafiadoras de tarifas de transporte: um estudo de caso do Rio de Janeiro

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Resilience of urban mobility is an emerging topic, with most studies focusing on natural disasters or technical disturbances. However, there is a gap in understanding the resilience and vulnerability of urban mobility in the face of economic threats and inadequate transport policies, particularly in developing countries such as Brazil, characterized by social inequality and urban segregation. This study sheds light on the issue of urban inequalities and segregation, aiming to identify the most vulnerable and resilient areas of Rio de Janeiro in the event of an economic crisis. We assessed the resilience and vulnerability of the public transport system with commonly used accessibility indicators, applying fuzzy logic to data from 160 districts. We considered a scenario without the fare subsidy program. The results indicate that districts with better access to high-capacity transport systems and job opportunities exhibit higher levels of resilience and lower vulnerability. However, the study also uncovers socio-spatial inequalities, with resilience values tending to be higher in coastal areas and central business districts, exacerbating disparities. Addressing urban inequalities and segregation requires not only improving travel times and transportation systems but also considering the economic impact on vulnerable populations and promoting decentralized employment opportunities.

Keywords:
Resilience; Vulnerability; Public transport; Spatial segregation

Variables	Description	Source
Employment	number of formal jobs in the destination district	Brazilian National Census (IBGE, 2010Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística – IBGE. (2010). Censo 2010. Rio de Janeiro. Retrieved in 2023, June 2, from https://censo2010.ibge.gov.br/ https://censo2010.ibge.gov.br/... )
Population	population of the district of origin	Brazilian National Census (IBGE, 2010Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística – IBGE. (2010). Censo 2010. Rio de Janeiro. Retrieved in 2023, June 2, from https://censo2010.ibge.gov.br/ https://censo2010.ibge.gov.br/... )
Intervening opportunities	number of jobs that can be reached sooner than or in equal time required to reach a given destination district from the district of origin	Brazilian National Census (IBGE, 2010Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística – IBGE. (2010). Censo 2010. Rio de Janeiro. Retrieved in 2023, June 2, from https://censo2010.ibge.gov.br/ https://censo2010.ibge.gov.br/... ) and Google Distance Matrix API (time)
Travel time	time necessary to arrive at the destination from the origin	Google Distance Matrix API
Jobs (60 minutes)	number of jobs that can be reached within 60 minutes by public transportation	Google Distance Matrix API
Jobs (1 fare)	number of jobs that can be reached by paying a single fare, irrespective of the number of travel modalities	Google Distance Matrix API
Fare difference	difference between the fare paid without and with the subsidy	Google Distance Matrix API and Rio Card
Income	nominal per capita household income	Brazilian National Census (IBGE, 2010Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística – IBGE. (2010). Censo 2010. Rio de Janeiro. Retrieved in 2023, June 2, from https://censo2010.ibge.gov.br/ https://censo2010.ibge.gov.br/... )
SDI	social development index	Brazilian National Census (IBGE, 2010Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística – IBGE. (2010). Censo 2010. Rio de Janeiro. Retrieved in 2023, June 2, from https://censo2010.ibge.gov.br/ https://censo2010.ibge.gov.br/... )

Variables	Description	Inference block
Potential use	measures the Origin-Destination connection used based on population and employment variables	1
Impedance	measures opposition to the movement	2
Flow level	measures the flow of the connection Origin-Destination based on the impedance and potential for use	3
Accessibility	measures the easiness of reaching a destination	4
Effect of fare integration	calculates the importance of fare integration	5
Socioeconomic factor	measures the socioeconomic factor of each connection	6
Level of vulnerability	measures the level of vulnerability based on fare integration and socioeconomic factor	7
Level of resilience	measures the level of resilience based on the smallest value between the flow level and vulnerability level (inference block 8) and accessibility and vulnerability level (inference block 9)	Smallest value between inference blocks 8 and 9

	Threat
	Violence (Cardoso et al, 2021Cardoso, M. H. S. A., Santos, T. F., & Silva, M. A. V. (2021). Violence in public transport: an analysis of resilience and vulnerability in the city of Rio de Janeiro. urbe: Revista Brasileira de Gestão Urbana, 13, e20200231. http://doi.org/10.1590/2175-3369.013.e20200231 http://doi.org/10.1590/2175-3369.013.e20... )	Fare System (Santos et al, 2020Santos, T., Silva, M. A., Fernandes, V. A., & Marsden, G. (2020). Resilience and vulnerability of public transportation fare systems: the case of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Sustainability, 12(247), 1-22. http://doi.org/10.3390/su12020647 http://doi.org/10.3390/su12020647... )	Fossil Fuels (Fernandes et al, 2019Fernandes, V. A., Rothfuss, R., Hochschild, V., Silva, M. A. V., Silva, W. R., Steiniger, S., & Santos, T. F. (2019). Urban resilience in the face of fossil fuel dependency: the case of Rio de Janeiro’s urban mobility. urbe: Revista Brasileira de Gestão Urbana, 11, e20180160. http://doi.org/10.1590/2175-3369.011.e20180160 http://doi.org/10.1590/2175-3369.011.e20... )	Present article
Resilience analysis	The most resilient regions are in the south zone (coastal area) and the north zone. Both are characterized by a high concentration of jobs and the availability of mass public transport. The south zone is also characterized by a high average income	The most resilient regions are in the south, north, and west zones. The West Zone (specifically, Barra da Tijuca) has income characteristics, PT availability, and jobs similar to the South Zone.	Districts with lower levels of resilience are in areas with lower accessibility to metro stations and more citizens with reduced income levels	The most resilient areas are not related to income level, but the availability of jobs and mass public transport
Vulnerability analysis	The most vulnerable regions are associated with low income. The authors argue that economic vulnerability brings a higher incidence of crimes.	The most vulnerable administrative regions are distant from the CBD, with low concentration of jobs and without access to high-capacity public transport.	No vulnerability analysis	The most vulnerable districts are far from the CBD, with low concentration of jobs and without access to high-capacity public transport.
Variable inputs	Population, Jobs, intervening opportunities, travel time, criminal occurrences associated with PT and police coverage	Population, Jobs, Average Nominal Income, Social Development Indicator, Fare difference (fare paid with and without subsidy), Travel time	Income, Jobs, Metro Access/District (%), Train Access/District (%), Bicycle Access to Metro Stations (%), Bicycle Access to Train Stations (%)	Population, Jobs, Average Nominal Income, Social Development Indicator, Fare difference (fare paid with and without subsidy), Travel time
Aggregation Level	21 Administrative Regions	33 Administrative Regions	160 districts	160 districts

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[1] Special Section: Urban Inequalities and Segregation (Guest editors: Joana Barros, Agnes Silva de Araujo, Flavia F Feitosa)