On the morphological differentiation between Libinia spinosa and L. ferreirae (Crustacea: Brachyura: Majoidea: Epialtidae)

Tavares, Marcos; Santana, William

doi:10.1590/S1984-46702012000600009

Abstract

Libinia spinosa H. Milne Edwards in Guérin, 1832 and L. ferreirae Brito Capello, 1871, inhabit very similar environments, and their geographic and bathymetric distributions overlap for about 3000 km along the southwestern Atlantic. Both species are commonly caught in the same haul and differentiating between them can often be difficult. Traditionally, morphological differentiation between L. spinosa and L. ferreirae has been based exclusively on the number of spines along the median, longitudinal line of the carapace and the development of a process at the anterolateral angle of the basal segment of the antenna. Because Libinia spinosa and L. ferreirae share similar numbers of median spines (7 and 6, respectively), and the number of median spines of the carapace and the process at the anterolateral angle of the basal antennal segment are variable, they are of little value in separating these species. It is shown herein that unequivocal identification can be easily achieved based on features of the male and female thoracic sternum, pereiopod dactyli, and infraorbital notch. A lectotype is designated for L. spinosa and its authorship and date are corrected. Libinia gibbosa A. Milne-Edwards, 1878, is demonstrated to be a junior synonym of L. ferreirae. The holotype of L. gibbosa is figured for the first time.

Decapoda; Libinia gibbosa; Pisinae; southwestern Atlantic; spider crabs

TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE

On the morphological differentiation between Libinia spinosa and L. ferreirae (Crustacea: Brachyura: Majoidea: Epialtidae)

Marcos TavaresI, ^* * Corresponding author. ; William Santana^II

^IMuseu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo. Avenida Nazareth 481, Ipiranga, 04263-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Email: mdst@usp.br

^IIPró-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação, Universidade Sagrado Coração. Rua Irmã Arminda 10-50, Jardim Brasil, 17011-160 Bauru, SP, Brazil. Email: william_santana@yahoo.com.br

ABSTRACT

Libinia spinosa H. Milne Edwards in Guérin, 1832 and L. ferreirae Brito Capello, 1871, inhabit very similar environments, and their geographic and bathymetric distributions overlap for about 3000 km along the southwestern Atlantic. Both species are commonly caught in the same haul and differentiating between them can often be difficult. Traditionally, morphological differentiation between L. spinosa and L. ferreirae has been based exclusively on the number of spines along the median, longitudinal line of the carapace and the development of a process at the anterolateral angle of the basal segment of the antenna. Because Libinia spinosa and L. ferreirae share similar numbers of median spines (7 and 6, respectively), and the number of median spines of the carapace and the process at the anterolateral angle of the basal antennal segment are variable, they are of little value in separating these species. It is shown herein that unequivocal identification can be easily achieved based on features of the male and female thoracic sternum, pereiopod dactyli, and infraorbital notch. A lectotype is designated for L. spinosa and its authorship and date are corrected. Libinia gibbosa A. Milne-Edwards, 1878, is demonstrated to be a junior synonym of L. ferreirae. The holotype of L. gibbosa is figured for the first time.

Key words: Decapoda; Libinia gibbosa; Pisinae; southwestern Atlantic; spider crabs.

The spider crabs Libinia spinosa H. Milne Edwards in Guérin, 1832, and L. ferreirae Brito Capello, 1871, are two major components of the soft-bottom, invertebrate megafauna in the southwestern Atlantic (BOSCHI 1964, PIRES 1992, NEGREIROS-FRANSOZO & NAKAGAKI 1998, BERTINI & FRANSOZO 2004, BERTINI et al. 2004, BRAGA et al. 2005, DE LEO & PIRES-VANIN 2006, AMARAL et al. 2011). Libinia spinosa and L. ferreirae are commonly found in mud and sand bottoms at depths between the intertidal zone and 170 m (MELO 1996), and in some seasons, these species are locally abundant in fishermen's nets. Adults can reach a carapace length of about 89 mm with a leg span of about 568 mm (authors' personal observations), and their color in life ranges from whitish to dark yellow. Libinia spinosa is a generalist species feeding on algae, poriferans, cnidarians, mollusks, polychaetes, other crustaceans and small fishes (BARROS et al. 2008), and the same probably holds true for L. ferreirae. Libinia spinosa is restricted to the southwestern Atlantic, from Espírito Santo (Brazil) south to Uruguay and Argentina, whilst L. ferreirae has a much broader geographical range occurring along the Central and South American coast from Costa Rica to Uruguay (RATHBUN 1925, HOLTHUIS 1959, GUINOT-DUMORTIER 1960, RODRIGUEZ 1980, LEMAITRE 1981, TAKEDA 1983, MELO 1996, 2008).

Both species have been the focus of several studies, including larval development (BOSCHI & SCELZO 1968, ANGER et al. 1989, BAKKER et al. 1990, CLARK et al. 1998, HEREU & CALAZANS 2000), reproductive tract morphology and maturity (MOYANO et al. 2010, 2011), symbiotic associations (ACUNA et al. 2003, PEPATO et al. 2005, NOGUEIRA JUNIOR et al. 2006, WINTER & MASUNARI 2006, CORDEIRO & COSTA 2010, COSTA & NEGREIROS-FRANSOZO 2011), association with jellyfish (VAZ FERREIRA 1972, ZAMPONI 2002, TUNBERG & REED 2004, NOGUEIRA JUNIOR & HADDAD 2005, SANTOS et al. 2008), feeding habitats (BARROS et al. 2008), and parasitism (SANTOS et al. 2006).

Historically, the morphological differentiation between Libinia spinosa and L. ferreirae has been based exclusively on the number of spines along the median longitudinal line of the carapace and the development of a process at the anterolateral angle of the basal segment of the antenna (H. MILNE EDWARDS 1834: 301, BRITO CAPELLO 1871: 262, RATHBUN 1925: 310, GUINOT-DUMORTIER 1960: 178, MELO 1996: 258, TAKEDA 1983: 137). However, both characters vary frequently, and reliable identification is, therefore, not always possible. Ongoing studies on the taxonomy of the genus Libinia prompted us to further explore the morphological differences between L. spinosa and L. ferreirae. We show herein that unequivocal identification can be easily achieved based on features of the male and female thoracic sternum, pereiopod dactyli, and infraorbital notch.

We follow NG et al. (2008) in the citation of the name of the French author Félix Édouard Guérin: simply Guérin for the works published before 1836; Guérin-Méneville for the ones published after 1836 (for the rationale see EVENHUIS 2003: 16). Abbreviations are: cl, carapace length (from the rostral notch to the posterior margin of the carapace, unless otherwise noted); cw, carapace width (branchiostegal spines not included, unless otherwise noted); P1, cheliped; P2-P5, walking legs or pereiopod 2 to pereiopod 5.; stn, station. The material herein studied belongs to the collections of the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris (MNHN), Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP), and the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. (USNM).

TAXONOMY

Epialtidae MacLeay, 1838

Libinia spinosa H. Milne Edwards in Guérin, 1832

Figs 1, ⁴, ⁵, ⁸, ⁹, ^12-17, ^22-25

Libinia spinosa H. Milne Edwards in Guérin, 1832: pl. 9, figs 3, 3a, 3b.

Libinia spinosa; H. Milne Edwards, 1834: 301 [type locality Brazil]; H. Milne Edwards & Lucas, 1843: 6; Guérin-Méneville, 1844: 9, 10; Nicolet, 1849: 128; Heller, 1865: 1; Smith, 1870: 32; Miers, 1886: 73; Moreira, 1901: 64; Rathbun, 1925: 325, pls. 102-121; Garth, 1957: 31; Boschi, 1964: 34, pls. 1, 6, 9; 2000: 91; Hoffmann, 1964: 1; Coelho & Ramos, 1972: 213; Bordin, 1987: 10; Melo et al., 1989: 7; Melo, 1990: 74; 1996: 261; 1998: 470; 1999: 439, ^{fig. 23}; 2008: 5; 2010: 44; Boschi et al. 1992: 61, fig. 66; Clark et al., 1998: 145; Bertini et al., 2004: 2195; Ng et al., 2008: 104; Tavares & Santana, 2011: 64.

Libidoclaea brasiliensis Heller, 1865: 1 [type locality Rio de Janeiro, Brazil].

Libinia brasiliensis; Miers, 1886: 73 [junior synonym of Libidoclaea brasiliensis Heller, 1865].

Libinia braziliensis Moreira, 1901: 65 [unjustified emendation and junior objective synonym of Libidoclaea brasiliensis Heller, 1865].

Material examined. Brazil, Rio de Janeiro: Búzios (Praia dos Ossos), 2 males, 05.iv.1984, J.F. Almeida leg. (MZUSP 20279). Macaé (near Santana Archipelago, PITA stn 12 III), 2 male, 1 female (MZUSP 20271). Macaé (Cabiunas), 2 males, 24-25.iv.1993 (MZUSP 20282). São Paulo: 3 males, 1 ovigerous female, Ubatuba, 07.ii.1985 (MZUSP 12091). Caraguatatuba, 1 male, 3 ovigerous females, v.2002, A. Fransozo, leg. (MZUSP 14200). Ilha Vitória, 1 male, 1906, F. Gunther leg. (MZUSP 335). São Sebastião (Ilha de Búzios), 1 male, x.1963 (MZUSP 1687). Ilha de Alcatrazes, 5 males, v.1964, Instituto de Pesca leg. (MZUSP 1880); 2 males, 3 young females (MZUSP 1876); 1 male, 1 ovigerous female, viii.1965 (MZUSP 4362). Rio Grande do Sul: (Projeto GEDIP, stn 549, 30°59'S-49°59'W), 2 males, 1 ovigerous female, 7.iii.1969 (MZUSP 3930). Locality unknown, 1 male, 30.viii.1997 (MZUSP 17474). Uruguay (Projeto GEDIP, stn 1925, 34°04'S-53°29'W), 1 male, 30.x.1972 (MZUSP 4356). Argentina, Provincia de Buenos Aires (Bahía Unión to Bahía Anegada), "La Uruguay", 1 ovigerous female, ii.1920 (USNM 92490).

Distribution. Libinia spinosa is known from the southwestern Atlantic, from Espírito Santo (Brazil), through Uruguay to Argentina (San Matías Gulf, Patagonia) (GARTH 1957, MELO 1996, 1998). Libinia spinosa was erroneously referred to Chile by MILNE EDWARDS & LUCAS (1843: 6). Subsequently, this record was incorporated into the literature (NICOLET 1849: 128, MOREIRA 1901, BERTINI et al. 2004, BRAGA et al. 2005), and latter corrected by GARTH (1957: 31).

Remarks. The name Libinia spinosa appeared for first time in a plate from Guérin's Iconographie du Règne Animal in association with the following illustrations: habitus, female abdomen, and ventral view of the cephalothorax (GUÉRIN 1832: pl. 9, figs 3, 3a, 3b). Guérin's Iconographie was issued in parts, the plates appeared in 1832, whereas the text was published in only 1844 (see COWAN 1971 for the dates of publication of Guérin's Iconographie). The publication of the name Libinia spinosa in Guérin's Iconographie meets the requirements of availability of the ICZN (1999: Art. 11, Art. 12.1 and Art. 12.2.7) and therefore the name was made available at this occasion and not in H. Milne Edwards' Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés as traditionally accepted (H. MILNE EDWARDS 1834). GUÉRIN (1832) clearly attributed the name L. spinosa to H. Milne Edwards, "Libinia spinosa. M. Edw.", and according to the provisions of the ICZN (1999: Art. 50.1.1) this name should be attributed to him and not to Guérin, namely Libinia spinosa H. Milne Edwards in Guérin, 1832.

The morphology of Libinia spinosa was first described by H. MILNE EDWARDS (1834: 301) and from his text it is clear (as it is from GUÉRIN's 1832 figures, see below) that at least one male and female were examined: "Une épine médiane sur les deux premiers segments de l'abdomen du mâle; pates [sic] de la seconde paire ayant une fois et quart la longueur de la carapace, et notablement plus longues que celles de la première paire, même chez le mâle." H. Milne Edwards did not provide illustrations of the male of L. spinosa he described, but instead referred to Guérin's fig. 3, therefore suggesting that a male was depicted there: "L. spinosa. Edwards, Guérin, Icon. Cr. Pl. 9, fig. 3." GUÉRIN-MÉNEVILLE's (1844: 9, 10) explanations for the figures published in GUÉRIN (1832: pl. 9, figs 3, 3a, 3b) made no references to the female: "3. Libinia spinosa. Edwards."; 2.a. [sic] La bouche et l'épistome; 3.b. Queue du mâle." [male abdomen]. However, GUÉRIN'S (1832: fig. 3b) illustration shows a female abdomen instead. Clearly, at least one male and one female were illustrated by GUÉRIN (1832), namely the male figured in Guérin's figure 3 (as stated by H. MILNE EDWARDS 1834: 301) and the female illustrated in Guérin's figure 3b. In accordance with the provisions of the ICZN (1999: Art. 73.2) the male and female specimens illustrated by GUÉRIN (1832: pl. 9, figs 3, 3a, 3b) are syntypes of Libinia spinosa H. Milne Edwards. The individual illustrated in GUÉRIN's Iconographie (1832: fig. 3) is herein fixed as the lectotype. Whether or not this specimen subsists or can be traced does not of itself have any bearing on this designation (ICNZ, 1999: Art. 74.4). The remaining type specimens are the paralectotypes. In the collections of the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, there is one dry male and female (MNHN-B4453) labeled "Libinia spinosa M. Edw., M. Freycinet, Brésil" (^{Figs 22-25}). Although neither of which served as the basis for GUÉRIN's (1832: figs 3, 3b) illustrations, they most certainly belong in the type series of L. spinosa and are herein regarded as paralectotypes. Indeed, the dry male has one double and one single spine on the left and right sides of the carapace, respectively (^{Fig. 22}) and the abdomen of the dry female is wide and rounded (^{Fig. 25}). Neither of GUÉRIN's (1832: figs 3, 3b) illustrations show these characteristics. The dry specimens from the MNHN labeled "Libinia spinosa M. Edw., M. Freycinet, Brésil" were actually obtained in Rio de Janeiro. In 1817, the French government launched an expedition of circumnavigation and appointed Louis Claude de Saulses de Freycinet as Commander of the corvette "L'Uranie". Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré, Jean René Constantin Quoy and Joseph Paul Gaimard embarked as naturalists and ship surgeons, respectively. "L'Uranie" departed from Toulon in 1817 arriving in Rio de Janeiro on 6 December 1817. The expedition stayed in Rio de Janeiro for two months, where Gaudichaud-Beaupré, Quoy and Gaimard gathered large collections. From Rio de Janeiro, they crossed back the Atlantic towards the Cape of Good Hope and then headed to Mauritius and New Zealand. The expedition lasted 3 years and two months, and on its way back to France, stayed in Rio de Janeiro again (the only port visited in Brazil). From there it sailed to Le Havre, where it arrived on 13 November 1820 (PAPAVERO 1971: 124, 125). No specimens that can be attributed as the ones used in GUÉRIN's (1832) in his illustrations subsist in the collections of the MNHN, and thus the dry male and female (MNHN-B4453) might well be the only specimens left from an originally larger type series.

Libinia ferreirae Brito Capello, 1871

Figs 2, 3, ⁶, ⁷, ¹⁰, ¹¹, ^18-21

Libinia Ferreirae Brito Capello, 1871: 262, pl. 3 figs 1,1a [type locality Belém do Pará, Brazil]

Libinia gibbosa A. Milne-Edwards, 1878: 131 [type locality Desterro (currently Florianópolis), Brazil]

Libinia gibbosa; Miers, 1886: 73.

Libinia ferreirai Moreira, 1901: 65 [unjustified emendation, junior objective synonym of Libinia ferreirae Brito Capello, 1871]

Libinia ferreirai; Moreira, 1903: 123.

Libinia ferreirae; Rathbun, 1925: 324, pls. 118-119, 245 ^{figs 4-5}; Holthuis, 1959: 187, pl. 5 fig. 1; Guinot-Dumortier, 1960:178, fig. 19a-c; Coelho, 1971: 140; Coelho & Ramos, 1972: 213; Rodriguez, 1980: 281; Lemaitre, 1981: 246; Takeda, 1983: 137; Melo et al., 1989: 7; Bakker et al., 1990: 90; Barreto et al., 1993: 648; Melo, 1996: 260; 1998: 469; 2008: 5; 2010: 44; Le Loeuff & von Cosel, 2000: 25; Marcano & Bolaños, 2001: 73; Silva et al., 2001: 87; Cruz Castaño & Campos, 2003: 267; Bertini et al., 2004: 2195; Almeida et al., 2007: 16; Almeida & Coelho, 2008: 197; Coelho et al., 2008: 17; Ng et al., 2008: 104; Tavares & Santana, 2011: 64.

Material examined. Brazil, Alagoas: (Lagoa Mundaú), 1 male, iii.1985, Cetesb leg. (MZUSP 6799). Sergipe: Pirambu, 2 females, 12.ii.1985, Cetesb leg. (MZUSP 6618). Espírito Santo: Itaúnas, 1 male, ii.2001, P.H.L. Van Der Ven leg. (MZUSP 20286); 1 ovigerous female (MZUSP 20285). Rio de Janeiro: Macaé, 1 male, i.1912, E. Garbe leg. (MZUSP 379); 1 female (USNM 47835). Ilha Grande(stn 229), 1 male, 10.vii.1966 (MZUSP 2802). São Paulo: Santos (Porto de Santos, 24°03.631'S-46°16.155'W, 21m), 1 female, 11.vii.2011, S. Santos leg. (MZUSP 24474). Ilha da Moela, 1 female, 17.v.1962, C. Jesus leg. (MZUSP 1676). Paraná: Shangrilá, 1 male, 13.xii.1998, R. Ennei leg. (MZUSP 12964). Uruguay (Projeto GEDIP II, stn 1917, 35°30'S-53°46'W), 2 males, 29.x.1972 (MZUSP 14540).

Distribution. Libinia ferreirae has been found in Costa Rica (VARGAS & WEHRTMANN 2009), Colombia (LEMAITRE 1981), Venezuela, Guyana, Brazil (from Amapá to Rio Grande do Sul) and Uruguay.

Remarks. Brito Capello's species was originally spelled Libinia Ferreirae (BRITO CAPELLO 1871: 262), later replaced with a lower-case letter, ferreirae (cf. ICZN 1999: Art. 32.5.2.5). Brito Capello stated that Libinia ferreirae was named after the Brazilian naturalist Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira. As a result, MOREIRA (1901: 65) unjustifiably emended ferreirae to ferreirai. MOREIRA's (1901) action was clearly intentional as again, in 1903, he referred three times to this taxon as to L. ferreirai (MOREIRA 1903: 123). Although incorrectly formed under the provisions of the ICZN (1999: Art. 31.1.2) the original spelling ferreirae cannot be emended, as it does not meet the requirements of the article 32.5 (see also article 32.2). According to the ICZN (1999: article 33.2.3) the name Libinia ferreirai Moreira, 1901, is an unjustified emendation and as such is available with its own author and date, and is an objective synonym of Libinia ferreirae Brito Capello, 1871.

Brazil is given as the type locality for Libinia ferreirae (BRITO CAPELLO 1871: 262). Brito Capello mentioned that the single male specimen available to him was probably sent from Brazil to Portugal by naturalist Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira (1756-1815). Ferreira's nine-year expedition (1783-1793) to Brazil started and ended near the coast in Belém do Pará (CUNHA 1991). Otherwise, the expedition advanced eastward into the heart of the Amazon region and central Brazil, far away from marine waters. Therefore the type locality for L. ferreirae should be narrowed to Belém do Pará, Brazil.

Libinia gibbosa A. Milne-Edwards, 1878, was very briefly described in a footnote based on a single young specimen from Desterro, Brazil (currently Florianópolis) (A. MILNE-EDWARDS 1878: 131). According to the provisions of the ICZN (1999: Art. 73.1.2) that single specimen upon which A. MILNE-EDWARDS (1878) based his description is the holotype fixed by monotypy. In the collections of the MNHN, there is one young, dry female (MNHN-B385) labeled "M. F. Müller, Desterro (Brésil). Décrit dans une note de l'ouvrage du Mexique" (^{Figs 26, 27}), which, therefore, is the holotype of L. gibbosa A. Milne-Edwards. No illustration of L. gibbosa has been published, nor has any additional description been made subsequent to A. MILNE-EDWARDS' (1878) footnote. RATHBUN (1925) synonymized L. gibbosa with L. ferreirae. She offered no reason for this synonymy probably because A. MILNE-EDWARDS (1878) compared L. gibbosa with L. spinosa only and made no references to L. ferreirae. Though RATHBUN (1925) mentioned that the type of L. gibbosa was in the MNHN, judging from her list of material examined she never saw it. Subsequent authors followed Rathbun in listing L. gibbosa under the synonymy of L. ferreirae. In the absence of illustrations of the only known specimen of L. gibbosa and from A. Milne Edwards' extremely brief notes alone, it is not possible to separate L. gibbosa from L. ferreirae or L. spinosa. Nevertheless, upon the examination of the illustrations of the holotype of L. gibbosa (^{Figs 26, 27}), it is clear that the posterolateral margins of the thoracic episternites IV-VII are rounded and unarmed, leaving no doubt that L. gibbosa is indeed conspecific with L. ferreirae. Both specimens also are similar in regards the carapace and orbital ornamentation. Adult and young individuals of L. ferrairae look somewhat different from each other. In larger individuals the carapace is more globose (Figs 6, 10), whereas in young individuals it looks more pear shape (^{Fig. 26}), the same applying to L. spinosa.

Morphological differentiation between Libinia spinosa and L. ferreirae

Libinia spinosa and L. ferreirae inhabit very similar environments, and their geographic and bathymetric distributions overlap for about 3000 km along the southwestern Atlantic coast (from Espírito Santo, Brazil to Uruguay). Both species are commonly caught in the same haul and differentiating between them can often be difficult. H. MILNE EDWARDS (1834: 300, 301) proposed to separate the species of Libinia known to him into two groups according to the development of a process projecting from the anterolateral angle of the basal segment of the antenna. According to him, L. spinosa falls into the group with the angle of the basal segment of the antenna spiniform (Fig. 1). However, in L. spinosa the anterolateral angle of the basal antennal segment is actually variable, being either spiny or toothed (e.g., RATHBUN 1925: 310, MELO 1996). BRITO CAPELO (1871: 262, fig. 1, 1a) never described the antenna in L. ferreirae, but from his illustration of the holotype, partially redrawn here, it is clear that the anterolateral angle of the basal antennal segment is furnished with a prominent tooth (Fig. 2). In some individuals of L. ferreirae, however, the anterolateral angle of the basal antennal segment is very poorly projected (Fig. 3). The spinulation of the basal antennal segment led HELLER (1865) astray in describing a new species, Libidoclaea brasiliensis Heller, 1865, as previously mentioned, a junior synonym of Libinia spinosa H. Milne Edwards in Guérin, 1832. Heller's species was based upon the existence of an additional spine posterior to the outward projection of the anterolateral angle of the antennal basal segment (HELLER 1865: 1, table 1, fig. 1a). He was led amiss by GUÉRIN's (1832: plate 9, fig. 3a) poor illustration of the anterior ventral region of the female holotype of L. spinosa, in which the posterolateral basal antennal spine is lacking. And yet, Guérin's illustration clearly shows that the anterolateral angle of the basal antennal segment is toothed on one side and spiny on the other side. The number of spines along the median, longitudinal line of the carapace has historically been used as well to differentiate between Libinia spinosa, with 7 median spines (^{Figs 4}, ⁸, ²², ²⁴), and L. ferreirae with 6 median spines (^{Figs 6}, ¹⁰) (see HELLER 1865: plate 1, fig. 1 as Libidoclaea brasiliensis, BRITO CAPELLO 1871: figs 1, 1a, H. MILNE EDWARDS 1834, RATHBUN 1925, TAKEDA 1983: 137, MELO 1996). Nevertheless, the number of median spines of the carapace can vary and it is not uncommon to encounter either males or females of L. spinosa with 5, 8 or 10 median spines (e.g., MZUSP 7375, 12091 and 14197, and 20271, respectively). Also, in some specimens of L. ferreirae there is a tubercle between the two anterior most median spines (RODRIGUEZ 1980: 282). Because Libinia spinosa and L. ferreirae can have similar numbers of median spines (7 and 6, respectively) and the number of median spines of the carapace and the process at the anterolateral angle of the basal antennal segment are variable, they are both of little value in separating L. spinosa from L. ferreirae.

Libinia spinosa can, however, be easily separated from L. ferreirae in having: (i) male and female thoracic episternites IV-VII armed with strong, posterolateral-projecting, broad teeth, ^{Figs 5}, ⁹, ²³, ²⁵ (in L. ferreirae posterolateral margin of episternites IV-VII straight (male) or rounded (female), unarmed, ^{Figs 7}, ⁹, ²⁷); (ii) male and female P2-P5 dactyli almost devoid of tomentum at maturity (^{Figs 15, 16}), but sometimes with sparse tomentum all around near propodi, ^{Figs 12-14} (adult L. ferreirae with characteristic tomentum pattern: about 2/3 of lateral and mesial surfaces of P2-P5 dactyli and nearly 1/5 of its dorsal and ventral surfaces densely covered with tomentum proximally; dactyli otherwise naked, ^{Figs 18-20}) (this tomentum pattern is recognizable in the illustration of L. ferreirae provided by HOLTHUIS 1959: pl. V, fig. 1); (iii) pre-adults P2-P5 dactyli with velvet-like setae all around at about proximal half, tending to naked distally, ^{Figs 12-14} (pre-adult L. ferreirae similar to the adult); (iv) ventral, distal surface of the P2-P5 dactyli distinctly excavated, ^{Fig. 17} (in L. ferreirae ventral, distal surface of P2-P5 dactyli not excavated, ^{Fig. 21}); (v) wide gap between lateral margin of basal antennal segment and infraorbital margin (see also H. MILNE EDWARDS 1834: 300-301, MIERS 1886: 73) (in L. ferreirae narrow notch separating basal antennal segment from infraorbital margin).

TAVARES &; SANTANA (2011) transferred Libinia rostrata Bell, 1835, and L. bellicosa Oliveira, 1944, to the genus Stratiolibinia Tavares & Santana, 2011, and restricted the genus Libinia Leach, 1815 to the following ten species: L. cavirostris Chace, 1942; L. dubia H. Milne Edwards, 1834; L. emarginata Leach, 1815 (its type species); L. erinacea (A. Milne-Edwards, 1879); L. ferreirae Brito Capello, 1871; L. mexicana Rathbun, 1892; L. peruana Garth & Méndez, 1983; L. rhomboidea Streets, 1870; L. setosa Lockington, 1877; and L. spinosa H. Milne Edwards in Guérin, 1832, all from either the Atlantic or Pacific coasts of the Americas. The taxonomy of L. spinosa and L. ferreirae is fully resolved herein, but further studies are necessary to elaborate on the taxonomy of the remaining eight species of the genus, with special reference to L. dubia, L. emarginata and L. erinacea.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are grateful to Danièle Guinot (MNHN) for sharing her thoughts on nomenclatorial issues and for locating and providing information on the historical specimens from the collections of the Paris Museum. We are also grateful to Roy K. Kropp (Marine Sciences Laboratory, Sequim), Rafael Lemaitre (USNM), and an anonymous referee for their invaluable comments on the manuscript. MT is grateful to Rafael Lemaitre for making material from his institution available for study and for providing working space. Paula Martin-Lefevre and Laure Corbari (both from MNHN) kindly provided photographs of the types of L. spinosa and L. gibbosa. Karen Reed (USNM) and Joana d'Arc (MZUSP) kindly assisted in the location of specimens and literature. MT thanks CNPq (301806/2010-1) and Petrobras (4600224970) and WS thanks Universidade Sagrado Coração for supporting studies on the systematics of decapod crustaceans.

LITERATURE CITED

Submitted: 14.VI.2012

Accepted: 17.X.2012.

Editorial responsibility: Rosana M. da Rocha

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ALMEIDA, A.O. & P.A. COELHO. 2008. Estuarine and marine brachyuran crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda) from Bahia, Brazil: checklist and zoogeographical considerations. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 36 (2): 183-222. doi: 10.3856/vol36-issue2-fulltext-4
ALMEIDA, A.O.; P.A. COELHO; J.T.A. SANTOS & N.R. FERRAZ. 2007. Crustáceos estomatópodos e decápodos da costa de Ilhéus, Bahia, Brasil. Atlântica 29 (1): 5-20.
AMARAL, A.C.Z.; F.S. MACCORD; M. BORGES & A.E. RIZZO. 2011. Composição faunística de fundos não consolidados da plataforma interna, p. 435-458. In: A.C.Z. AMARAL & S.A.H. NALLIN (Eds). Biodiversidade e ecossistemas bentônicos marinhos do litoral norte de São Paulo sudeste do Brasil. Campinas, Unicamp, 573p.
ANGER, K.; J. HARMS; M. MONTÚ &; C. BAKKER. 1989. Growth and respiration during the larval development of a tropical spider crab, Libinia ferreirae (Decapoda: Majidae). Marine Ecology Progress Series 54: 43-50.
BAKKER, C.; M. MONTU; K. ANGER & J. HARMS. 1990. Larval develop-ment of a tropical spider crab, Libinia ferreirae Brito Capello, 1871 (Decapoda: Majidae), reared in the laboratory. Meeresforschung 33: 90-103.
BARRETO, A.V.; P.A. COELHO & M. RAMOS-PORTO. 1993. Distribuição geográfica dos Brachyura (Crustacea, Decapoda) coleta-dos na plataforma continental do Norte e Nordeste do Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 10 (4): 641-656.
BARROS, S.P.; V.J. COBO &; A. FRANSOZO. 2008. Feeding habits of the spider crab Libinia spinosa H. Milne Edwards, 1834 (Deca-po-da, Brachyura) in Ubatuba Bay, São Paulo, Brazil. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 51 (2): 413-417.
BERTINI, G.; A. FRANSOZO &; G.A.S. MELO. 2004. Biodiversity of brachyuran crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda) from non-consolidated sublittoral bottom on the northern coast of São Paulo State, Brazil. Biodiversity and Conservation 13: 2185-2207.
BERTINI, G. &; A. FRANSOZO. 2004. Bathymetric distribution of brachyuran crab (Crustacea, Decapoda) communities on coastal soft bottoms off southeastern Brazil. Marine Ecology Progress Series 279: 193-200.
BORDIN, G. 1987. Brachyura da plataforma continental do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, e áreas adjacentes (Crustacea: Decapoda). Iheringia, Série Zoologia, 66: 3-32.
BOSCHI, E.E. 1964. Los crustáceos decápodos Brachyura del litoral Bonaerense. Boletín del Instituto de Biología Marina 6: 1-76.
BOSCHI, E.E. 2000. Species of decapods crustaceans and their distribution in the American marine zoogeography provinces. Revista de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero 13: 1-136.
BOSCHI, E.E.; C.E. FISCHBACH & M.I. IORIO. 1992. Catalogo ilustrado de los crustaceos estomatopodos y decapodos marinos de Argentina. Frente Maritimo 10: 7-94.
BOSCHI, E.E. &; M.A. SCELZO. 1968. Larval development of the spider crab Libinia spinosa H. Milne Edwards, reared in the laboratory (Brachyura, Majidae). Crustaceana 2 (Suppl.): 170-180.
BRAGA, A.A.; A. FRANSOZO; G. BERTINI &; P.B. FUMIS. 2005. Compo-sition and abundance of the crabs (Decapoda, Brachyura) off Ubatuba and Caraguatatuba, northern coast of São Paulo, Brazil. Biota Neotropica 5 (2). Available online at: http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v5n2/en/abstract?article+ BN00205022005
BRITO CAPELLO, F. 1871. Descripção de algumas espécies novas de Crustáceos. Jornal de Sciencias Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes 3: 262-265.
CLARK, P.F.; D.K. CALAZANS &; S.S. RODRIGUES. 1998. Libinia spinosa H. Milne Edwards, 1834 (Crustacea: Majidae: Pisinae): a reappraisal of larval characters from laboratory reared material. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 33 (2-3): 145-157. doi: 10.1080/07924259.1998.9652628
COELHO, P.A. 1971. Nota prévia sobre os Majidae do norte e nor-deste do Brasil. Arquivos do Museu Nacional 54: 137-143.
COELHO, P.A.; A.O. ALMEIDA & L.E.A. BEZERRA. 2008. Checklist of the marine and estuarine Brachyura (Crustacea: Decapoda) of northern and northeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 1956: 1-58.
COELHO, P.A. &; M.A. RAMOS. 1972. A constituição e distribuição da fauna de decápodos do litoral leste da América do Sul entre as latitudes de 5°N e 39°S. Trabalhos Oceanográficos da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco 13: 133-236.
CORDEIRO, C.A.M.M. &; T.M. COSTA. 2010. Infestation rates of the pedunculated barnacle Octolasmis lowei (Cirripedia: Poecilasmatidae) on the spider crab Libinia spinosa (Decapoda: Majoidea). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 90 (2): 315-322. doi: 10.1017/S0025315409990506
COSTA, T.M. &; M.L. NEGREIROS-FRANSOZO. 2011. Cirripédios epibiontes em braquiúros (Crustacea, Decapoda), p. 525-540. In: A.C.Z. AMARAL & S.A.H. NALLIN (Eds). Biodiversidade e ecossistemas bentônicos marinhos do litoral norte de São Paulo sudeste do Brasil. Campinas, Unicamp, 537p.
COWAN, C.F. 1971. On Guérin's Iconographie: particularly the insects. Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History 6 (1): 18-29.
CRUZ-CASTAÑO, N. & N.H. CAMPOS. 2003. Los cangrejos araña (Decapoda: Brachyura: Majoidea) del Caribe colombiano. Biota Colombiana 4 (2): 261-269.
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DE LÉO, F.C. &; A.M.S. PIRES-VANIN. 2006. Benthic megafauna communities under the influence of the South Atlantic Central Water intrusion onto the Brazilian SE shelf: a comparison between an upwelling and a non-upwelling ecosystem. Journal of Marine Systems 60: 268-284. doi: 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2006.02.002
EVENHUIS, N.L. 2003. Dating and publishing of the Encyclopédie Méthodique (1782-1832), with special reference to the parts of the Histoire Naturelle and details on the Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Zootaxa 166: 1-48.
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*

Corresponding author.

Publication Dates

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21 Jan 2013
Date of issue
Dec 2012

History

Received
14 June 2012
Accepted
17 Oct 2012

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] ACUNA, F.H.; A.C. EXCOFFON &; M.A. SCELZO. 2003. Mutualism between the sea anemone Antholoba achates (Drayton, 1846) (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Actinostolidae) and the spider crab Libinia spinosa Milne-Edwards, 1834 (Crustacea: Decapoda, Majidae). Belgian Journal of Zoology 133 (1): 85-87.

[2] ALMEIDA, A.O. & P.A. COELHO. 2008. Estuarine and marine brachyuran crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda) from Bahia, Brazil: checklist and zoogeographical considerations. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 36 (2): 183-222. doi: 10.3856/vol36-issue2-fulltext-4

[3] ALMEIDA, A.O.; P.A. COELHO; J.T.A. SANTOS & N.R. FERRAZ. 2007. Crustáceos estomatópodos e decápodos da costa de Ilhéus, Bahia, Brasil. Atlântica 29 (1): 5-20.

[4] AMARAL, A.C.Z.; F.S. MACCORD; M. BORGES & A.E. RIZZO. 2011. Composição faunística de fundos não consolidados da plataforma interna, p. 435-458. In: A.C.Z. AMARAL & S.A.H. NALLIN (Eds). Biodiversidade e ecossistemas bentônicos marinhos do litoral norte de São Paulo sudeste do Brasil. Campinas, Unicamp, 573p.

[5] ANGER, K.; J. HARMS; M. MONTÚ &; C. BAKKER. 1989. Growth and respiration during the larval development of a tropical spider crab, Libinia ferreirae (Decapoda: Majidae). Marine Ecology Progress Series 54: 43-50.

[6] BAKKER, C.; M. MONTU; K. ANGER & J. HARMS. 1990. Larval develop-ment of a tropical spider crab, Libinia ferreirae Brito Capello, 1871 (Decapoda: Majidae), reared in the laboratory. Meeresforschung 33: 90-103.

[7] BARRETO, A.V.; P.A. COELHO & M. RAMOS-PORTO. 1993. Distribuição geográfica dos Brachyura (Crustacea, Decapoda) coleta-dos na plataforma continental do Norte e Nordeste do Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 10 (4): 641-656.

[8] BARROS, S.P.; V.J. COBO &; A. FRANSOZO. 2008. Feeding habits of the spider crab Libinia spinosa H. Milne Edwards, 1834 (Deca-po-da, Brachyura) in Ubatuba Bay, São Paulo, Brazil. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 51 (2): 413-417.

[9] BERTINI, G.; A. FRANSOZO &; G.A.S. MELO. 2004. Biodiversity of brachyuran crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda) from non-consolidated sublittoral bottom on the northern coast of São Paulo State, Brazil. Biodiversity and Conservation 13: 2185-2207.

[10] BERTINI, G. &; A. FRANSOZO. 2004. Bathymetric distribution of brachyuran crab (Crustacea, Decapoda) communities on coastal soft bottoms off southeastern Brazil. Marine Ecology Progress Series 279: 193-200.

[11] BORDIN, G. 1987. Brachyura da plataforma continental do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, e áreas adjacentes (Crustacea: Decapoda). Iheringia, Série Zoologia, 66: 3-32.

[12] BOSCHI, E.E. 1964. Los crustáceos decápodos Brachyura del litoral Bonaerense. Boletín del Instituto de Biología Marina 6: 1-76.

[13] BOSCHI, E.E. 2000. Species of decapods crustaceans and their distribution in the American marine zoogeography provinces. Revista de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero 13: 1-136.

[14] BOSCHI, E.E.; C.E. FISCHBACH & M.I. IORIO. 1992. Catalogo ilustrado de los crustaceos estomatopodos y decapodos marinos de Argentina. Frente Maritimo 10: 7-94.

[15] BOSCHI, E.E. &; M.A. SCELZO. 1968. Larval development of the spider crab Libinia spinosa H. Milne Edwards, reared in the laboratory (Brachyura, Majidae). Crustaceana 2 (Suppl.): 170-180.

[16] BRAGA, A.A.; A. FRANSOZO; G. BERTINI &; P.B. FUMIS. 2005. Compo-sition and abundance of the crabs (Decapoda, Brachyura) off Ubatuba and Caraguatatuba, northern coast of São Paulo, Brazil. Biota Neotropica 5 (2). Available online at: http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v5n2/en/abstract?article+ BN00205022005

[17] BRITO CAPELLO, F. 1871. Descripção de algumas espécies novas de Crustáceos. Jornal de Sciencias Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes 3: 262-265.

[18] CLARK, P.F.; D.K. CALAZANS &; S.S. RODRIGUES. 1998. Libinia spinosa H. Milne Edwards, 1834 (Crustacea: Majidae: Pisinae): a reappraisal of larval characters from laboratory reared material. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 33 (2-3): 145-157. doi: 10.1080/07924259.1998.9652628

[19] COELHO, P.A. 1971. Nota prévia sobre os Majidae do norte e nor-deste do Brasil. Arquivos do Museu Nacional 54: 137-143.

[20] COELHO, P.A.; A.O. ALMEIDA & L.E.A. BEZERRA. 2008. Checklist of the marine and estuarine Brachyura (Crustacea: Decapoda) of northern and northeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 1956: 1-58.

[21] COELHO, P.A. &; M.A. RAMOS. 1972. A constituição e distribuição da fauna de decápodos do litoral leste da América do Sul entre as latitudes de 5°N e 39°S. Trabalhos Oceanográficos da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco 13: 133-236.

[22] CORDEIRO, C.A.M.M. &; T.M. COSTA. 2010. Infestation rates of the pedunculated barnacle Octolasmis lowei (Cirripedia: Poecilasmatidae) on the spider crab Libinia spinosa (Decapoda: Majoidea). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 90 (2): 315-322. doi: 10.1017/S0025315409990506

[23] COSTA, T.M. &; M.L. NEGREIROS-FRANSOZO. 2011. Cirripédios epibiontes em braquiúros (Crustacea, Decapoda), p. 525-540. In: A.C.Z. AMARAL & S.A.H. NALLIN (Eds). Biodiversidade e ecossistemas bentônicos marinhos do litoral norte de São Paulo sudeste do Brasil. Campinas, Unicamp, 537p.

[24] COWAN, C.F. 1971. On Guérin's Iconographie: particularly the insects. Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History 6 (1): 18-29.

[25] CRUZ-CASTAÑO, N. & N.H. CAMPOS. 2003. Los cangrejos araña (Decapoda: Brachyura: Majoidea) del Caribe colombiano. Biota Colombiana 4 (2): 261-269.

[26] CUNHA, O.R. 1991. O naturalista Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira (1756-1815): uma análise comparativa de sua viagem filosófica (1783-1793) pela Amazônia e Mato Grosso com a de outros naturalistas posteriores. Belém, MPEG/SCT/CNPq, 73p.

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