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Abacaxis River: new information on birds from the central region of the Madeira-Tapajós Interfluve, Amazonas, Brazil

ABSTRACT

The Amazon Basin harbors one of the most diverse avifaunas in the world, especially in the interfluvial region between the Madeira and Tapajós rivers, with many endemic and recently described species. Even though ornithologists have visited the region since the 19th century, there is little basic information about the local birds. Herein, the ornithological results of a scientific expedition carried out in the central and upper regions of the Abacaxis River are reported. A total of 356 bird species were recorded, including two that are threatened and five that are endemic to the region. The avian community of this species-rich region is very similar to more eastern communities, but the Abacaxis River does not form a geographic barrier for birds. The rapid loss of forest in the Amazon Basin makes it necessary to generate the type of of information provided in this study, to aid in conservation efforts.

KEY WORDS:
Amazon; bird inventory; conservation; endangered species; migratory species.

INTRODUCTION

The Amazon Basin is the richest and most biodiverse region of the world, and new species are being discovered and described every year (Mittermeier et al. 2003Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, Brooks TM, Pilgrim JD, Konstant WR, da Fonseca GAB, Kormos C (2003) Wilderness and biodiversity conservation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 100: 10309-10313., Vale et al. 2008Vale MM, Cohn-Haft M, Bergen S, Pimm SL (2008) Effects of future infrastructure development on threat status and occurrence of Amazonian birds. Conservation Biology 22(4): 811-1085. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00939.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008...
, Whitney and Conh-Haft 2013Whitney BM, Cohn-Haft M (2013) Fifteen New Species of Amazonian Birds. In: del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J, Christie D (Orgs) Handbook of the Birds of the World. Special Volume: New Species and Global Index. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, vol. 17, 225-239.). The biome is home to 1,300 to 1,800 bird species, with the avifauna of the Madeira-Tapajós interfluve being among its most diversified and rich in endemic species (Cracraft 1985Cracraft J (1985) Historical biogeography and patterns of differentiation within the South American avifauna: areas of endemism. Ornithological Monographs 36: 49-84., Rego et al. 2023Rego MA, Del-Rio G, Brumfield RT (2023) Subspecies-level distribution maps for birds of the Amazon basin and adjacent areas. Journal of Biogeography 51(1): 14-28. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.14718
https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.14718...
). As typical for the Amazon, ornithological exploration took place along the margins of larger rivers, while intervening areas remained largely unexplored. The first bird specimens from the Tapajós River were collected in the early 19th century by F. Sieber, who was sent to Brazil by Count J.C. Hoffmannsegg, some of which still exist at the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin. A few years later, localities along the Tapajós and Madeira rivers, and some of their tributaries, were explored by G.H. von Langsdorff and J. Natterer, respectively, while J.B. Spix was the only early naturalist to collect along both rivers. In the middle 19th Century, A.R. Wallace and H.W. Bates explored Santarém, at the mouth of Tapajós (Pinto 1979Pinto OMO (1979) A ornitologia do Brasil através das idades. Século XVI a século XIX. Empresa Gráfica da Revista dos Tribunais, Brasiliensia Documenta Vol. XIII, São Paulo, 117 pp., Sick 1997Sick H (1997) Ornitologia Brasileira. Nova Fronteira, Rio de Janeiro, 862 pp.).

Some minor collections were made along the Tapajós and Madeira rivers during the end of the 19th century, but especially at Santarém due to the ease of access for foreigners. Knowledge of the avifauna of the Madeira-Tapajós interfluve increased significantly after the arrival of E. Snethlage, at the beginning of 20th century, whose scientific collections of birds of the Tapajós River provided the first specimens to be housed in Brazilian museums. The middle section of the interfluve was visited in 1914 by the Roosevelt-Rondon scientific expedition, at the Dúvidas River, which subsequently became known as the Roosevelt River (Vasconcelos et al. 2016Vasconcelos MF, Valério FA, Pacheco JF, Gomes HB (2016) Contribuições da Expedição Científica Roosevelt-Rondon ao estudo das aves do Brasil. Revista do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico de Mato Grosso 78: 147-180.). Knowledge of the avifauna of the interfluve has increased greatly since, benefitting from the outstanding collections of A.M. Olalla and others (see Pinto 1938Pinto OMO (1938) Catálogo das aves do Brasil e lista dos exemplares que as representam no Museu Paulista. 1a Parte. Secretaria da Agricultura, Departamento de Zoologia, São Paulo, 566 pp., 1944Pinto OMO (1944) Catálogo das aves do Brasil e lista dos exemplares existentes na coleção do Departamento de Zoologia. 2ª Parte. Secretaria da Agricultura, Departamento de Zoologia, São Paulo, 700 pp., Lanyon et al. 1990Lanyon SM, Stotz DF, Willard DE (1990) Clytoctantes atrogularis, a new species of antbird from western Brazil. Wilson Bulletin 102: 571-580., Oren and Parker III 1997Oren D, Parker III TA (1997) Avifauna of the Tapajós National Park and Vicinity, Amazonian Brazil. Ornithological Monographs 48: 493-525. https://doi.org/10.2307/40157549
https://doi.org/10.2307/40157549...
, Aleixo and Poletto 2007Aleixo A, Poletto F (2007) Birds of an open vegetation enclave in southern Brazilian Amazonia. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 119: 610-630. http://doi.org/10.1676/06-153.1
http://doi.org/10.1676/06-153.1...
, Cohn-Haft et al. 2007Cohn-Haft M, Pacheco F, Furuya AM, Bechtoldt C, Torres MFNM, Fernandes AM, Sardelli CH, Macedo IT (2007) Inventario ornitológico. In: Py-Daniel LR, Deus CP, Henriques AL, Pimpao DM, Ribeiro OM (Eds) Biodiversidade do médio Madeira: Bases cientificas para propostas de conservação. INPA, Manaus, 145-157., Whittaker 2009Whittaker A (2009) Pousada Rio Roosevelt: a provisional avifaunal inventory in south-western Amazonian Brazil, with information on life history, new distributional data and comments on taxonomy. Cotinga 31: 23-46., Dantas et al. 2011Dantas SM, Faccio M, Lima MF (2011) Avifaunal inventory of the Floresta Nacional de PauRosa, Maués, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 19: 154-166., Guilherme 2014Guilherme E (2014) A preliminary survey and rapid ecological assessment of the avifauna of Amana National Forest (Itaituba and Jacareacanga, Pará, Brazil). Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 22: 1-21., Costa et al. 2017aCosta TVV, Piacentini VQ, Oliveira DMM, Schunck F, Whitney BM, Rego MA, et al. (2017a) New records of the enigmatic Clytoctantes atrogularis (Thamnophilidae) in Amazonian Brazil, with remarks on plumage, natural history, and distribution. Wilson Journal of Ornithology 129: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1676/1559-4491-129.1.1
https://doi.org/10.1676/1559-4491-129.1....
, Pulido-Santacruz et al. 2018Pulido-Santacruz P, Aleixo A, Weir JT (2018) Morphologically cryptic amazonian bird species pairs exhibit strong postzygotic reproductive isolation. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285: 20172081. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2081
https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2081...
, Maximiano et al. 2020Maximiano MFA, d’Horta FM, Tuomisto H, Zuquim G, Van Doninck J, Ribas CC (2020) The relative role of rivers, environmental heterogeneity and species traits in driving compositional changes in southeastern Amazonian bird assemblages. Biotropica 52(5): 946-962. https://doi.org/10.1111/btp.12793
https://doi.org/10.1111/btp.12793...
, Valério et al. 2020Valério FA, Vasconcelos MF, Mazzoni LG, Morais R, Pedroso LF, Perillo A, et al. (2020) New and noteworthy bird records for the state of Rondônia, southwestern Brazilian Amazon. Atualidades Ornitológicas 213: 10-15., Lopes et al. 2021Lopes EV, Lees AC, Aleixo A, Barlow J, Henriques MP, Moura NC, et al. (2021) Avifauna da Floresta Nacional do Tapajós e da Reserva Extrativista Tapajós-Arapiuns. In: Brocardo CR, Giacomin L (Orgs). Biodiversidade na Floresta Nacional do Tapajós e na Reserva Extrativista Tapajós-Arapiuns. UFOPA, Santarém, 243-279., Del-Rio et al. 2021Del-Rio G, Rego MA, Whitney BM, Schunck F, Silveira LF, Faircloth BC, Brumfield R (2021) Displaced clines in an avian hybrid zone (Thamnophilidae: Rhegmatorhina) within an Amazonian interfluve. Evolution 75: 1-54. https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14377
https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14377...
, to cite a few).

Despite the documentation of a diverse avifauna, vast portions of the interfluve have never been explored, particularly in its central region, which remains virtually unknown. The southern portion of the entire interfluve is severely threatened by deforestation, with the region of Alta Floresta representing the best example of how human activities can rapidly alter the landscape. Despite the presence of established conservation units, several vectors of development continuously pressure the remaining forests of the interfluve. The present work provides the results of an expedition to the Abacaxis River, in one of poorest known areas of the Madeira-Tapajós interfluve.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Study area

The Abacaxis River is located in the Madeira-Tapajós Interfluve, on the south bank of the Amazon River, state of Amazonas, Brazil. It runs through the municipalities of Borba, Maués, Nova Olinda do Norte and Apuí, and is a tributary of the Paraná do Urariá River, which subsequently feeds into the right bank of the Amazon River (Fig. 1) via its connection with the Paraná dos Ramos. The climate of the region is humid tropical (Köeppen Ami type), with an average annual temperature between 26 and 27 °C, relative air humidity around 86% and annual precipitation varying between 1,287 and 2,538 mm. It is strongly seasonal, with a rainy season from December to July, during which monthly average rainfall varies between 170 and 300 mm, and a dry season from August to November, with monthly averages below 60 mm. The region has a variety of forest physiognomies, with a predominance of Dense Tropical Forest, in addition to patches of natural fields (cerrado, savannah and meadow, with sandy soil), igapó, floodplain and open forest with palm trees. The rivers of the region are classified as clear water rivers, with their main tributaries draining the Brazilian shield. The relief is predominantly formed by the Amazonian plain and includes seasonally flooded areas and some isolated rugged areas. There are also areas of lowered plateaus in the Amazon and Serras and chapadas with higher and rugged relief, which do not experience flooding (Py-Daniel et al. 2007Py-Daniel LR, Deus CP, Henriques AL, Pimpao DM, Ribeiro OM (2007) Biodiversidade do médio Madeira: Bases cientificas para propostas de conservação. INPA, Manaus, 244 pp., Brocardo and Giacomin 2021Brocardo CR, Giacomin L (2021) Biodiversidade na Floresta Nacional do Tapajós e na Reserva Extrativista Tapajós-Arapiuns. UFOPA, Santarém, 443 pp.).

Birds were sampled during January, 2007 at five sites in the middle and upper parts of the Abacaxis River, as described below:

Figure 1
Study area (inset, white square): 1) Igarapé-Açu, 2) Maruim, 3) Above Maruim, 4) Paca - Areal, 5) Camarão. The area enclosed within the blue line is the Pau-Rosa National Forest (the winding blue line [zigzags] is where it is bordered by the Abacaxis River). The white ellipse indicates the region studied by Dantas et al. (2011Dantas SM, Faccio M, Lima MF (2011) Avifaunal inventory of the Floresta Nacional de PauRosa, Maués, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 19: 154-166.). The white rectangle, enlarged in the lower left, details the study area. Source: Google Earth (Landsat/Copernicus 2015).

1. Igarapé-Açu. Right bank of the Abacaxis River, Nova Olinda do Norte Municipality (4°20’S; 58°38’W). Terra firme forest with emergent trees reaching ca. 50 m in height. The banks of the Igarapé-Açu and Abacaxis rivers have extensive areas of alluvial forest (várzea/igapó forest), where the water level varies throughout the year (Fig. 2A). Birds were mist-netted between 6-11 January, with additional collecting on 12 January.

2. Maruim. Left bank of the Abacaxis River, Borba Municipality (4°18’S; 58°38’W). Terra firme forest with emergent trees reaching ca. 35 m in height and abundant palm trees, Attalea speciosa. The margins of the Abacaxis River have small portions of várzea/igapó forest. The present study observed local deforestation for subsistence agriculture (Fig. 2B). Birds were mist-netted between 10-12 January, with additional collecting between 10 and 26 January.

Figure 2
Examples of Abacaxis River habitats: (A) Várzea forest - Igarapé-Açu; (B) Terra firme - Maruim; (C) Várzea forest -Above Maruim; (D) Campinarana - Paca-Areal. Photos: Fabio Schunck.

3. Above Maruim. Both banks of the Abacaxis River, Borba and Nova Olinda do Norte municipalities (4°30’21”S; 58°27’17”W). A mosaic of habitats, including terra firme forest and várzea/igapó forest (Fig. 2C). Fieldwork took place on 15 January.

4. Paca-Areal. Right bank of the Abacaxis River, Maués Municipality (4°35’S; 58°13’W). The area borders the Pau-Rosa National Forest (988,187 ha), with the Abacaxis River as its southwestern limit (Fig. 1). A mosaic of habitats, including campina/campinarana with a sandy shore having low and somewhat open vegetation (up to 5 m in height) and a few emergent trees along the river (Fig. 2D), which is followed by a more closed and taller forest (up to 15 m in height). Dense rainforest dominates about 1 km from the river, with emergent trees reaching ca. 50 m in height. Birds were mist-netted between 19-22 January, and shotgun collection occurred during 16-18 January.

5. Camarão. Left bank of the Abacaxis River, Borba Municipality (4°16’S; 58°39’W). Terra firme forest with dense rainforest and emergent trees reaching ca. 35 m in height, many palm trees, and some deforestation for subsistence agriculture. Fieldwork took place only on 25 January.

Bird Sampling

Fieldwork was carried out over 20 days (6-26 January 2007) by Fabio Schunck and Luís Fábio Silveira. Birds were collected by mist-netting and with shotguns. All specimens were field prepared and deposited at the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP). Mist nets (21, 12 X 2 m, 30 mm mesh) were open from 05:30 to 17:00 h, with a total mist-net sampling effort of 11 days or 2,090 mist net hours. Birds were observed with 10 X 40 and 10 X 50 binoculars. Vocalizations were recorded with a Sony TCM 5000-EV using Sennheiser ME 66 and Mineroff shotgun microphones. Recordings are stored at the Sound Archives of the Bird Section of the MZUSP, personal archive of FS and in Xeno-Canto (https://www.xeno-canto.org/, acronym XC, followed by the catalogue number). Photographs of some individual birds are available in the personal collections of the researchers (provided upon request). Nomenclature follows the Brazilian Ornithological Records Committee (Pacheco et al. 2021Pacheco JF, Silveira LF, Aleixo A, Agne CE, Bencke GA, Bravo G, et al. (2021) Annotated checklist of the birds of Brazil by the Brazilian Ornithological Records Committee - second edition. Ornithology Research 29: 94-105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43388-021-00058-x
https://doi.org/10.1007/s43388-021-00058...
).

RESULTS

We detected 356 species of birds, distributed in 61 families and 24 orders, of which 172 were documented by specimens and/or sound recordings (Appendices 1 and 2). The nine families with the greatest number of species were Thamnophilidae (with 39 species), Tyrannidae (23), Thraupidae (23), Psittacidae (19), Dendrocolaptidae (17), Rhynchocyclidae (17), Accipitridae (14), Picidae (12) and Bucconidae (10). Most species were found in terra firme forest (251 species), followed by várzea/igapó forest (122) and campina/campinarana (26).

Five species and one subespecies are endemic to the Madeira-Tapajós interfluve according to Sick (1997Sick H (1997) Ornitologia Brasileira. Nova Fronteira, Rio de Janeiro, 862 pp.) and Rego et al. (2023Rego MA, Del-Rio G, Brumfield RT (2023) Subspecies-level distribution maps for birds of the Amazon basin and adjacent areas. Journal of Biogeography 51(1): 14-28. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.14718
https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.14718...
): Brown-chested Barbet Capito brunneipectus Chapman, 1921, Pale-faced Bare-eye Phlegopsis borbae Hellmayr, 1907, Harlequin Antbird Rhegmatorhina berlepschi (Snethlage, 1907), Hoffmanns’s Woodcreeper Dendrocolaptes hoffmannsi Hellmayr, 1909, Sucunduri Flycatcher Tolmomyias sucunduri Whitney, Schunck, Rêgo & Silveira, 2013 (considered a species by Pacheco et al. 2021Pacheco JF, Silveira LF, Aleixo A, Agne CE, Bencke GA, Bravo G, et al. (2021) Annotated checklist of the birds of Brazil by the Brazilian Ornithological Records Committee - second edition. Ornithology Research 29: 94-105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43388-021-00058-x
https://doi.org/10.1007/s43388-021-00058...
and subspecies by Rego et al. 2023) and Buff-cheeked Tody-Flycatcher Poecilotriccus senex (Pelzeln, 1868). Two species, the White-crested Guan Penelope pileata Wagler, 1830, and the Golden Parakeet Guaruba guarouba (Gmelin, 1788), are considered as Vulnerable to extinction (MMA 2022, IUCN 2023). Five species are migratory: the Osprey Pandion haliaetus (Linnaeus, 1758), the Swallow-tailed Kite Elanoides forficatus (Linnaeus, 1758), the Plumbeous Kite Ictinia plumbea (Gmelin, 1788), the Red-eyed Vireo Vireo olivaceus (Linnaeus, 1766), and the Purple Martin Progne subis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Somenzari et al. 2018Somenzari M, Amaral PP, Cueto VR, Guaraldo AC, Jahn AE, Lima DM, et al. (2018) An overview of migratory birds in Brazil. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 58: 1-66. https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2018.58.03
https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2018....
). A total of 254 species were registered in Paca-Areal, 232 in Igarapé-Açú, 200 in Maruim, 103 above Maruim and 18 in Camarão (Fig. 1, Appendix 1).

The taxa White-eyed Stipplethroat Epinecrophylla leucophthalma phaeonota (Todd, 1927), Black-faced Antbird Myrmoborus myotherinus ochrolaemus (Hellmayr, 1906), Xingu Scale-backed Antbird Willisornis vidua nigrigula (Snethlage, 1914) and Rhegmatorhina berlepschi were collected on both banks of the Abacaxis River, and the taxa Bar-breasted Piculet Picumnus aurifrons borbae Pelzeln, 1870, Spix’s Warbling-Antbird Hypocnemis striata implicata Zimmer, 1932 and Ringed Antpipit Corythopis torquatus anthoides (Pucheran, 1855) were collected on only one margin and detected (visual and auditory) on both margins (Appendix 1).

Noteworthy records

White-crested Guan, P. pileata. Endemic to Brazil, the population of this species has experienced a sharp decline throughout its distribution, which extends from the lower Madeira River to the Xingu River, also occurring in the states of Maranhão and Tocantins (Pinto 1938Pinto OMO (1938) Catálogo das aves do Brasil e lista dos exemplares que as representam no Museu Paulista. 1a Parte. Secretaria da Agricultura, Departamento de Zoologia, São Paulo, 566 pp., Sick 1997Sick H (1997) Ornitologia Brasileira. Nova Fronteira, Rio de Janeiro, 862 pp., Del Hoyo and Kirwan 2020del Hoyo J, Kirwan GM (2020) White-crested Guan (Penelope pileata), version 1.0. In: del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J, Christie DA, de Juana E (Eds) Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca , NY. Available online at Available online at https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.whcgua1.01 [Accessed on 15 January 2022]
https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.whcgua1.01...
). Not observed in the Pau-Rosa National Forest (PRNF) by Dantas et al. (2011Dantas SM, Faccio M, Lima MF (2011) Avifaunal inventory of the Floresta Nacional de PauRosa, Maués, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 19: 154-166.) but was cited for the Tapajós-Arapiuns Extractive Reserve (TAER) along the lower Tapajós river by Lopes et al. (2021Lopes EV, Lees AC, Aleixo A, Barlow J, Henriques MP, Moura NC, et al. (2021) Avifauna da Floresta Nacional do Tapajós e da Reserva Extrativista Tapajós-Arapiuns. In: Brocardo CR, Giacomin L (Orgs). Biodiversidade na Floresta Nacional do Tapajós e na Reserva Extrativista Tapajós-Arapiuns. UFOPA, Santarém, 243-279.). The species was recorded three times in terra firme forest of Paca-Areal, where the Abacaxis River marks the southwestern boundary of the forest. Individuals were observed in pairs or in small groups (less than six individuals), suggesting that the species is rather rare, even in pristine forests, with few signs of hunting. Deforestation is occurring, at its fastest rate in the Amazon Basin, in a large portion of the distribution of this species, and the combination of habitat loss and relentless hunting is responsible for the inclusion of this guan in the category of Vulnerable of both the IUCN and the Brazil Red List (MMA 2022MMA (2022) Altera os Anexos da Portaria nº 443, de 17 de dezembro de 2014, da Portaria nº 444, de 17 de dezembro de 2014, e da Portaria nº 445, de 17 de dezembro de 2014, referentes à atualização da Lista Nacional de Espécies Ameaçadas de Extinção. Diário Oficial da União. 108. Seção 1. Publicado em 07/06/2022. Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Brasília. Available online at Available online at https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/portaria-mma-n-148-de-7-de-junho-de-2022-406272733 [Accessed: 10 march 2023]
https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/porta...
, IUCN 2023IUCN (2023) The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature, v. 2022-2. Available online at Available online at http://www.iucnredlist.org [Accessed on 10 march 2023]
http://www.iucnredlist.org...
).

Rusty-margined Guan, Penelope superciliaris pseudonyma Neumann, 1933. Endemic to Brazil and characterized by bright-blue facial skin (Vargas et al. 2017Vargas DE, Costa TVV, Whitney BM, Schunck F, Silveira LF (2017) Penelope superciliaris pseudonyma Neumann, 1933 (Aves, Cracidae) is the valid name for the blue-faced population of Rusty-margined Guan endemic to the Madeira-Tapajós interfluvium of central Amazonian Brazil. Zootaxa 4294: 436-442. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4294.4.3
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4294.4....
). Not observed in PRNF by Dantas et al. (2011Dantas SM, Faccio M, Lima MF (2011) Avifaunal inventory of the Floresta Nacional de PauRosa, Maués, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 19: 154-166.) but cited for TAER by Lopes et al. (2021Lopes EV, Lees AC, Aleixo A, Barlow J, Henriques MP, Moura NC, et al. (2021) Avifauna da Floresta Nacional do Tapajós e da Reserva Extrativista Tapajós-Arapiuns. In: Brocardo CR, Giacomin L (Orgs). Biodiversidade na Floresta Nacional do Tapajós e na Reserva Extrativista Tapajós-Arapiuns. UFOPA, Santarém, 243-279.). A single pair was observed at Paca-Areal, in low vegetation along the river shore. In contrast to P. s. pseudonyma and the previous species, Spix’s Guan P. jacquacu Spix, 1825, was common with good numbers at most of the sampling sites. The P. superciliaris group includes at least three valid species and is currently under a taxonomic revision (Vargas et al. unpublished data)

Rufous Potoo Phyllaemulor bracteatus (Gould, 1846). Widespread in Amazon and Orinoco basins, but often unrecorded, this species has recently received great attention, with a substantial increase of natural history and systematics information (e.g., Ingels et al. 2008Ingels J, Cleere N, Pelletier V, Héquet V (2008) Recent records and breeding of Rufous Potoo Nyctibius bracteatus in French Guiana. Cotinga 29: 144-148., Costa et al. 2017bCosta TVV, Whitney BM, Braun MJ, White ND, Silveira LF, Cleere N (2017b) A systematic reappraisal of the Rufous Potoo Nyctibius bracteatus (Nyctibiidae) and description of a new genus. Journal of Ornithology 159: 367-377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-017-1511-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-017-1511-...
, Cohn-Haft and Kirwan 2020Cohn-Haft M, Kirwan GM (2020) Rufous Potoo (Nyctibius bracteatus), version 1.0. In: del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J, Christie DA, de Juana E (Eds) Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca. Available online at Available online at https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.rufpot1.01 [Accessed: 15/01/2022]
https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.rufpot1.01...
). It was not previously reported for the Madeira-Tapajós interfluve by Oren and Parker III (1997Oren D, Parker III TA (1997) Avifauna of the Tapajós National Park and Vicinity, Amazonian Brazil. Ornithological Monographs 48: 493-525. https://doi.org/10.2307/40157549
https://doi.org/10.2307/40157549...
), Dantas et al. (2011Dantas SM, Faccio M, Lima MF (2011) Avifaunal inventory of the Floresta Nacional de PauRosa, Maués, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 19: 154-166.) and Guilherme (2014Guilherme E (2014) A preliminary survey and rapid ecological assessment of the avifauna of Amana National Forest (Itaituba and Jacareacanga, Pará, Brazil). Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 22: 1-21.) but cited for TAER by Lopes et al. (2021Lopes EV, Lees AC, Aleixo A, Barlow J, Henriques MP, Moura NC, et al. (2021) Avifauna da Floresta Nacional do Tapajós e da Reserva Extrativista Tapajós-Arapiuns. In: Brocardo CR, Giacomin L (Orgs). Biodiversidade na Floresta Nacional do Tapajós e na Reserva Extrativista Tapajós-Arapiuns. UFOPA, Santarém, 243-279.). This potoo was found singing at dawn at two of the study sites where palms were common in the understory of terra firme forest. One bird was tape-recorded (XC 584128) at Maruim.

Fiery-tailed Awlbill Avocettula recurvirostris (Swainson, 1822). This poorly known hummingbird is often reported from new locations, including in the Cerrado and the Amazon (Pinheiro et al. 2008Pinheiro RT, Reis ES, Rodello D (2008) Ampliação da Área de Distribuição do beija-flor-de-bico-virado Avocettula recurvirostris (Swainson, 1822) para o Cerrado do Estado do Tocantins, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 16(2): 181-183., Grantsau 2010Grantsau R (2010) Guia completo para identificação das aves do Brasil. Gráfica Ideal, Campinas, vol. 1, 597 pp.). Not detected in the interfluve by Oren and Parker III (1997Oren D, Parker III TA (1997) Avifauna of the Tapajós National Park and Vicinity, Amazonian Brazil. Ornithological Monographs 48: 493-525. https://doi.org/10.2307/40157549
https://doi.org/10.2307/40157549...
), Whittaker (2009Whittaker A (2009) Pousada Rio Roosevelt: a provisional avifaunal inventory in south-western Amazonian Brazil, with information on life history, new distributional data and comments on taxonomy. Cotinga 31: 23-46.), Dantas et al. (2011Dantas SM, Faccio M, Lima MF (2011) Avifaunal inventory of the Floresta Nacional de PauRosa, Maués, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 19: 154-166.) and Guilherme (2014Guilherme E (2014) A preliminary survey and rapid ecological assessment of the avifauna of Amana National Forest (Itaituba and Jacareacanga, Pará, Brazil). Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 22: 1-21.) but recorded by Cohn-Haft (2004Cohn-Haft M (2004) [WA379433, Avocettula recurvirostris (Swainson, 2021)]. Wiki Aves - A Enciclopédia das Aves do Brasil. Available online at http://www.wikiaves.com/379433 [Accessed: 15/01/2022]
http://www.wikiaves.com/379433...
) in Novo Aripuanã Municipality and Lopes et al. (2021Lopes EV, Lees AC, Aleixo A, Barlow J, Henriques MP, Moura NC, et al. (2021) Avifauna da Floresta Nacional do Tapajós e da Reserva Extrativista Tapajós-Arapiuns. In: Brocardo CR, Giacomin L (Orgs). Biodiversidade na Floresta Nacional do Tapajós e na Reserva Extrativista Tapajós-Arapiuns. UFOPA, Santarém, 243-279.) for TAER. This awlbill was found in Camarão, where a male was collected (MZUSP 76751) in an open subsistence agricultural area with some dense shrubs and near terra firme forest.

Brown-chested Barbet C. brunneipectus. Endemic to a narrow area between the Madeira and Tapajós rivers, where it is rare (e.g., Oren and Parker III 1997Oren D, Parker III TA (1997) Avifauna of the Tapajós National Park and Vicinity, Amazonian Brazil. Ornithological Monographs 48: 493-525. https://doi.org/10.2307/40157549
https://doi.org/10.2307/40157549...
, Dantas et al. 2011Dantas SM, Faccio M, Lima MF (2011) Avifaunal inventory of the Floresta Nacional de PauRosa, Maués, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 19: 154-166., Lopes et al. 2021Lopes EV, Lees AC, Aleixo A, Barlow J, Henriques MP, Moura NC, et al. (2021) Avifauna da Floresta Nacional do Tapajós e da Reserva Extrativista Tapajós-Arapiuns. In: Brocardo CR, Giacomin L (Orgs). Biodiversidade na Floresta Nacional do Tapajós e na Reserva Extrativista Tapajós-Arapiuns. UFOPA, Santarém, 243-279.). There is little natural history information on the species (Short et al. 2021Short LL, Horne JFM, Bonan A (2021) Brown-chested Barbet (Capito brunneipectus), version 1.0. In: del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J, Christie DA, de Juana E (Eds) Birds of the World . Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca . Available online at Available online at https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.brcbar1.01 [Accessed on 15 January 2022]
https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.brcbar1.01...
). It was found in mixed-species flocks on two consecutive days in terra firme forest at Paca-Areal.

Golden Parakeet G. guarouba. Another endemic to Brazil and Vulnerable species once common at Belem Endemism Centre, with scattered records eastward of the Madeira River (Laranjeiras and Cohn-Haft 2009Laranjeiras TO, Cohn-Haft M (2009) Where is the symbol of Brazilian Ornithology? The geographic distribution of the Golden Parakeet (Guarouba guarouba - Psittacidae). Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 17(1): 1-19.) and previously reported alongside the Tapajós River (Oren and Parker III 1997Oren D, Parker III TA (1997) Avifauna of the Tapajós National Park and Vicinity, Amazonian Brazil. Ornithological Monographs 48: 493-525. https://doi.org/10.2307/40157549
https://doi.org/10.2307/40157549...
, Laranjeiras and Cohn-Haft 2009, Guilherme 2014Guilherme E (2014) A preliminary survey and rapid ecological assessment of the avifauna of Amana National Forest (Itaituba and Jacareacanga, Pará, Brazil). Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 22: 1-21.). This species was detected almost every day at all sites, occurring in groups of up to six individuals. No birds were found in captivity in the communities of the region and there were no signs of poaching. A typical terra firme forest species, the abundance at the Abacaxis River suggests that the Golden Parakeet is safe in the region.

Brown-throated Parakeet Eupsittula pertinax paraensis (Sick, 1959Sick H (1959) Ein neuer Sittich aus Brasilien: Aratinga cactorum paraensis, subsp. nova. Jounal of Ornithology 100: 413-416.). Described from campinaranas on the right margin of the Tapajós River (Sick 1959Sick H (1959) Ein neuer Sittich aus Brasilien: Aratinga cactorum paraensis, subsp. nova. Jounal of Ornithology 100: 413-416., 1963Sick H (1963) Aratinga cactorum paraensis - Anghöriger dês Formenkreises Aratinga pertinax. Jounal of Ornithology 104: 441-443.) but later recorded on both sides of the Madeira River (Cohn-Haft et al. 2007Cohn-Haft M, Pacheco F, Furuya AM, Bechtoldt C, Torres MFNM, Fernandes AM, Sardelli CH, Macedo IT (2007) Inventario ornitológico. In: Py-Daniel LR, Deus CP, Henriques AL, Pimpao DM, Ribeiro OM (Eds) Biodiversidade do médio Madeira: Bases cientificas para propostas de conservação. INPA, Manaus, 145-157.) and in PRNF (Dantas et al. 2011Dantas SM, Faccio M, Lima MF (2011) Avifaunal inventory of the Floresta Nacional de PauRosa, Maués, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 19: 154-166.) and eastwards to the Tapajós-Xingu interfluve, as in Serra do Cachimbo. This parakeet was found at four study sites, in groups of 2-20 individuals. This is a rather distinct subspecies of the E. pertinax species complex, the only one occurring south of Amazon, and is very rare in scientific collections. The taxonomic status of the species must be more properly assessed though the collection of more specimens, especially from the right bank of Madeira River. As true with any Brazilian Eupsittula, the species is common in open areas, breeding on arboreal termitaria, and not very sensitive to modified environments.

Bald Parrot Pyrilia aurantiocephala (Gaban-Lima, Raposo & Höfling, 2002Gaban-Lima R, Raposo M, Höfling E (2002) Description of a New Species of Pionopsitta (Aves: Psittacidae) Endemic to Brazil. The Auk 119: 815-819. https://doi.org/10.2307/4089980
https://doi.org/10.2307/4089980...
). A Brazilian endemic found from the lower Madeira River (e.g., Dantas et al. 2011Dantas SM, Faccio M, Lima MF (2011) Avifaunal inventory of the Floresta Nacional de PauRosa, Maués, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 19: 154-166.) to the Xingu River (Gaban-Lima et al. 2002Gaban-Lima R, Raposo M, Höfling E (2002) Description of a New Species of Pionopsitta (Aves: Psittacidae) Endemic to Brazil. The Auk 119: 815-819. https://doi.org/10.2307/4089980
https://doi.org/10.2307/4089980...
, Fjeldså and Boesman 2020Fjeldså J, Boesman PFD (2020) Bald Parrot (Pyrilia aurantiocephala), version 1.0. In: del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J, Christie DA, de Juana E (Eds) Birds of the World . Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca . Available online at Available online at https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.balpar1.01 [Accessed on 12 January 2022]
https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.balpar1.01...
). It was easily found at the study sites, where it was observed daily in small flocks of 3-8 individuals, always in tall, pristine terra firme forest. It was especially common at Maruim and Pac-Areal (MZUSP 76746-48), eating small fruits, almost motionless and silent. Its behavior and flying shape are extremely similar to its sister species P. vulturina (Kuhl, 1820), which occurs eastwards.

Harlequin Antbird R. berlepschi, and Pale-faced Bare-eye, P. borbae. Endemic, common, and typical of terra firme forest and widespread through Madeira-Tapajós interfluve (e.g., Oren and Parker III 1997Oren D, Parker III TA (1997) Avifauna of the Tapajós National Park and Vicinity, Amazonian Brazil. Ornithological Monographs 48: 493-525. https://doi.org/10.2307/40157549
https://doi.org/10.2307/40157549...
, Dantas et al. 2011Dantas SM, Faccio M, Lima MF (2011) Avifaunal inventory of the Floresta Nacional de PauRosa, Maués, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 19: 154-166., Guilherme 2014Guilherme E (2014) A preliminary survey and rapid ecological assessment of the avifauna of Amana National Forest (Itaituba and Jacareacanga, Pará, Brazil). Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 22: 1-21., Whittaker 2009Whittaker A (2009) Pousada Rio Roosevelt: a provisional avifaunal inventory in south-western Amazonian Brazil, with information on life history, new distributional data and comments on taxonomy. Cotinga 31: 23-46., Lopes et al. 2021Lopes EV, Lees AC, Aleixo A, Barlow J, Henriques MP, Moura NC, et al. (2021) Avifauna da Floresta Nacional do Tapajós e da Reserva Extrativista Tapajós-Arapiuns. In: Brocardo CR, Giacomin L (Orgs). Biodiversidade na Floresta Nacional do Tapajós e na Reserva Extrativista Tapajós-Arapiuns. UFOPA, Santarém, 243-279.). The Harlequin Antbird was found at Maruim (MZUSP 76892-95), Paca-Areal (MZUSP 76896-98), and Igarapé-Açú (MZUSP 76899-901). The bare-eye was found at Paca-Areal (MZUSP 76879-80) and Igarapé-Açú (MZUSP 76881). Both species were in obligate ant-following mixed-species flocks, along with the abundant Black-spotted Bare-eye Phlegopsis nigromaculata (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837).

Sucunduri Flycatcher T. sucunduri. Described in 2013 and endemic to the region (Whitney et al. 2013Whitney BM, Schunck F, Rego MA, Silveira LF (2013) A new species of flycatcher in the Tolmomyias assimilis radiation from the lower Sucunduri-Tapajós interfluvium in central Amazonian Brazil heralds a new chapter in Amazonian biogeography. In: del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J, Christie D (Orgs) Handbook of the Birds of the World, Special Volume: New Species and Global Index. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, vol. 17, 297-300.). Not detected in PRNF by Dantas et al. (2011Dantas SM, Faccio M, Lima MF (2011) Avifaunal inventory of the Floresta Nacional de PauRosa, Maués, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 19: 154-166.) but cited for TAER by Lopes et al. (2021Lopes EV, Lees AC, Aleixo A, Barlow J, Henriques MP, Moura NC, et al. (2021) Avifauna da Floresta Nacional do Tapajós e da Reserva Extrativista Tapajós-Arapiuns. In: Brocardo CR, Giacomin L (Orgs). Biodiversidade na Floresta Nacional do Tapajós e na Reserva Extrativista Tapajós-Arapiuns. UFOPA, Santarém, 243-279.). Common in all mixed-species flocks of terra firme forest. Tape-recorded at Paca-Areal (XC 584127).

Buff-cheeked Tody-Flycatcher P. senex. Once one of the rarest and most poorly-known species in the Neotropics, and apparently endemic to seasonally flooded habitats in the Madeira-Tapajós interfluve (Whittaker 2009Whittaker A (2009) Pousada Rio Roosevelt: a provisional avifaunal inventory in south-western Amazonian Brazil, with information on life history, new distributional data and comments on taxonomy. Cotinga 31: 23-46., Walther and Boesman 2020Walther B, Boesman PFD (2020) Buff-cheeked Tody-Flycatcher (Poecilotriccus senex), version 1.0. In: del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J, Christie DA, de Juana E (Eds) Birds of the World . Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca . Available online at Available online at https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.buctof1.01 [Accessed: 10/01/2022]
https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.buctof1.01...
). Not detected in PRNF by Dantas et al. (2011Dantas SM, Faccio M, Lima MF (2011) Avifaunal inventory of the Floresta Nacional de PauRosa, Maués, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 19: 154-166.) but cited for TAER by Lopes et al. (2021Lopes EV, Lees AC, Aleixo A, Barlow J, Henriques MP, Moura NC, et al. (2021) Avifauna da Floresta Nacional do Tapajós e da Reserva Extrativista Tapajós-Arapiuns. In: Brocardo CR, Giacomin L (Orgs). Biodiversidade na Floresta Nacional do Tapajós e na Reserva Extrativista Tapajós-Arapiuns. UFOPA, Santarém, 243-279.). This tody-flycatcher was extremely common at Igarapé-Açú (MZUSP 77057-58) and Paca-Areal (MZUSP 77059). It was found in dense várzea/igapó forest (XC 584124), together with Zimmer’s Tody-Tyrant Hemitriccus minimus (Todd, 1925) (see Whittaker 2009), on the right margin of the Abacaxis River (MZUSP 77032, XC 584126).

DISCUSSION

During this expedition, we were able to identify 356 bird species in a pristine area of the Brazilian Amazon, helping to fill an important gap in knowledge of the Madeira-Tapajós interfluve. Geographically, the Abacaxis River is closer to the Madeira River than to the Tapajós River, yet the community of birds found is similar to that on the western margin of Tapajós, such as in Amazônia National Park (Oren and Parker III 1997Oren D, Parker III TA (1997) Avifauna of the Tapajós National Park and Vicinity, Amazonian Brazil. Ornithological Monographs 48: 493-525. https://doi.org/10.2307/40157549
https://doi.org/10.2307/40157549...
), or other sites throughout the interfluve such as the Amaná National Forest (Guilherme 2014Guilherme E (2014) A preliminary survey and rapid ecological assessment of the avifauna of Amana National Forest (Itaituba and Jacareacanga, Pará, Brazil). Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 22: 1-21.), and Pau-Rosa National Forest (Dantas et al. 2011Dantas SM, Faccio M, Lima MF (2011) Avifaunal inventory of the Floresta Nacional de PauRosa, Maués, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 19: 154-166.).

Based on the detection of seven taxa that have geographic distribution limits within the Madeira-Tapajós interfluve according to Rego et al. (2023Rego MA, Del-Rio G, Brumfield RT (2023) Subspecies-level distribution maps for birds of the Amazon basin and adjacent areas. Journal of Biogeography 51(1): 14-28. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.14718
https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.14718...
) on both banks of the Abacaxis River, four of which were collected (Epinecrophylla leucophthalma phaeonota, Myrmoborus myotherinus ochrolaemus, Willisornis vidua nigrigula and Rhegmatorhina berlepschi) and three collected on only one bank and detected visually and vocally on both banks (Picumnus aurifrons borbae, Hypocnemis striata implicata and Corythopis torquatus anthoides) we can suggest that this river is not a geographic barrier for them, otherwise we would have distinct taxa on each bank. These subspecies, as well as others that were recorded in the field (e.g., Penelope superciliaris pseudonyma, Long-winged Antwren Myrmotherula longipennis ochrogyna Todd, 1927), after taxonomic revisions, may form this group with occurrence restricted to this region of the Amazon.

With the data presented herein, Paca - Areal, part of the Pau-Rosa National Forest, now has 337 species of birds, adding 69 species to the previous count made by Dantas et al. (2011Dantas SM, Faccio M, Lima MF (2011) Avifaunal inventory of the Floresta Nacional de PauRosa, Maués, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 19: 154-166.). In addition, this also increases the geographic distribution for the mid-southern regions of the reserve to 254 species. Increased diversity in most regions of the Amazon is expected as studies gather more data (De Luca et al. 2009De Luca AC, Develey PF, Bencke GA, Goerck JM (2009) Áreas Importantes para a Conservação das Aves no Brasil - Parte II: Amazônia, Cerrado e Pantanal. SAVE Brasil, São Paulo, 359 pp., Dantas et al. 2011Dantas SM, Faccio M, Lima MF (2011) Avifaunal inventory of the Floresta Nacional de PauRosa, Maués, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 19: 154-166.). Additionally, our observations demonstrate that the Abacaxis River is not a barrier for dispersal of birds in this region, in contrast to larger rivers, such as the Madeira and Tapajós, and the Roosevelt/Aripuanã, Sucunduri and Jiparaná Rivers (Whitney and Conh-Haft 2013Whitney BM, Cohn-Haft M (2013) Fifteen New Species of Amazonian Birds. In: del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J, Christie D (Orgs) Handbook of the Birds of the World. Special Volume: New Species and Global Index. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, vol. 17, 225-239., Whitney et al. 2013Whitney BM, Schunck F, Rego MA, Silveira LF (2013) A new species of flycatcher in the Tolmomyias assimilis radiation from the lower Sucunduri-Tapajós interfluvium in central Amazonian Brazil heralds a new chapter in Amazonian biogeography. In: del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J, Christie D (Orgs) Handbook of the Birds of the World, Special Volume: New Species and Global Index. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, vol. 17, 297-300.).

Of the two endangered species in the region (P. pileata, G. guarouba), the White-crested Guan seems at much greater risk due to hunting (Sick 1997Sick H (1997) Ornitologia Brasileira. Nova Fronteira, Rio de Janeiro, 862 pp., IUCN 2023IUCN (2023) The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature, v. 2022-2. Available online at Available online at http://www.iucnredlist.org [Accessed on 10 march 2023]
http://www.iucnredlist.org...
). Many illegal activities occur along the Abacaxis River, including fishing and logging, among others, and so all animals the size of this guan are hunted by those engaged in other illegal activities as well as by local residents. All four cracid (guans and relatives) species detected in the field were recorded in Paca-Areal, probably because it is the most isolated site and has less water traffic. Nonetheless, despite the isolation, only a few sightings were made and only two individuals were ever seen together. It should be noted that Maruim, Igarapé-Açú and Camarão have communities nearby and so hunting is likely to be more of an issue. Furthermore, a few species other than the guans also tend to be hunted in this region, including Tinamus tao Temminck, 1815 and Ara macao (Linnaeus, 1758) (Guilherme 2014Guilherme E (2014) A preliminary survey and rapid ecological assessment of the avifauna of Amana National Forest (Itaituba and Jacareacanga, Pará, Brazil). Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 22: 1-21.). Hunting is a perpetual threat to these birds where even subsistence hunting can have a large impact on populations. Thus, the question of hunting, wildlife management, and conservation of these important Amazonian species requires continued analysis and discussion (Thiollay 2005Thiollay JM (2005) Effects of hunting on Guianan forest game birds. Biodiversity and Conservation 14: 1121-1135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-004-8412-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-004-8412-...
, Roper 2006Roper JJ (2006) What does Wildlife Management mean for Brazil? Natureza & Conservação 4: 107-116.).

Most (243) of the species encountered in the present study were found in terra firme forest, which is also a common formation in the mid and upper Abacaxis River basin and found at all the study areas. The 119 species that seem to be associated with seasonally flooded habitats (várzea and igapó) were more common at Igarapé-Açu, which has a large area that is underwater during the rainy season. Most species typical of campina (25) were found at Paca-Areal, but due to the logistical limitations of dividing effort among the different habitat types, greater effort could not be expended in this habitat type. Nonetheless, it was possible to add several important species to the previous list of the regional campina of the Pau-Rosa National Forest. (Dantas et al. 2011Dantas SM, Faccio M, Lima MF (2011) Avifaunal inventory of the Floresta Nacional de PauRosa, Maués, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 19: 154-166.). Those species found in more open forests, typically on poor, sandy soils (campinarana), remain poorly studied in in the Amazon. While not extremely large in extent, campinarana habitat is widespread in the Madeira-Tapajós interfluve, as well as elsewhere in the Amazon Basin, with many associated species, and so it should receive greater attention (Silva et al. 1997Silva JMC, Oren DC, Roma JC, Henriques LMP (1997) Composition and distribution patterns of the avifauna of an Amazonian upland savanna, Amapa, Brazil. Ornithological Monographs 48: 743-762. https://doi.org/10.2307/40157565
https://doi.org/10.2307/40157565...
, Sanaiotti and Cintra 2001Sanaiotti TM, Cintra R (2001) Breeding and migrating birds in an Amazonian savanna. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 36: 23-32. https://doi.org/10.1076/snfe.36.1.23.8878
https://doi.org/10.1076/snfe.36.1.23.887...
, Borges 2004Borges SH (2004) Species poor but distinct: bird assemblages in white sand vegetation in Jaú National Park, Brazilian Amazon. Ibis 146: 114-124. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.2004.00230.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.2004...
, Aleixo and Poletto 2007Aleixo A, Poletto F (2007) Birds of an open vegetation enclave in southern Brazilian Amazonia. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 119: 610-630. http://doi.org/10.1676/06-153.1
http://doi.org/10.1676/06-153.1...
, Guilherme 2014Guilherme E (2014) A preliminary survey and rapid ecological assessment of the avifauna of Amana National Forest (Itaituba and Jacareacanga, Pará, Brazil). Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 22: 1-21.).

The Abacaxis River has long been understudied with respect to birds, as well as other taxonomic groups. Nonetheless, little by little information is accumulating that reinforces the importance of the region due to its diversity and because of threats to conservation. The priority for ornithological studies of the Abacaxis River is the southern region, around the Transamazon Highway (BR-230), and its headwaters. Continued and new studies are required throughout the Madeira-Tapajos interfluve, mainly in the southern region, where the headwaters of the main rivers are located (including the Abacaxis River). This is a contact region for the avifauna of the Madeira and Tapajós rivers, where recent research has revealed unique biogeographic patterns and a great mix of avifauna (Whitney et al. 2013Whitney BM, Schunck F, Rego MA, Silveira LF (2013) A new species of flycatcher in the Tolmomyias assimilis radiation from the lower Sucunduri-Tapajós interfluvium in central Amazonian Brazil heralds a new chapter in Amazonian biogeography. In: del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J, Christie D (Orgs) Handbook of the Birds of the World, Special Volume: New Species and Global Index. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, vol. 17, 297-300.), with hybrid populations of different bird species (Pulido-Santacruz et al. 2018Pulido-Santacruz P, Aleixo A, Weir JT (2018) Morphologically cryptic amazonian bird species pairs exhibit strong postzygotic reproductive isolation. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285: 20172081. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2081
https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2081...
, Del-Rio et al. 2021Del-Rio G, Rego MA, Whitney BM, Schunck F, Silveira LF, Faircloth BC, Brumfield R (2021) Displaced clines in an avian hybrid zone (Thamnophilidae: Rhegmatorhina) within an Amazonian interfluve. Evolution 75: 1-54. https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14377
https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14377...
). Thus, continued research is immediately required before human actions spoil one of the richest avifaunas in the world.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Thanks go to: Luís Fábio Silveira for the invitation to participate in the expedition and for reviewing the manuscript; Miguel Trefaut Rodrigues for logistical coordination of the expedition; Fernando Portella Marques for field support; Mauro Cardoso Júnior, José Cassimiro, Zé Mário, and Sérgio Marques de Souza (Bogão) for their help in the field; Luisinho (Museu Nacional-RJ) for invaluable help preparing field specimens; and Captain Gilson, his first mate Raimundo, and the chef Alemão, for navigation and food during the expedition. I thank the many residents of the Abacaxis region for all their help and kindness during the expedition. To my friends Bret Whitney for the final review of the manuscript and Vitor Piacentini for his help in curating the material collected in the field. Fieldwork complied with the current laws of Brazil, and it was undertaken under SISBIO permit 30309. Any inadequacies in English language proficiency are solely the responsibility of the author.

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ADDITIONAL NOTES

  • ZooBank register

    https://zoobank.org/C7C2AFFB-4F22-4B0B-8BEC-82620D43AD59
  • How to cite this article

    Schunck F (2024) Abacaxis River: new information on birds from the central region of the Madeira-Tapajós Interfluve, AM, Brazil. Zoologia 41: e23052. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-4689.v41.e23052
  • Published by

    Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia at Scientific Electronic Library Online (https://www.scielo.br/zool)

APPENDIX 1

Appendix 1
Bird species recorded in this study on the Abacaxis River. Abbreviations following species names indicate threat level (VU - Vulnerable, MMA 2022; IUCN 2023), status (MT - migratory, Somenzari et al. 2018) and endemic taxa of the Madeira-Tapajós interfluve (En - Rego et al. 2023). The column Type of evidence refers to the level of documentation for each species: C - specimen collected, V - visual (sighting only), A - auditory (without recording), R - auditory (with recording). Habitat: tf - terra firme forest, ca - capoeira (second-growth with open areas), cm - campina, va - várzea forest and igapó, ri - riparian. Study areas: 1. Igarapé-Açu, 2. Maruim, 3. Above Maruim, 4. Paca-Areal, 5. Camarão. For each study site, X indicates species presence and C indicates collected material deposited at MZUSP.

APPENDIX 2

Appendix 2
Bird species collected in this study in the Abacaxis River and deposited in the ornithological collection of the Museu de Zoologia da USP. In the Sex column: (M) Male, (F) Female and (ND) Not Determined. The names of the locations are in Portuguese, the same as the original labels.

Edited by

Editorial responsibility

Luís Fábio Silveira

Data availability

Data citations

IUCN (2023) The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature, v. 2022-2. Available online at Available online at http://www.iucnredlist.org [Accessed on 10 march 2023]

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    29 July 2024
  • Date of issue
    2024

History

  • Received
    20 Aug 2023
  • Accepted
    01 July 2024
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