Author (year) |
Characteristics |
Exposure and outcome |
Results/Conclusions |
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES |
Huang et al. (2014) [5050 Huang C, Huang J, Tian Y, Yang X, Gu D. Sugar sweetened beverages consumption and risk of coronary heart disease: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Atherosclerosis. 2014;234(1):11-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis. 2014.01.037 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosi...
] |
Systematic review and meta-analysis of 4 prospective studies (over 9 years of follow-up) in adults. |
Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and risk for coronary heart disease. |
Significant positive association between soda consumption and the risk of developing coronary heart disease. |
Te Morenga et al. (2014) [4949 Te Morenga LA, Howatson AJ, Jones RM, Mann J. Dietary sugars and cardiometabolic risk: Systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of the effects on blood pressure and lipids. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;100(1):65-79. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.081521
https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.081521...
] |
Systematic review and meta-analysis of 39 clinical trials in adults and children. |
Consumption of free sugars and cardiovascular diseases. |
Significant positive association between high free sugars intake and increased triglyceride, total cholesterol and HDL concentration, systolic blood pressure and markers for the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. |
Wang et al. (2014) [5151 Wang DD, Sievenpiper JL, de Souza RJ, Cozma AI, Chiavaroli L, Ha V, et al. Effect of fructose on postprandial triglycerides: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled feeding trials. Atherosclerosis. 2014;232(1):125-33.] |
Systematic review and meta-analysis of 11 clinical trials in adults with and without health changes. |
Fructose consumption and postprandial triglycerides. |
Increased triglycerides in overweight/ obese subjects and tendency towards increased postprandial triglycerides in healthy subjects upon isocaloric replacement of other simple carbohydrates by fructose. Increase in postprandial triglycerides upon supplementation with fructose in all groups. |
Zhang et al. (2013) [5252 Zhang YH, An T, Zhang RC, Zhou Q, Huang Y, Zhang J. Very high fructose intake increases serum LDL-cholesterol and total cholesterol: A meta-analysis of controlled feeding trials. J Nutr. 2013;143:1391-8.] |
Systematic review and meta-analysis of 22 clinical trials in adults and children. |
Fructose (sugar- sweetened beverages) consumption effects on total and fraction cholesterol. |
Positive dose-response relationship of fructose consumption greater than 100g/day with total cholesterol and fructose consumption, even lower than 100g/day, and increase in LDL. No significant association between fructose and HDL. |
DENTAL CARIES |
Moynihan & Kelly (2014) [1010 Moynihan PJ, Kelly SA. Effect on caries of restricting sugars intake: Systematic review to inform WHO guidelines. J Dent Res. 2014;93(1):8-18. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034513508954
https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034513508954...
] |
Systematic review of 55 randomized clinical trials and intervention and observational studies in adults and children. |
Total, added, free and non-milk extrinsic sugar consumption and dental caries. |
Increased presence of caries proportional to sugar consumption (>10% total energy value) and decreased incidence of caries also proportional to sugar consumption (<10% total energy value). |
TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
|
Greenwood et al. (2014) [4141 Greenwood DC, Threapleton DE, Evans CE, Cleghorn CL, Nykjaer C, Woodhead C, et al. Association between sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened soft drinks and type 2 diabetes: Systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Br J Nutr. 2014;112(5):725-34. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007 114514001329 https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007...
] Xi et al. (2014) [4242 Xi B, Li S, Liu Z, Tian H, Yin X, Huai P, et al. Intake of fruit juice and incidence of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(3):93471. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0093471
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.009...
] |
Systematic review and meta-analysis of 9 prospective studies (with more than six years of follow-up) in adults. Systematic review and meta-analysis of 10 prospective studies (with more than 5 years of follow-up) in adults. |
Consumption of sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened soft drinks and DM2. Consumption of fruit juice, 100% natural or sweetened, and DM2 incidence. |
Significant positive association between sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and DM2, maintaining statistical significance after adjustment for body mass index. The association was higher for drinks with sugar than with artificial sweeteners, with a 20% increase in the risk for DM2. Significant positive association between fruit juice consumption (regardless of type) and the risk of developing DM2. Risk stratification showed a 28% increase for DM2 incidence with sweetened fruit juice consumption, whereas no significant association with 100% natural fruit juice consumption was found. |
BODY WEIGHT |
Malik et al. (2006) [3838 Malik VS, Schulze MB, Hu FB. Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: A systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84(2):274-88.] |
Systematic review of 30 cross-sectional, prospective cohort, (with more than 6 months of follow-up) and experimental studies in adults and children. |
Consumption of sugar- sweetened beverages (soft drinks, soda, fruitades, fruit drinks, sports drinks, sweetened iced tea, squashes, and lemonade) and weight gain and/or obesity. |
Significant direct association between increased consumption of sodas and other sugar- sweetened beverages and body weight gain. |
Te Morenga, Mallard & Mann (2013) [99 Te Morenga L, Mallard S, Mann J. Dietary sugars and body weight: Systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials and cohort studies. BMJ. 2012;346:e7492. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e7492
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e7492...
] |
Systematic review and meta-analysis of 68 prospective studies (with more than two years of follow-up) and randomized, controlled trials in adults and children. |
Consumption of total sugars and body weight. |
Increased or decreased dietary sugar intake associated with corresponding body weight changes in adults and children. However, the effect of increased sugar consumption body weight gain is apparently stronger than the effect of decreased sugar on weight reduction. |
ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION |
Ha et al. (2012) [5757 Ha V, SievenpiperJl, de Souza RJ, Chiavaroli L, Wang DD, Cozma AI, et al. Effect of fructose on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled feeding trials. Hypertension. 2012;59(4):787-95.] |
Systematic review and meta-analysis of 11 randomized clinical trials in adults. |
Fructose consumption and blood pressure. |
Decrease in mean arterial pressure and diastolic pressure proportional to fructose replacement by other dietary carbohydrates (sucrose or glucose) without changing the total caloric intake. |
Malik et al. (2014) [5858 Malik AH, Akram Y, Shetty S, Malik SS, Yanchou Njike V. Impact of sugar-sweetened beverages on blood pressure. Am J Cardiol. 2014;113(9):1574-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2014.01.437
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2014.0...
] |
Systematic review and meta-analysis of 12 studies in adolescents and adults without methodological design restrictions. |
Sugar-sweetened beveragesand blood pressure. |
Positive relationship between sugar-sweetened beveragesconsumption and the increase in blood pressure and the risk for arterial hypertension incidence. |
CANCER |
Aune et al. (2012) [4343 Aune D, Chan DS, Vieira AR, Navarro Rosenblatt DA, Vieira R, Greenwood DC, et al. Dietary fructose, carbohydrates, glycemic indices and pancreatic cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. ESMO. 2012;23(10):2536-46. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/ mds076 https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/...
] |
Systematic review and meta-analysis of 13 prospective or cohort/ nested case-control studies in adults. |
Consumption of simple carbohydrates, glycemic index and/ or glycemic load and risk for pancreatic cancer. |
Positive association between fructose intake and increased risk for pancreatic cancer, with a 1.22 risk ratio for each 25g fructose/day dietary increase. |
Galeone et al. (2012) [4646 Galeone C, Pelucchi C, La Vecchia C. Added sugar, glycemic index and load in colon cancer risk. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2012;15(4):368-73. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0b013e 3283 539f81 https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0b013e...
] |
Systematic review and meta-analysis of 36 prospective and case-control studies in adults. |
Consumption of added sugars (mainly sugar-sweetened beverages), glycemic index and load and risk for colon cancer. |
Meta-analysis, primarily based on case-control studies, found a 1.25 risk ratio between high added sugars intake and the risk for colorectal cancer, with inconsistent results of glycemic index and load. |