ELEMENTOS ESENCIALES DEL PAGO POR SERVICIOS AMBIENTALES

Coelho, Nayra Rosa; Gomes, Andréa da Silva; Jodas, Natália

doi:10.18623/rvd.v21.2734-esp

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Artículo original • Veredas do Direito 21 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.18623/rvd.v21.2734-esp copiar

ELEMENTOS ESENCIALES DEL PAGO POR SERVICIOS AMBIENTALES¹ 1 Este artículo es el resultado de una investigación realizada con financiación de la Fundación de Apoyo a la Investigación del Estado de Bahía (FAPESB), en forma de beca de doctorado, y con el apoyo de la Universidad Estatal de Santa Cruz (UESC).

Autoría SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumen

El pago por servicios ambientales (PSA) se ha convertido en un enfoque político estratégico que promete promover un aumento de los esfuerzos para conservar y/o restaurar los ecosistemas y sus servicios asociados. En las últimas décadas, la literatura científica ha proporcionado directrices basadas en las enseñanzas extraídas de experiencias, especialmente internacionales, que pueden tenerse en cuenta para diseñar mejor el instrumento. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo identificar los elementos esenciales, señalados en la literatura seleccionada, que pueden ser considerados para la regulación jurídica de los PSA, además de evaluar la conformidad de las normas jurídicas estatales y municipales bahianas con estas directrices científicas. Para ello, se llevó a cabo una revisión narrativa de la literatura sobre PSA, analizando contenidos seleccionados de referencias que indican directrices operativas, criterios y enfoques para la eficacia y planificación de esquemas de PSA exitosos. Posteriormente, se comprobó la adecuación de la legislación investigada a la bibliografía mencionada. Se constató que las leyes (federales, estatales y municipales) cumplen más del 60% de los elementos esenciales indicados por la doctrina seleccionada.

Palabras clave:
evaluación comparativa; instrumento económico; legislación ambiental; pago por servicios ambientales.

Elementos esenciales	Referencias
Concepto	Farley e Costanza (2010FARLEY, J.; COSTANZA, R. Payments for ecosystem services: from local to global. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 69, n. 11, p. 2060-2068, 2010. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.06.010 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.... ); *Sattler et al. (2013SATTLER, C. et al. Multi-classification of payments for ecosystem services: How do classification characteristics relate to overall PES success? Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 6, p. 31-45, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09.007 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09... ); Huber-Stearns et al. (2017)HUBER-STEARNS, H. R. et al. Social-ecological enabling conditions for payments for ecosystem services. Ecology and Society, v. 22, n. 1, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112... ; e Yan et al.* (2022**YAN, H. et al. Payments for ecosystem services as an essential approach to improving ecosystem services: A review. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 201, e107591, 2022. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2022.107591 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2022.... ).
Voluntariedad	Farley e Costanza (2010FARLEY, J.; COSTANZA, R. Payments for ecosystem services: from local to global. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 69, n. 11, p. 2060-2068, 2010. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.06.010 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.... ); *Sattler et al. (2013SATTLER, C. et al. Multi-classification of payments for ecosystem services: How do classification characteristics relate to overall PES success? Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 6, p. 31-45, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09.007 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09... ); e Yan et al.* (2022**YAN, H. et al. Payments for ecosystem services as an essential approach to improving ecosystem services: A review. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 201, e107591, 2022. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2022.107591 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2022.... ).
Adicionalidad	Farley e Costanza (2010FARLEY, J.; COSTANZA, R. Payments for ecosystem services: from local to global. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 69, n. 11, p. 2060-2068, 2010. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.06.010 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.... ); *Banerjee et al. (2013BANERJEE, S. et al. How to sell ecosystem services: a guide for designing new markets. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, [S. l.], v. 11, n. 6, p. 297-304, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/23470481 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/23470481... ); Engel (2016ENGEL, S. The devil in the detail: a practical guide on designing payments for environmental services. International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, Altamonte Springs, v. 9, n. 1-2, p. 131-177, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076... ); Kaczan et al. (2017KACZAN, D. et al. Increasing the impact of collective incentives in payments for ecosystem services. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, [S. l.], v. 86, p. 48-67, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2017.06.007 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2017.06.0... ); e James e Sills (2019*JAMES, N.; SILLS, E. O. O. Payments for ecosystem services: program design and participation. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science, Oxford, 28 ago. 2019. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.580 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199... ).
Condicionalidad	Farley e Costanza (2010FARLEY, J.; COSTANZA, R. Payments for ecosystem services: from local to global. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 69, n. 11, p. 2060-2068, 2010. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.06.010 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.... ); *Banerjee et al. (2013BANERJEE, S. et al. How to sell ecosystem services: a guide for designing new markets. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, [S. l.], v. 11, n. 6, p. 297-304, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/23470481 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/23470481... ); Sattler et al. (2013SATTLER, C. et al. Multi-classification of payments for ecosystem services: How do classification characteristics relate to overall PES success? Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 6, p. 31-45, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09.007 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09... ); Engel (2016ENGEL, S. The devil in the detail: a practical guide on designing payments for environmental services. International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, Altamonte Springs, v. 9, n. 1-2, p. 131-177, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076... ); Wunder et al. (2018WUNDER, S. et al. From principles to practice in paying for nature’s services. Nature Sustainability , London, n. 1, p. 145-150, 2018. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0036-x . Acesso em: 14 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0036-... ); e James e Sills (2019*JAMES, N.; SILLS, E. O. O. Payments for ecosystem services: program design and participation. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science, Oxford, 28 ago. 2019. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.580 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199... ).
Elegibilidad y segmentación	Adhikari e Boag (2013ADHIKARI, B.; BOAG, G. Designing payments for ecosystem services schemes: some considerations. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, [S. l.], v. 5, n. 1, p. 72-77, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.11.001 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.11... ); *Banerjee et al. (2013BANERJEE, S. et al. How to sell ecosystem services: a guide for designing new markets. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, [S. l.], v. 11, n. 6, p. 297-304, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/23470481 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/23470481... ); Sattler et al. (2013SATTLER, C. et al. Multi-classification of payments for ecosystem services: How do classification characteristics relate to overall PES success? Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 6, p. 31-45, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09.007 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09... ); Engel (2016ENGEL, S. The devil in the detail: a practical guide on designing payments for environmental services. International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, Altamonte Springs, v. 9, n. 1-2, p. 131-177, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076... ); Börner et al. (2017BÖRNER, J. et al. The effectiveness of payments for environmental services. World Development, [S. l.], v. 96, p. 359-374, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.03.020 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.... ); Chan et al. (2017CHAN, K. M. et al. Payments for ecosystem services: Rife with problems and potential - for transformation towards sustainability. Ecological Economics, [S. l.], v. 140, p. 110-122, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.04.029 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.... ); Campanhão e Ranieri (2019CAMPANHÃO, L. M. B.; RANIERI, V. E. L. Guideline framework for effective targeting of payments for watershed services. Forest policy and economics, Amsterdã, v. 104, p. 93-109, 2019. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.04.002 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.04... ); e James e Sills (2019*JAMES, N.; SILLS, E. O. O. Payments for ecosystem services: program design and participation. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science, Oxford, 28 ago. 2019. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.580 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199... ).
Equidad social	Farley e Costanza (2010FARLEY, J.; COSTANZA, R. Payments for ecosystem services: from local to global. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 69, n. 11, p. 2060-2068, 2010. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.06.010 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.... ); Adhikari e Boag (2013ADHIKARI, B.; BOAG, G. Designing payments for ecosystem services schemes: some considerations. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, [S. l.], v. 5, n. 1, p. 72-77, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.11.001 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.11... ); *Hejnowicz et al. (2014HEJNOWICZ, A. P. et al. Evaluating the outcomes of payments for ecosystem services programmes using a capital asset framework. Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 9, p. 83-97, 2014. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.05.001 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.05... ); Engel (2016ENGEL, S. The devil in the detail: a practical guide on designing payments for environmental services. International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, Altamonte Springs, v. 9, n. 1-2, p. 131-177, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076... ); Grima et al. (2016GRIMA, N. et al. Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) in Latin America: Analysing the performance of 40 case studies. Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 17, p. 24-32, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.11.010 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.11... ); Wunder et al. (2018WUNDER, S. et al. From principles to practice in paying for nature’s services. Nature Sustainability , London, n. 1, p. 145-150, 2018. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0036-x . Acesso em: 14 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0036-... ); Campanhão e Ranieri (2019CAMPANHÃO, L. M. B.; RANIERI, V. E. L. Guideline framework for effective targeting of payments for watershed services. Forest policy and economics, Amsterdã, v. 104, p. 93-109, 2019. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.04.002 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.04... ); e James e Sills (2019*JAMES, N.; SILLS, E. O. O. Payments for ecosystem services: program design and participation. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science, Oxford, 28 ago. 2019. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.580 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199... ).
Derechos de propiedad	Farley e Costanza (2010FARLEY, J.; COSTANZA, R. Payments for ecosystem services: from local to global. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 69, n. 11, p. 2060-2068, 2010. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.06.010 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.... ); Kolinjivadi e Sunderland (2012KOLINJIVADI, V. K.; SUNDERLAND, T. A review of two payment schemes for watershed services from China and Vietnam: the interface of government control and PES theory. Ecology and Society , [S. l.], v. 17, n. 4, 2012. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-05057-170410 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-05057-170410... ); Adhikari e Boag (2013ADHIKARI, B.; BOAG, G. Designing payments for ecosystem services schemes: some considerations. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, [S. l.], v. 5, n. 1, p. 72-77, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.11.001 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.11... ); *Hejnowicz et al. (2014HEJNOWICZ, A. P. et al. Evaluating the outcomes of payments for ecosystem services programmes using a capital asset framework. Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 9, p. 83-97, 2014. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.05.001 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.05... ); Huber-Stearns et al. (2017)HUBER-STEARNS, H. R. et al. Social-ecological enabling conditions for payments for ecosystem services. Ecology and Society, v. 22, n. 1, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112... ; e James e Sills (2019*JAMES, N.; SILLS, E. O. O. Payments for ecosystem services: program design and participation. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science, Oxford, 28 ago. 2019. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.580 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199... ).
Actores involucrados	Kemkes, Farley e Koliba (2010KEMKES, R. J.; FARLEY, J.; KOLIBA, C. J. Determining when payments are an effective policy approach to ecosystem service provision. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 69, n. 11, p. 2.069-2.074, 2010. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.11.032 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.... ); *Sattler et al. (2013SATTLER, C. et al. Multi-classification of payments for ecosystem services: How do classification characteristics relate to overall PES success? Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 6, p. 31-45, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09.007 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09... ); Wegner (2016WEGNER, G. I. Payments for ecosystem services (PES): a flexible, participatory, and integrated approach for improved conservation and equity outcomes. Environment, Development and Sustainability, [S. l.], v. 18, n. 3, p. 617-644, 2016. ); Grima et al. (2016GRIMA, N. et al. Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) in Latin America: Analysing the performance of 40 case studies. Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 17, p. 24-32, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.11.010 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.11... ); Engel (2016ENGEL, S. The devil in the detail: a practical guide on designing payments for environmental services. International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, Altamonte Springs, v. 9, n. 1-2, p. 131-177, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076... ); Kaczan et al. (2017KACZAN, D. et al. Increasing the impact of collective incentives in payments for ecosystem services. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, [S. l.], v. 86, p. 48-67, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2017.06.007 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2017.06.0... ); Huber-Stearns et al. (2017)HUBER-STEARNS, H. R. et al. Social-ecological enabling conditions for payments for ecosystem services. Ecology and Society, v. 22, n. 1, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112... ; e James e Sills (2019*JAMES, N.; SILLS, E. O. O. Payments for ecosystem services: program design and participation. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science, Oxford, 28 ago. 2019. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.580 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199... ).
Objetivos	Adhikari e Boag (2013ADHIKARI, B.; BOAG, G. Designing payments for ecosystem services schemes: some considerations. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, [S. l.], v. 5, n. 1, p. 72-77, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.11.001 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.11... ); *Sattler et al. (2013SATTLER, C. et al. Multi-classification of payments for ecosystem services: How do classification characteristics relate to overall PES success? Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 6, p. 31-45, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09.007 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09... ); Hejnowicz et al. (2014HEJNOWICZ, A. P. et al. Evaluating the outcomes of payments for ecosystem services programmes using a capital asset framework. Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 9, p. 83-97, 2014. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.05.001 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.05... ); Wegner (2016WEGNER, G. I. Payments for ecosystem services (PES): a flexible, participatory, and integrated approach for improved conservation and equity outcomes. Environment, Development and Sustainability, [S. l.], v. 18, n. 3, p. 617-644, 2016. ); Engel (2016ENGEL, S. The devil in the detail: a practical guide on designing payments for environmental services. International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, Altamonte Springs, v. 9, n. 1-2, p. 131-177, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076... ); Huber-Stearns et al. (2017)HUBER-STEARNS, H. R. et al. Social-ecological enabling conditions for payments for ecosystem services. Ecology and Society, v. 22, n. 1, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112... ; Wunder et al. (2018WUNDER, S. et al. From principles to practice in paying for nature’s services. Nature Sustainability , London, n. 1, p. 145-150, 2018. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0036-x . Acesso em: 14 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0036-... ); Campanhão e Ranieri (2019CAMPANHÃO, L. M. B.; RANIERI, V. E. L. Guideline framework for effective targeting of payments for watershed services. Forest policy and economics, Amsterdã, v. 104, p. 93-109, 2019. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.04.002 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.04... ); e James e Sills (2019*JAMES, N.; SILLS, E. O. O. Payments for ecosystem services: program design and participation. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science, Oxford, 28 ago. 2019. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.580 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199... ).
Servicios ambientales	Farley e Costanza (2010FARLEY, J.; COSTANZA, R. Payments for ecosystem services: from local to global. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 69, n. 11, p. 2060-2068, 2010. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.06.010 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.... ); Kemkes, Farley e Koliba (2010KEMKES, R. J.; FARLEY, J.; KOLIBA, C. J. Determining when payments are an effective policy approach to ecosystem service provision. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 69, n. 11, p. 2.069-2.074, 2010. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.11.032 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.... ); *Banerjee et al. (2013BANERJEE, S. et al. How to sell ecosystem services: a guide for designing new markets. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, [S. l.], v. 11, n. 6, p. 297-304, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/23470481 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/23470481... ); Sattler et al. (2013SATTLER, C. et al. Multi-classification of payments for ecosystem services: How do classification characteristics relate to overall PES success? Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 6, p. 31-45, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09.007 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09... ); Grima et al. (2016GRIMA, N. et al. Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) in Latin America: Analysing the performance of 40 case studies. Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 17, p. 24-32, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.11.010 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.11... ); Hejnowicz et al. (2014HEJNOWICZ, A. P. et al. Evaluating the outcomes of payments for ecosystem services programmes using a capital asset framework. Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 9, p. 83-97, 2014. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.05.001 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.05... ); Bremer et al. (2016BREMER, L. L. et al. One size does not fit all: natural infrastructure investments within the Latin American Water Funds Partnership. Ecosystem Services, [S. l.], v. 17, p. 217-236, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2212041615300681 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... ); Börner et al. (2017BÖRNER, J. et al. The effectiveness of payments for environmental services. World Development, [S. l.], v. 96, p. 359-374, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.03.020 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.... ); Huber-Stearns et al. (2017)HUBER-STEARNS, H. R. et al. Social-ecological enabling conditions for payments for ecosystem services. Ecology and Society, v. 22, n. 1, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112... ; e Campanhão e Ranieri (2019*CAMPANHÃO, L. M. B.; RANIERI, V. E. L. Guideline framework for effective targeting of payments for watershed services. Forest policy and economics, Amsterdã, v. 104, p. 93-109, 2019. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.04.002 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.04... ).
Prácticas de gestión	Kemkes, Farley e Koliba (2010KEMKES, R. J.; FARLEY, J.; KOLIBA, C. J. Determining when payments are an effective policy approach to ecosystem service provision. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 69, n. 11, p. 2.069-2.074, 2010. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.11.032 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.... ); *Hejnowicz et al. (2014HEJNOWICZ, A. P. et al. Evaluating the outcomes of payments for ecosystem services programmes using a capital asset framework. Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 9, p. 83-97, 2014. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.05.001 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.05... ); Bremer et al. (2016BREMER, L. L. et al. One size does not fit all: natural infrastructure investments within the Latin American Water Funds Partnership. Ecosystem Services, [S. l.], v. 17, p. 217-236, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2212041615300681 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... ); Huber-Stearns et al. (2017)HUBER-STEARNS, H. R. et al. Social-ecological enabling conditions for payments for ecosystem services. Ecology and Society, v. 22, n. 1, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112... ; e James e Sills (2019*JAMES, N.; SILLS, E. O. O. Payments for ecosystem services: program design and participation. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science, Oxford, 28 ago. 2019. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.580 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199... ).
Tipo de incentivo	Farley e Costanza (2010FARLEY, J.; COSTANZA, R. Payments for ecosystem services: from local to global. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 69, n. 11, p. 2060-2068, 2010. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.06.010 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.... ); Kemkes, Farley e Koliba (2010KEMKES, R. J.; FARLEY, J.; KOLIBA, C. J. Determining when payments are an effective policy approach to ecosystem service provision. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 69, n. 11, p. 2.069-2.074, 2010. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.11.032 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.... ); Kolinjivadi e Sunderland (2012KOLINJIVADI, V. K.; SUNDERLAND, T. A review of two payment schemes for watershed services from China and Vietnam: the interface of government control and PES theory. Ecology and Society , [S. l.], v. 17, n. 4, 2012. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-05057-170410 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-05057-170410... ); Adhikari e Boag (2013ADHIKARI, B.; BOAG, G. Designing payments for ecosystem services schemes: some considerations. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, [S. l.], v. 5, n. 1, p. 72-77, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.11.001 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.11... ); *Banerjee et al. (2013BANERJEE, S. et al. How to sell ecosystem services: a guide for designing new markets. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, [S. l.], v. 11, n. 6, p. 297-304, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/23470481 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/23470481... ); Sattler et al. (2013SATTLER, C. et al. Multi-classification of payments for ecosystem services: How do classification characteristics relate to overall PES success? Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 6, p. 31-45, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09.007 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09... ); Hejnowicz et al. (2014HEJNOWICZ, A. P. et al. Evaluating the outcomes of payments for ecosystem services programmes using a capital asset framework. Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 9, p. 83-97, 2014. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.05.001 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.05... ); Bremer et al. (2016BREMER, L. L. et al. One size does not fit all: natural infrastructure investments within the Latin American Water Funds Partnership. Ecosystem Services, [S. l.], v. 17, p. 217-236, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2212041615300681 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... ); Engel (2016ENGEL, S. The devil in the detail: a practical guide on designing payments for environmental services. International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, Altamonte Springs, v. 9, n. 1-2, p. 131-177, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076... ); Grima et al. (2016GRIMA, N. et al. Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) in Latin America: Analysing the performance of 40 case studies. Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 17, p. 24-32, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.11.010 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.11... ); Chan et al. (2017CHAN, K. M. et al. Payments for ecosystem services: Rife with problems and potential - for transformation towards sustainability. Ecological Economics, [S. l.], v. 140, p. 110-122, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.04.029 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.... ); Huber-Stearns et al. (2017)HUBER-STEARNS, H. R. et al. Social-ecological enabling conditions for payments for ecosystem services. Ecology and Society, v. 22, n. 1, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112... ; Kaczan et al. (2017KACZAN, D. et al. Increasing the impact of collective incentives in payments for ecosystem services. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, [S. l.], v. 86, p. 48-67, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2017.06.007 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2017.06.0... ); e Wunder et al. (2018*WUNDER, S. et al. From principles to practice in paying for nature’s services. Nature Sustainability , London, n. 1, p. 145-150, 2018. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0036-x . Acesso em: 14 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0036-... ).
Fuente de pago	Farley e Costanza (2010FARLEY, J.; COSTANZA, R. Payments for ecosystem services: from local to global. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 69, n. 11, p. 2060-2068, 2010. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.06.010 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.... ); Kemkes, Farley e Koliba (2010KEMKES, R. J.; FARLEY, J.; KOLIBA, C. J. Determining when payments are an effective policy approach to ecosystem service provision. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 69, n. 11, p. 2.069-2.074, 2010. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.11.032 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.... ); Kolinjivadi e Sunderland (2012KOLINJIVADI, V. K.; SUNDERLAND, T. A review of two payment schemes for watershed services from China and Vietnam: the interface of government control and PES theory. Ecology and Society , [S. l.], v. 17, n. 4, 2012. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-05057-170410 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-05057-170410... ); Adhikari e Boag (2013ADHIKARI, B.; BOAG, G. Designing payments for ecosystem services schemes: some considerations. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, [S. l.], v. 5, n. 1, p. 72-77, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.11.001 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.11... ); *Banerjee et al. (2013BANERJEE, S. et al. How to sell ecosystem services: a guide for designing new markets. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, [S. l.], v. 11, n. 6, p. 297-304, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/23470481 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/23470481... ); Sattler et al. (2013SATTLER, C. et al. Multi-classification of payments for ecosystem services: How do classification characteristics relate to overall PES success? Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 6, p. 31-45, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09.007 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09... ); Hejnowicz et al. (2014HEJNOWICZ, A. P. et al. Evaluating the outcomes of payments for ecosystem services programmes using a capital asset framework. Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 9, p. 83-97, 2014. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.05.001 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.05... ); Engel (2016ENGEL, S. The devil in the detail: a practical guide on designing payments for environmental services. International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, Altamonte Springs, v. 9, n. 1-2, p. 131-177, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076... ); Grima et al. (2016GRIMA, N. et al. Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) in Latin America: Analysing the performance of 40 case studies. Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 17, p. 24-32, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.11.010 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.11... ); Börner et al. (2017BÖRNER, J. et al. The effectiveness of payments for environmental services. World Development, [S. l.], v. 96, p. 359-374, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.03.020 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.... ); Chan et al. (2017CHAN, K. M. et al. Payments for ecosystem services: Rife with problems and potential - for transformation towards sustainability. Ecological Economics, [S. l.], v. 140, p. 110-122, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.04.029 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.... ); Wunder et al. (2018WUNDER, S. et al. From principles to practice in paying for nature’s services. Nature Sustainability , London, n. 1, p. 145-150, 2018. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0036-x . Acesso em: 14 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0036-... ); James e Sills (2019JAMES, N.; SILLS, E. O. O. Payments for ecosystem services: program design and participation. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science, Oxford, 28 ago. 2019. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.580 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199... ); e Ola et al. (2019*OLA, O. et al. Determinants of the environmental conservation and poverty alleviation objectives of Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) programs. Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 35, p. 52-66, 2019. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2018.10.011 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2018.10... ).
Coste del PSA	Ferraro (2008FERRARO, P. J. Asymmetric information and contract design for payments for environmental services. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 65, n. 4, p. 810-821, 2008. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.07.029 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.... ); Kemkes, Farley e Koliba (2010KEMKES, R. J.; FARLEY, J.; KOLIBA, C. J. Determining when payments are an effective policy approach to ecosystem service provision. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 69, n. 11, p. 2.069-2.074, 2010. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.11.032 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.... ); *Bremer et al. (2016BREMER, L. L. et al. One size does not fit all: natural infrastructure investments within the Latin American Water Funds Partnership. Ecosystem Services, [S. l.], v. 17, p. 217-236, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2212041615300681 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... ); Engel (2016ENGEL, S. The devil in the detail: a practical guide on designing payments for environmental services. International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, Altamonte Springs, v. 9, n. 1-2, p. 131-177, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076... ); Börner et al. (2017BÖRNER, J. et al. The effectiveness of payments for environmental services. World Development, [S. l.], v. 96, p. 359-374, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.03.020 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.... ); Huber-Stearns et al. (2017)HUBER-STEARNS, H. R. et al. Social-ecological enabling conditions for payments for ecosystem services. Ecology and Society, v. 22, n. 1, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112... ; Wunder et al. (2018WUNDER, S. et al. From principles to practice in paying for nature’s services. Nature Sustainability , London, n. 1, p. 145-150, 2018. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0036-x . Acesso em: 14 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0036-... ); Campanhão e Ranieri (2019CAMPANHÃO, L. M. B.; RANIERI, V. E. L. Guideline framework for effective targeting of payments for watershed services. Forest policy and economics, Amsterdã, v. 104, p. 93-109, 2019. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.04.002 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.04... ); e James e Sills (2019*JAMES, N.; SILLS, E. O. O. Payments for ecosystem services: program design and participation. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science, Oxford, 28 ago. 2019. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.580 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199... ).
Monitoreo	Farley e Costanza (2010FARLEY, J.; COSTANZA, R. Payments for ecosystem services: from local to global. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 69, n. 11, p. 2060-2068, 2010. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.06.010 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.... ); *Sattler et al. (2013SATTLER, C. et al. Multi-classification of payments for ecosystem services: How do classification characteristics relate to overall PES success? Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 6, p. 31-45, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09.007 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09... ); Hejnowicz et al. (2014HEJNOWICZ, A. P. et al. Evaluating the outcomes of payments for ecosystem services programmes using a capital asset framework. Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 9, p. 83-97, 2014. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.05.001 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.05... ); Bremer et al. (2016BREMER, L. L. et al. One size does not fit all: natural infrastructure investments within the Latin American Water Funds Partnership. Ecosystem Services, [S. l.], v. 17, p. 217-236, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2212041615300681 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... ); Engel (2016ENGEL, S. The devil in the detail: a practical guide on designing payments for environmental services. International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, Altamonte Springs, v. 9, n. 1-2, p. 131-177, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076... ); Börner et al. (2017BÖRNER, J. et al. The effectiveness of payments for environmental services. World Development, [S. l.], v. 96, p. 359-374, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.03.020 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.... ); Chan et al. (2017CHAN, K. M. et al. Payments for ecosystem services: Rife with problems and potential - for transformation towards sustainability. Ecological Economics, [S. l.], v. 140, p. 110-122, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.04.029 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.... ); Huber-Stearns et al. (2017)HUBER-STEARNS, H. R. et al. Social-ecological enabling conditions for payments for ecosystem services. Ecology and Society, v. 22, n. 1, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112... ; Wunder et al. (2018WUNDER, S. et al. From principles to practice in paying for nature’s services. Nature Sustainability , London, n. 1, p. 145-150, 2018. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0036-x . Acesso em: 14 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0036-... ); Campanhão e Ranieri (2019CAMPANHÃO, L. M. B.; RANIERI, V. E. L. Guideline framework for effective targeting of payments for watershed services. Forest policy and economics, Amsterdã, v. 104, p. 93-109, 2019. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.04.002 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.04... ); e James e Sills (2019*JAMES, N.; SILLS, E. O. O. Payments for ecosystem services: program design and participation. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science, Oxford, 28 ago. 2019. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.580 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199... ).
Escala espacial	Farley e Costanza (2010FARLEY, J.; COSTANZA, R. Payments for ecosystem services: from local to global. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 69, n. 11, p. 2060-2068, 2010. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.06.010 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.... ); Kemkes, Farley e Koliba (2010KEMKES, R. J.; FARLEY, J.; KOLIBA, C. J. Determining when payments are an effective policy approach to ecosystem service provision. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 69, n. 11, p. 2.069-2.074, 2010. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.11.032 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.... ); *Banerjee et al. (2013BANERJEE, S. et al. How to sell ecosystem services: a guide for designing new markets. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, [S. l.], v. 11, n. 6, p. 297-304, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/23470481 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/23470481... ); Sattler et al. (2013SATTLER, C. et al. Multi-classification of payments for ecosystem services: How do classification characteristics relate to overall PES success? Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 6, p. 31-45, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09.007 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09... ); Engel (2016ENGEL, S. The devil in the detail: a practical guide on designing payments for environmental services. International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, Altamonte Springs, v. 9, n. 1-2, p. 131-177, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076... ); Grima et al. (2016GRIMA, N. et al. Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) in Latin America: Analysing the performance of 40 case studies. Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 17, p. 24-32, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.11.010 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.11... ); Börner et al. (2017BÖRNER, J. et al. The effectiveness of payments for environmental services. World Development, [S. l.], v. 96, p. 359-374, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.03.020 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.... ); Huber-Stearns et al. (2017)HUBER-STEARNS, H. R. et al. Social-ecological enabling conditions for payments for ecosystem services. Ecology and Society, v. 22, n. 1, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112... ; e Wunder et al. (2018*WUNDER, S. et al. From principles to practice in paying for nature’s services. Nature Sustainability , London, n. 1, p. 145-150, 2018. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0036-x . Acesso em: 14 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0036-... ).
Escala temporal	Farley e Costanza (2010FARLEY, J.; COSTANZA, R. Payments for ecosystem services: from local to global. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 69, n. 11, p. 2060-2068, 2010. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.06.010 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.... ); *Banerjee et al. (2013BANERJEE, S. et al. How to sell ecosystem services: a guide for designing new markets. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, [S. l.], v. 11, n. 6, p. 297-304, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/23470481 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/23470481... ); Sattler et al. (2013SATTLER, C. et al. Multi-classification of payments for ecosystem services: How do classification characteristics relate to overall PES success? Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 6, p. 31-45, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09.007 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09... ); Bremer et al. (2016BREMER, L. L. et al. One size does not fit all: natural infrastructure investments within the Latin American Water Funds Partnership. Ecosystem Services, [S. l.], v. 17, p. 217-236, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2212041615300681 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... ); Engel (2016ENGEL, S. The devil in the detail: a practical guide on designing payments for environmental services. International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, Altamonte Springs, v. 9, n. 1-2, p. 131-177, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076... ); Grima et al. (2016GRIMA, N. et al. Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) in Latin America: Analysing the performance of 40 case studies. Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 17, p. 24-32, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.11.010 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.11... ); Börner et al. (2017BÖRNER, J. et al. The effectiveness of payments for environmental services. World Development, [S. l.], v. 96, p. 359-374, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.03.020 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.... ); Chan et al. (2017CHAN, K. M. et al. Payments for ecosystem services: Rife with problems and potential - for transformation towards sustainability. Ecological Economics, [S. l.], v. 140, p. 110-122, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.04.029 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.... ); Wunder et al. (2018WUNDER, S. et al. From principles to practice in paying for nature’s services. Nature Sustainability , London, n. 1, p. 145-150, 2018. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0036-x . Acesso em: 14 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0036-... ); Campanhão e Ranieri (2019CAMPANHÃO, L. M. B.; RANIERI, V. E. L. Guideline framework for effective targeting of payments for watershed services. Forest policy and economics, Amsterdã, v. 104, p. 93-109, 2019. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.04.002 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.04... ); e Ola et al. (2019*OLA, O. et al. Determinants of the environmental conservation and poverty alleviation objectives of Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) programs. Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 35, p. 52-66, 2019. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2018.10.011 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2018.10... ).
Efectos colaterales	*Sattler et al. (2013SATTLER, C. et al. Multi-classification of payments for ecosystem services: How do classification characteristics relate to overall PES success? Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 6, p. 31-45, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09.007 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09... ); Bremer et al. (2016BREMER, L. L. et al. One size does not fit all: natural infrastructure investments within the Latin American Water Funds Partnership. Ecosystem Services, [S. l.], v. 17, p. 217-236, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2212041615300681 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... ); Engel (2016ENGEL, S. The devil in the detail: a practical guide on designing payments for environmental services. International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, Altamonte Springs, v. 9, n. 1-2, p. 131-177, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076... ); Börner et al. (2017BÖRNER, J. et al. The effectiveness of payments for environmental services. World Development, [S. l.], v. 96, p. 359-374, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.03.020 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.... ); Chan et al. (2017CHAN, K. M. et al. Payments for ecosystem services: Rife with problems and potential - for transformation towards sustainability. Ecological Economics, [S. l.], v. 140, p. 110-122, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.04.029 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.... ); Campanhão e Ranieri (2019CAMPANHÃO, L. M. B.; RANIERI, V. E. L. Guideline framework for effective targeting of payments for watershed services. Forest policy and economics, Amsterdã, v. 104, p. 93-109, 2019. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.04.002 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.04... ); e James e Sills (2019*JAMES, N.; SILLS, E. O. O. Payments for ecosystem services: program design and participation. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science, Oxford, 28 ago. 2019. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.580 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199... ).
Mejora adaptativa	Farley e Costanza (2010FARLEY, J.; COSTANZA, R. Payments for ecosystem services: from local to global. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 69, n. 11, p. 2060-2068, 2010. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.06.010 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.... ); e *Sattler et al. (2013*SATTLER, C. et al. Multi-classification of payments for ecosystem services: How do classification characteristics relate to overall PES success? Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 6, p. 31-45, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09.007 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09... ).
Transparencia	*Hejnowicz et al. (2014HEJNOWICZ, A. P. et al. Evaluating the outcomes of payments for ecosystem services programmes using a capital asset framework. Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 9, p. 83-97, 2014. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.05.001 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.05... ); Huber-Stearns et al. (2017)*HUBER-STEARNS, H. R. et al. Social-ecological enabling conditions for payments for ecosystem services. Ecology and Society, v. 22, n. 1, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112... .
Gobernanza	Farley e Costanza (2010FARLEY, J.; COSTANZA, R. Payments for ecosystem services: from local to global. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 69, n. 11, p. 2060-2068, 2010. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.06.010 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.... ); *Muradian et al. (2013MURADIAN, R. et al. Payments for ecosystem services and the fatal attraction of win‐win solutions. Conservation Letters, [S. l.], v. 6, n. 4, p. 274-279, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-263X.2012.00309.x . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-263X.2012... ); Bremer et al. (2016BREMER, L. L. et al. One size does not fit all: natural infrastructure investments within the Latin American Water Funds Partnership. Ecosystem Services, [S. l.], v. 17, p. 217-236, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2212041615300681 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... ); Engel (2016ENGEL, S. The devil in the detail: a practical guide on designing payments for environmental services. International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, Altamonte Springs, v. 9, n. 1-2, p. 131-177, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076... ); Chan et al. (2017CHAN, K. M. et al. Payments for ecosystem services: Rife with problems and potential - for transformation towards sustainability. Ecological Economics, [S. l.], v. 140, p. 110-122, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.04.029 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.... ); e Huber-Stearns et al. (2017)*HUBER-STEARNS, H. R. et al. Social-ecological enabling conditions for payments for ecosystem services. Ecology and Society, v. 22, n. 1, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112... .
Sinergia política	Farley e Costanza (2010FARLEY, J.; COSTANZA, R. Payments for ecosystem services: from local to global. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 69, n. 11, p. 2060-2068, 2010. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.06.010 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.... ); *Muradian et al. (2013MURADIAN, R. et al. Payments for ecosystem services and the fatal attraction of win‐win solutions. Conservation Letters, [S. l.], v. 6, n. 4, p. 274-279, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-263X.2012.00309.x . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-263X.2012... ); Wegner (2016WEGNER, G. I. Payments for ecosystem services (PES): a flexible, participatory, and integrated approach for improved conservation and equity outcomes. Environment, Development and Sustainability, [S. l.], v. 18, n. 3, p. 617-644, 2016. ); Grima et al. (2016*GRIMA, N. et al. Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) in Latin America: Analysing the performance of 40 case studies. Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 17, p. 24-32, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.11.010 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.11... ).
Estructura institucional	Farley e Costanza (2010FARLEY, J.; COSTANZA, R. Payments for ecosystem services: from local to global. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 69, n. 11, p. 2060-2068, 2010. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.06.010 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.... ); Kemkes, Farley e Koliba (2010KEMKES, R. J.; FARLEY, J.; KOLIBA, C. J. Determining when payments are an effective policy approach to ecosystem service provision. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 69, n. 11, p. 2.069-2.074, 2010. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.11.032 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.... ); Kolinjivadi e Sunderland (2012KOLINJIVADI, V. K.; SUNDERLAND, T. A review of two payment schemes for watershed services from China and Vietnam: the interface of government control and PES theory. Ecology and Society , [S. l.], v. 17, n. 4, 2012. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-05057-170410 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-05057-170410... ); Adhikari e Boag (2013ADHIKARI, B.; BOAG, G. Designing payments for ecosystem services schemes: some considerations. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, [S. l.], v. 5, n. 1, p. 72-77, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.11.001 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.11... ); *Muradian et al. (2013MURADIAN, R. et al. Payments for ecosystem services and the fatal attraction of win‐win solutions. Conservation Letters, [S. l.], v. 6, n. 4, p. 274-279, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-263X.2012.00309.x . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-263X.2012... ); Sattler et al. (2013SATTLER, C. et al. Multi-classification of payments for ecosystem services: How do classification characteristics relate to overall PES success? Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 6, p. 31-45, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09.007 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09... ); Hejnowicz et al. (2014HEJNOWICZ, A. P. et al. Evaluating the outcomes of payments for ecosystem services programmes using a capital asset framework. Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 9, p. 83-97, 2014. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.05.001 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.05... ); Bremer et al. (2016BREMER, L. L. et al. One size does not fit all: natural infrastructure investments within the Latin American Water Funds Partnership. Ecosystem Services, [S. l.], v. 17, p. 217-236, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2212041615300681 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... ); Chan et al. (2017CHAN, K. M. et al. Payments for ecosystem services: Rife with problems and potential - for transformation towards sustainability. Ecological Economics, [S. l.], v. 140, p. 110-122, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.04.029 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.... ); Huber-Stearns et al. (2017)HUBER-STEARNS, H. R. et al. Social-ecological enabling conditions for payments for ecosystem services. Ecology and Society, v. 22, n. 1, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112... ; Wunder et al. (2018WUNDER, S. et al. From principles to practice in paying for nature’s services. Nature Sustainability , London, n. 1, p. 145-150, 2018. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0036-x . Acesso em: 14 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0036-... ); e Campanhão e Ranieri (2019*CAMPANHÃO, L. M. B.; RANIERI, V. E. L. Guideline framework for effective targeting of payments for watershed services. Forest policy and economics, Amsterdã, v. 104, p. 93-109, 2019. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.04.002 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.04... ).

Elementos esenciales	Ley federal	Ley estatal	Leyes municipales(19)
Elementos esenciales	Ley n. 14.119/2021	Ley n. 13.223/2015	8 (42%)	6 (31%)	2 (11%)	1 (5%)	2 (11%)
Concepto	Art. 2, IV	Art. 2, XIX	Art. 2, V	Art. 2, VII
Voluntariedad	Art. 2, IV	Art. 1, § 1; art. 2, XVII; art. 6, V		Art. 2, VIII
Adicionalidad	Art. 9, Único párrafo	Art. 2, I, XVII; art. 20, V; art. 36	Art. 5, III		Art. 4, V
Condicionalidad	Art. 2, IV; art. 3, § 2; art. 6, III §§ 5 e 6; seção IV; art. 22	Art. 2, XII; art. 5, I; art. 9, II; art. 13, Único párrafo; art. 15; art. 20, VI	Art. 2, V; art. 8, III			Art. 163, I
Elegibilidad y segmentación	Art. 5, III; art. 6, § 2; art. 8; art. 9; art. 10	Art. 5, IV, V; art. 6; art. 15, § 1	Art. 5, V; art. 8		Art. 4, VII; art. 8	Art. 163, IV
Equidad social	Art. 5, III, XII; art. 8, IV; art. 15, § 4	Art. 4, III, IX; art. 5, IV; art. 6, VII; art. 15, § 1	Art. 3, VI, art. 5, V		Art. 2, VI; art. 5, § 1
Derechos de propiedad	Art. 6º, II; art. 12, Único párrafo; art. 22	Art. 6º, I; art. 20, IV	Art. 8, II		Art. 5, § 1, I; art. 8, II
Partes interesadas	Art. 2, V, VI; art. 5, VII; art. 15, § 1	Art. 1, § 1; art. 2, III, X, XI, XV; art. 6	Art. 2, II, III, IV	Art. 2, IV, V, VI, IX
Objetivos	Art. 4	Art. 4	Art. 3		Art. 2	Art. 162
Servicios medioambientales	Art. 1, III, art. 7; art. 8	Art. 2, XVIII, art. 8, art. 15, § 2	Art. 2, I / art. 2, III		Art. 5
Prácticas de gestión	Art. 7	Art. 8	Art. 8, I				Art. 3
Tipo de incentivo	Art. 3; art. 17	Art. 2, XII; art. 9, II; art. 11; art. 14, IV	Art. 6, III, IV, V	Art. 6, IV, V, VI	Art. 6, III, IV, V	Art. 164, I, II, III	Art. 2
Fuente de pago	Art. 4, XIII; art. 6, § 7; art. 21	Art. 28; art. 31	Art. 11	Art. 12		Art. 166	Art. 7
Coste del PSA		Art. 28, § 3
Seguimiento	Art. 4º, IX, XI; art. 5, X; art. 11; art. 12, III; art. 14, Único párrafo; art. 15, II	Art. 5, VI; art. 6, IV; art. 9, IV; art. 13; art. 14	Art. 8, Único párrafo		Art. 2 XI	Art. 164, V
Escala espacial	Art. 4, I; art. 5, IX; art. 6, § 3; art. ; art. 9	Art. 8º	Art. 5, I, II, III		Art. 4, II, III, V	Art. 163, IV	Art. 4
Escala temporal						Art. 2, Único párrafo
Externalidad		Art. 14
Mejora adaptativa	Art. 5, X; art. 6, § 8; art. 15, II, III	Art. 5, VI; art. 23, V	Art. 5, VI		Art. 4, VIII	Art. 163, V
Transparencia	Art. 4, X; art. 5, VIII; art. 11; art. 13; art. 16	Art. 5, IV; art. 6, III, VI; art. 9, VI; art. 29; art. 32; art. 33	Art. 6, VIII	Art. 6, IX	Art. 1, X; art. 6, VIII	Art. 162, VI; art. 164, IV; art. 167
Gobernanza	Art. 5, VI; art. 15	Art. 2, VI; art. 6, II; art. 22; art. 23	Art. 12	Art. 14	Art. 5, § 1, II, art 13	Art. 168	Art. 5
Sinergia política	Art. 4, § 1; art. 5, IV, V; art. 9; art. 10; art. 16, § 2	Art. 1, § 2; art. 20, § 2	Art. 5, IV	Art. 5, III	Art. 4, VI
Estructura institucional	Art. 4, § 2; art. 15, § 1; art. 20	Art. 4, XIII; art. 21; art. 23, III	Art. 5, VII	Art. 5, VII, art. 13	Art. 4, IX	Art. 162, I; art. 168	Art. 6
Recomendaciones
Condiciones previas (ex ante)		Art. 14
Contexto específico	Art. 6, § 1; art. 6, IV; art. 15, § 3	Art. 15, § 2
Motivación	Art. 4, § 1; art. 11	Art. 4, VIII; art. 8, XII; art. 35	Art. 6, VI	Art. 6, VII	Art. 6, VI	Art. 164, III
Escala de cumplimiento de las recomendaciones bibliográficas
Consulte		Parcialmente			No menciona

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[1] Las autoras declaran no tener ningún conflicto de intereses.