Aloe barbadensis Miller
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Aloe vera |
Cornea |
Wound healing |
Curto et al.(99 Curto EM, Labelle A, Chandler HL. Aloe vera: An in vitro study of effects on corneal wound closure and collagenase activity. Vet Ophthalmol. 2014;17(6):403-10.)
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Anti-inflammatory |
Wozniak et al.(1010 Wozniak A, Paduch R. Aloe vera extract activity on human corneal cells. Pharm Biol. 2012;50(2):147-54.)
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Immunomodulatory |
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Atropa belladonna
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Atropine |
Ciliary body |
Decrease myopia |
Chia et al.(100)
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Coffea arabica
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Caffeine |
Lens |
UV protection |
Kronschläger et al.(1212 Kronschlager M, Lofgren S, Yu Z, Talebizadeh N, Varma SD, Soderberg P. Caffeine eye drops protect against UV-B cataract. Exp Eye Res. 2013;113:26-31.)
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Retina |
Antiangiogenic |
Zhang et al.(1515 Zhang S, Zhou R, Li B, Li H, Wang Y, Gu X, et al. Caffeine preferentially protects against oxygen-induced retinopathy. FASEB J. 2017;31(8):3334-48.)
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Cannabis sativa
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D 9-THC |
Ciliary body |
Ocular hypotensive effect |
Hepler et al.(1818 Hepler RS, Frank IR. Marihuana smoking and intraocular pressure. JAMA. 1971;217(10):1392.)
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Retina |
Neuroprotection |
Kokona et al.(1919 Kokona D, Georgiou PC, Kounenidakis M, Kiagiadaki F, Thermos K. Endogenous and synthetic cannabinoids as therapeutics in retinal disease. Neural Plast. 2016;2016:8373020.)
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Curcuma longa
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Curcumin |
Cornea |
Anti-inflammatory |
Chen et al.(2727 Chen M, Hu DN, Pan Z, Lu CW, Xue CY, Aass I. Curcumin protects against hyperosmoticity-induced IL-1beta elevation in human corneal epithelial cell via MAPK pathways. Exp Eye Res. 2010;90(3): 437-43.)
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Anterior chamber |
Anti-inflammatory |
Lal et al.(2929 Lal B, Kapoor AK, Asthana OP, Agrawal PK, Prasad R, Kumar P, et al. Efficacy of curcumin in the management of chronic anterior uveitis. Phytother Res. 1999;13(4):318-22.)
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Retina |
Anti-VEGF |
Mrudula et al.(2828 Mrudula T, Suryanarayana P, Srinivas PN, Reddy GB. Effect of curcumin on hyperglycemia-induced vascular endothelial growth factor expression in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat retina. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007;361(2):528-32.)
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Gingko biloba
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EGb761 and LI 1370 |
Retina and optic nerve |
Neuroprotection |
Cybulska-Heinrich et al. (3131 Cybulska-Heinrich AK, Mozaffarieh M, Flammer J. Ginkgo biloba: An adjuvant therapy for progressive normal and high tension glaucoma. Mol Vis. 2012;18:390-402.)
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Propolis
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CAPE |
Cornea |
Antiangiogenic |
To.tan et al.(3939 Totan Y, Aydin E, Cekiç O, Cihan Dağloğlu M, Borazan M, Dağlioğlu K. et al. Effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester on corneal neovascularization in rats. Curr Eye Res. 2001;23(4):291-7.)
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Lens |
Anticataract |
Doganay et al.(4040 Doganay S, Turkoz Y, Evereklioglu C, Er H, Bozaran M, Ozerol E. Use of caffeic acid phenethyl ester to prevent sodium-selenite-induced cataract in rat eyes. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2002;28(8):1457-62.)
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Anterior chamber |
Anti-inflammatory |
Yilmaz et al.(3737 Yilmaz A, Yildirim O, Tamer L, Oz O, Cinel L, Vatansever, et al. Effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester on endotoxin-induced uveitis in rats. Curr Eye Res. 2005;30(9):755-62.)
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Retina |
Antioxidant |
Shi et al.(4141 Shi Y, Wu X, Gong Y, Qiu Y, Zhang H, Huang Z, et al. Protective effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester on retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Curr Eye Res. 2010 Oct;35(10):930-7.)
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Euterpe oleracea (Açaí)
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Anthocyanin |
Retina |
Dyeing |
Peris et al.(2323 Peris CS, Badaro E, Ferreira MA, Lima-Filho AA, Ferreira EL, Maia A, et al. Color variation assay of the anthocyanins from Açai Fruit (Euterpe oleracea): a potential new dye for vitreoretinal surgery. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2013;29(8):746-53.)
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Cornea |
Cross-linking |
Bersanetti et al.(2222 Bersanetti PA, Bueno TL, Morandim-Giannetti AA, Nogueira RF, Matos JR, Schor P. Characterization of rabbit corneas subjected to stromal stiffening by the acai extract (euterpe oleracea). Curr Eye Res. 2017;42(4):528-33.)
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Linum usitatissimum (linseed oil)
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omega 6 (γ-linoleic acid) and 3 (α-linoleic acid) |
Cornea |
Anti-inflammatory |
Pinheiro et al.(4242 Pinheiro MN, Jr, dos Santos PM, dos Santos RC, Barros Jde N, Passos LF, Cardoso Neto J. Oral flaxseed oil (linum usitatissimum) in the treatment for dry-eye sjogren’s syndrome patients. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2007;70(4):649-55.)
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Heliotropium indicum Linn
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Alkaloids |
Ciliary muscle |
Ocular hypotensive effect |
Kyei et al.(4545 Kyei S, Koffuor GA, Ramkissoon P, Abu EK, Sarpong JF. Anti-cataract potential of heliotropium indicum linn on galactose-induced cataract in sprague-dawley rats. Curr Eye Res. 2017;42(3):394-401.)
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Anterior chamber |
Anti-inflammatory |
Kyei et al.(4646 Eisenhauer B, Natoli S, Liew G, Flood VM. Lutein and zeaxanthin-food sources, bioavailability and dietary variety in age-related macular degeneration protection. Nutrients. 2017;9(2):10.3390/nu9020120.)
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Lens |
Anticataract |
Kyei et al.(4545 Kyei S, Koffuor GA, Ramkissoon P, Abu EK, Sarpong JF. Anti-cataract potential of heliotropium indicum linn on galactose-induced cataract in sprague-dawley rats. Curr Eye Res. 2017;42(3):394-401.)
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Carotenoids |
Lutein/zeaxantin |
Retina |
Anti- AMD |
AREDS 2.(5151 Hurst JS, Bazan HE. The sensitivity of bovine corneal epithelial lyso-PAF acetyltransferase to cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibitors is independent of arachidonate metabolites. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 1997;13(5):415-26.)
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Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi
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Flavonoids |
Cornea |
Wound healing |
Hurst and Bazan.(5353 Nagaki Y, Hayasaka S, Kadoi C, Nakamura N, Hayasaka Y. Effects of scutellariae radix extract and its components (baicalein, baicalin, and wogonin) on the experimental elevation of aqueous flare in pigmented rabbits. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2001;45(3):216-20.)
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Lens |
Anticataract |
Li et al.(5454 Nagaki Y, Hayasaka S, Zhang XY, Hayasaka Y, Nakamura N, Terasawa K. Effects of topical instillation of traditional herbal medicines, herbal extracts, and their components on prostaglandin E2-induced aqueous flare elevation in pigmented rabbits. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2003;47(3):249-53.)
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Anterior chamber |
Anti-inflammatory |
Nagaki et al.(5555 Maher P, Hanneken A. Flavonoids protect retinal ganglion cells from oxidative stress-induced death. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005;46(12):4796-803.)
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Retina |
Anti-inflammatory |
Maher and Hanneken(5757 Bhargava P, Marshall JL, Dahut W, Rizvi N, Trocky N, Williams JI, et al. A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of squalamine, a novel antiangiogenic agent, in patients with advanced cancers. Clin Cancer Res. 2001;7(12):3912-9.)
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Squalus acanthus
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Squalamine lactate |
Retina |
Anti-VEGF |
Bhargava et al.(5959 Ciulla TA, Criswell MH, Danis RP, Williams JI, McLane MP, Holroyd KJ. Squalamine lactate reduces choroidal neovascularization in a laser-injury model in the rat. Retina. 2003;23(6):808-14.)
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Rooster comb/microbial fermentation |
Hyaluronic acid |
Cornea |
Endothelial protection |
Balazs.(7878 Agnihotri SA, Mallikarjuna NN, Aminabhavi TM. Recent advances on chitosan-based micro- and nanoparticles in drug delivery. J Control Release. 2004;100(1):5-28.)
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Exoskeleton of crustaceans |
Chitosan |
Cornea |
Mucoadhesive character |
Basaran et al.(7575 de Campos AM, Diebold Y, Carvalho EL, Sanchez A, Alonso MJ. Chitosan nanoparticles as new ocular drug delivery systems: In vitro stability, in vivo fate, and cellular toxicity. Pharm Res. 2004; 21(5):803-10.)
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Lycium barbarum
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Polysaccharides |
Retina |
Neuroprotection |
Wang H et al.(8181 Yang D, So KF, Lo AC. Lycium barbarum polysaccharide extracts preserve retinal function and attenuate inner retinal neuronal damage in a mouse model of transient retinal ischaemia. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2017.)
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Lens |
Antioxidant |
Qi et al.(8282 Li HY, Ruan YW, Kau PW, Chiu K, Chang RC, Chan HH, et al. Effect of Lycium barbarum (Wolfberry) on alleviating axonal degeneration after partial optic nerve transection. Cell Transplant. 2015;24(3):403-17.)
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Vaccinium myrtillus
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Anthocyanosides |
Lens |
Anticataract |
Bravetti et al.(8989 Yao N, Lan F, He RR, Kurihara H. Protective effects of bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus L.) extract against endotoxin-induced uveitis in mice. J Agric Food Chem. 2010;58(8):4731-6.)
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Cornea |
Antioxidant |
Riva et al.(9090 Matsunaga N, Imai S, Inokuchi Y, Shimazawa M, Yokota S, Araki Y, et al. Bilberry and its main constituents have neuroprotective effects against retinal neuronal damage in vitro and in vivo. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2009;53(7):869-77.)
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Anterior chamber |
Anti-inflammatory |
Yao et al.(9191 Ogawa K, Tsuruma K, Tanaka J, Kakino M, Kobayashi S, Shimazawa M, et al. The protective effects of bilberry and lingonberry extracts against UV light-induced retinal photoreceptor cell damage in vitro. J Agric Food Chem. 2013;61(43):10345-53.)
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Retina |
Neuroprotection |
Matsunaga et al.(9292 Pineles SL, Kraker RT, VanderVeen DK, Hutchinson AK, Galvin JA, Wilson LB, et al. Atropine for the prevention of myopia progression in children: A report by the american academy of ophthalmology. Ophthalmology. 2017;124(12):1857-66.)
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