Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT The plastic film materials are a widely used agricultural means of production. Recently, two types of new agricultural film mulches are developed and are used popularly. They are ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyolefin (PO) film mulches. The transmittances of film mulches are related to thermal reservation and plant photosynthesis. We experimentally measure transmittances of several EVA and PO film mulches under different wavelengths. We also find that the transmittances of mulches vary with light intensity change at one wavelength. The variable transmittances for these mulches are also measured in experiments. These data measured can provides help for agricultural production and accurate numerical simulation for the establishment microclimate of plastic greenhouse, even the degradation of plastic films.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT The seed deterioration process during storage is inevitable, but it can be slowed down using packaging that reduces the influence of the external environment on stored corn seeds. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the physiological quality of corn seeds stored in different packages and subjected to storage conditions in the central region of Brazil. Thirty-seven corn genotypes were analyzed in three storage environments: multiwall paper, 10 °C temperature, and 40% relative air humidity; multiwall paper under uncontrolled conditions; and hermetic packaging under uncontrolled conditions. The results of germination, water content, electrical conductivity, accelerated aging, soilless cold test, and field emergence test were used. Physiological quality assessments indicated that storage under conditions of 10 °C temperature and 40% relative air humidity is more efficient in preserving corn seeds' physiological quality than packaging in an uncontrolled environment.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT Safflower stands out among oilseeds due to its oil quality and crop resilience in dry and cold regions. However, there have been limited studies on its water requirements. This study aimed to assess water stress indices and determine phenological stages with the highest water demands during safflower cultivation. The experiment was conducted in two phases: one in a greenhouse and another in the field. Treatments involved different irrigation timings during the stages of crop development. The variables analyzed included plant height, stem diameter, fresh and dry aboveground biomass, number of capitula, and number and weight of seeds. The results showed that safflower cultivation benefited from irrigation during its vegetative stage, in conjunction with irrigation during the reproductive and/or grain formation stage. It exhibited susceptibility to water deficit when irrigated only during the vegetative stage. Safflower can be cultivated in various climatic regions of Brazil and become an economically important species due to its adaptability, production, and potential.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT Maize yields are important for human food security, and the issue of how to quickly and accurately segment areas of maize disease is an important one in the field of smart agriculture. To address the problem of irregular and multi-area clustering of regions of maize leaf lesions, which can lead to inaccurate segmentation, this paper proposes an improved Swin-Unet model called squeeze-and-excitation Swin-Unet (SE-Swin Unet). Our model applies Swin Transformer modules and skip connection structures for global and local learning. At each skip connection, a SENet module is incorporated to focus on global target features through channel-wise attention, with the aims of highlighting significant regions of disease on maize leaves and suppressing irrelevant background areas. The improved loss function in SE-Swin Unet is based on a combination of the binary cross entropy and Dice loss functions, which form the semantic segmentation model. Compared to other traditional convolutional neural networks on the same dataset, SE-Swin Unet achieves higher mean results for the intersection over union, accuracy, and F1-score, with values of 84.61%, 92.98%, and 89.91%, respectively. The SE-Swin Unet model proposed in this paper is therefore better able to extract information on maize leaf disease, and can provide a reference for the realisation of the complex task of corn leaf disease segmentation.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT During high-speed seeding operations, collisions between seeds and seed guide tubes are very significant, resulting in poor seed spacing uniformity. To solve this problem, a high-speed seed guide device with conical spiral airflow was designed, which can use high-speed positive pressure airflow to move seeds smoothly. To improve the uniformity of the airflow field in the device, a single-factor test was carried out to determine the reasonable range of each factor. Then, the four-factor and five-level central composite test was carried out. The four main factors were screw pitch, cone angle, width of gap, and angle of air-tube, and the evaluation index was the mean variance of airflow velocity. The test results showed that the optimal parameters of the high-speed seed guide device with conical spiral airflow were a screw pitch of 24.98 mm, cone angle of 7.47/55, width of gap of 5.31 mm, and angle of air-tube of 25.09º. The verification test showed that the relative error between the verification test value and the predicted value was less than 5%, indicating that the model had high reliability. This research can provide references for the research of high-speed seed guide technology and the innovative design of seed guide devices.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT Current corn sowing equipment shows relatively low levels of automation and intelligent response. Issues such as wheel slipping and chain jumping occur in seeders driven by wheels and chains, leading to a decrease in the seeding qualification rate. To solve the problems of wheel slipping and low control strategy accuracy, an electric control sowing system has been designed. This system uses radar to collect the locomotive speed and automatically adjusts the motor speed. To improve the control accuracy of the electric control system, a dual closed-loop control method is employed, and the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller parameters are optimized by combining the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm and the fuzzy algorithm. Control accuracy tests and field tests are conducted for both the traditional PID control system and the fuzzy PID control system based on the PSO algorithm. The average error of this system is 0.622%, which is 1.6% lower than that for the traditional method. Field tests show that in operation, the sowing system achieves the average seeding qualification index of 93.99%, which is 3.19% higher than that for the traditional PID control method. The fuzzy PID control system shows improved sowing effectiveness compared to the traditional PID control method.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT To address the poor fitness and low accuracy of multiobjective parameter optimization, the BP neural network-based constrained multiobjective optimization method was applied to optimize a seed-metering device. Taking the 2BQ-15 type Panax notoginseng seed-metering device as the research object, the picking hole column diameter, forward velocity, and dropping seed point-to-picking hole roll distance were selected as the experimental factors, and the quality index, missing index and multiple index were selected as the performance indicators. The experimental scheme was designed by the quadratic orthogonal rotation combination, and the BP neural network of the precision seed-metering device was built from the experimental data. The seed-metering device was optimized by the proposed method, and the optimal parameter combinations were obtained as follows: the picking hole column diameter was 27 mm, the forward velocity was 0.50 m/s, and the dropping seed point-to-picking hole roll distance was 330 mm. Under such parameter combinations, the quality index is 93.4%, the missing index is 3.15%, and the multiple index is 3.35%. Finally, a verification test was carried out on the basis of the optimization results, the errors were within the allowable range, and the test results and optimized results were consistent.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT Rapeseed cutting and sunning are important processes associated with rapeseed harvesting in China. However, existing rapeseed windrowers have problems such as a tendency to entangle rapeseed plants, low laying quality, low operational efficiency, and high cutting power consumption for tall rapeseed plants. Hence, a new type of rapeseed windrower was designed. A new cutter with a planetary gear driving double moving cutting bars was designed, a motion model of the planetary gear mechanism was established, and the motion and structural parameters of the cutter were analysed. A theoretical analysis of this new cutting system showed that it not only had low cutting impact, minimal disturbance to rapeseed stalks, and high cutting continuity, but also low power consumption and stable operating performance. A reel based on a double-crank planar five-link mechanism was designed, and kinematics modelling and analysis of the new reel were carried out. The structure and motion parameters for the new reel were obtained. Finally, field experiments were conducted on both the newly designed rapeseed windrower and the original one. The results indicated that the newly designed windrower was suitable for high-quality, efficient cutting and sunning operations for tall rapeseed plants.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT Accurate crop classification, crucial for a macro-level understanding of food production, formulating relevant agricultural policies, and predicting comprehensive agricultural productivity, enables precise crop distribution. In remote sensing image classification, feature selection and representation play a pivotal role in accuracy. An augmented U-Net algorithm, named ASPP-SAM-UNet, integrating spatial attention mechanisms and multi-scale features is proposed for the enhancement of typical crop classification accuracy in remote sensing. The ASPP-SAM-UNet design integrates features over multiple scales, boosts the representational capacity of shallow features, and expands the neural network’s receptive field by incorporating Atrous Spatial Pyramid Pooling (ASPP) into the convolutional components of the standard U-Net encoder via residual connections. The integration of the residual module allows for a profound fusion of deep and shallow features, thereby enhancing their utility. The spatial attention mechanism amalgamates spatial and semantic information, empowering the decoder to reclaim more spatial information. This study focused on Bayan County, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, China, employing GF-6 WFV remote sensing images for crop classification. Empirical outcomes showed a significant improvement in classification accuracy with the advanced algorithm, boosting the overall accuracy (OA) from 89.49 to 92.80%. Specifically, the segmentation accuracy for maize, rice, and soybean increased from 89.90, 89.96, and 87.37% to 93.47, 94.82, and 89.35%, respectively. The suggested algorithm offers a pioneering performance standard for crop classification leveraging GF-6 WFV remote sensing imagery.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT This study aimed to obtain the sorption isotherms of grain sorghum flour, fit mathematical models to experimental data, and recommend safe water levels for preserving the material at different temperatures. Sorghum grains with an initial moisture content of 34% dry basis (db) were subjected to drying at a temperature of 60 °C, reaching moisture contents ranging from 32.20 to 9.8% db. Water activity was obtained using Hygropalm Aw1 equipment placed inside a BOD chamber at temperatures of 10, 20, 30, and 40 °C. The experimental data were fitted to mathematical models frequently used to predict the isotherms of plant products. The modified Oswin model presented the best fit to estimate the sorption isotherms of sorghum flour. Safe moisture content limits for storing sorghum flour are 18.45, 17.3, 16.08, and 15.2% db for temperatures of 10, 20, 30, and 40 °C, respectively. The isosteric heat for the range of equilibrium moisture contents from 9.80 to 32.20% db varied from 2779.49 to 2498.46 kJ kg−1.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT To meet environmental standards and sustainability policies, diesel-biodiesel-ethanol blends have been investigated as partial replacements for diesel. This study aimed to evaluate the emissions and performance of a diesel engine using a blend of biodiesel and ethanol. Four blends of biodiesel (7, 10, 15, and 20%) and four blends of ethanol (0, 1, 3, and 5%) were used. The power remained stable with the addition of biodiesel but decreased with the addition of ethanol for all blends. The power was reduced from 76 to 74 kW when the ethanol content increased from 0 to 5%. The addition of 1% ethanol increased the maximum torque linearly from 372 to 378 kW. A slight increase in the specific consumption was observed with the use of biodiesel and ethanol in the blend. An increase in the ethanol fraction from 0 to 5% reduced nitrogen oxide emissions, especially at high loads. Ethanol caused a decrease of up to 42% in nitrogen oxide. At high loads, a reduction in carbon monoxide emissions was observed with an increase in the blends of ethanol and biodiesel. Blends of biodiesel and ethanol with concentrations of 20% biodiesel and 5% ethanol are alternatives to diesel in agricultural tractor engines.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT Considering the spectral differences between broadleaf weeds and narrow-leaf crops and the influence of terrain and soil variables on weed infestations, integrating such information into a machine-learning algorithm can lead to accurate weed maps. Therefore, we aim to evaluate the effectiveness of these variables in classifying the occurrence of broadleaf weeds in narrow-leaf crops. Weed data was collected at georeferenced points across two areas covering 200 ha (pasture) and 106 ha (sorghum), creating classes 0 (absence) and 1 (presence). For each sample point, we obtained 11 variables: soil clay content, cation exchange capacity, soil organic matter, terrain elevation, slope, NDVI, EVI, CIgreen, BGND (derived from PlanetScope images), and spatial information (X and Y coordinates). These variables were used as predictors of broadleaf weed presence and absence in the Random Forest classification algorithm. The presence and absence of broadleaf weeds were correctly classified in 84% and 74% of all predictions in the test sample sets for pasture and sorghum areas, respectively. This strategy represents an efficient way to map and manage the occurrence of broadleaf weeds in narrow-leaf crops.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT A sunken solar greenhouse is a unique structure used in China that has good thermal performance and a low cost. To explore the thermal environment and the marginal effect area under the trellis membrane in a sunken solar greenhouse, daytime heat absorption and nighttime exothermic models of the greenhouse were established based on existing theories and hypotheses. An experimental study of the three-dimensional thermal environment of a solar greenhouse was also conducted in the Jinzhong Basin of Shanxi Province. The daytime heat absorption model described how the internal thermal environment of the greenhouse changes in three dimensions, while the nighttime model calculated the amount of heat released at night. The results showed that the rate of change in the maximum temperature difference along the height direction in the greenhouse was 13 times that along the vertical direction, and three times that along the horizontal direction. We also observed that the marginal effect area under the membrane varied over time and by month. The minimum value of the marginal effect area occurred at the middle cross-section, spanning the middle position of the greenhouse, and the maximum height was 2.7 m. The results of this study can provide theoretical guidance and experimental data for the thermal environment of greenhouses of the same type in the Jinzhong Basin of Shanxi Province, thus providing a basis for environmental regulation and low-temperature margins in greenhouses.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT This study aims to investigate the influence of moisture contents and grouser heights on traction force exerted on different surfaces in the track-soil interaction system. A sandy loam was employed for acquiring the soil parameters, such as kc, kφ, n, C, Ca, δ, φ, and γ. These parameters were obtained through the mean of the bevameter technique. Moisture contents of the sandy loam were changed from low to high levels, which could be listed as 1.4%, 8.0%, 14.7%, and 22.2% at last. The direct shear and penetration tests were performed for each soil condition of the moisture content, respectively. The model of the single-grouser-shoe (track model) had a length of 9 cm, a width of 15 cm, and varied grouser heights from 0 to 15 cm with a 0.5 cm interval. Based on the calculation result, in general, the shearing force produced by the bottom surface always performs better than either the shear force on the grouser-tip surface or two lateral surfaces. Simultaneously, prediction results also show that the shearing forces were significantly influenced by the level of moisture content in the soil.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT During the harvesting of waste straw in the field, a self-propelled baler undergoes significant oscillations in the longitudinal direction around its centre of gravity, which greatly affect the stability of operation and the comfort of the driver. In order to analyse the vibration characteristics of the main frame under multi-source excitation, the complete frame is divided into a chassis frame and a baling frame. A nine-degree-of-freedom vibration system model of the whole machine is established based on the relationship between the internal motion devices, and simulations are carried out using MATLAB/Simulink. In addition, a multi-body dynamics simulation of the compression device is carried out, and the law governing the variation in force at different unit points of the mechanism is analysed. Finally, the vibration response of the main frame under different working conditions is explored. The results show that the main frequency component of the frame in the no-load state is 80 Hz, and the main response frequency of the frame is about 1.6 Hz, a finding that is consistent with the operating frequency of the compression mechanism. In particular, the displacement amplitude of the simulated signal at the centroid position is consistent with that measured in experiments, which verifies the validity of the dynamic model. Our results can provide guidance for future work aiming to further reduce the body vibration amplitude and optimise the design of the frame.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT As the application scenarios of embedded devices become increasingly extensive, the use of high-performance convolutional neural networks can solve the problem of low accuracy of multiple defects detection in apples. However, owing to the overly large parameters and network structure of the convolutional neural network, perfectly integrating it with the embedded devices is difficult. Therefore, this study proposes a lightweight and improved algorithm based on Yolov5s. First, the structure of the optimized MobileNetV3 is introduced in the backbone layer to reduce the computational and parametric quantities of the model. Wise-IoU is used as the loss function of the localization regression of the bounding box to reduce the harm of low-quality samples on anchor box regression. The efficient multiscale attention mechanism is embedded in each downsampling layer of the backbone, and small target detection is added to the neck layer to improve the attention of the convolutional layer on important features. The experimental results showed that the Yolov5s-Super model parametric count decreased by 78%, and accuracy P, mAP@50, and mAP@50:95 improved by 10.3%, 3.2%, and 4.2%, respectively, compared to the original model. Theoretical support is provided for the migration of this network model to embedded devices.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT As weeds cannot be eradicated in corn fields, a crab claw toe was used as the research object and combined with the agronomic requirements of corn fields to design a bionic weed claw suitable for corn fields. The contour curve of the crab claw toe was extracted and fitted through the Matlab image processing technology and fitting tool to establish a bionic claw finger 3D model using Solid works. According to the mechanical soil dynamics theory of dynamics analysis, the root–soil aggregates are easily broken, loosened, and drained under the action of the bionic claw fingers. Based on single image inverse reconstruction technology, the weed root system–soil aggregates discrete meta-model was established. Recur Dyn was used in the bionic weed claw kinematics simulation to verify the reliability of the movement of the mechanism and to realise the expected action of the weeding operation. We analysed the movement speed, displacement, and trajectory of soil particles in different depth layers through the joint simulation and comparison test. Using the mechanism of weeding and resistance reduction of the bionic weeding claw, under the same working conditions, the average resistance reduction rate of the bionic claw finger compared with the flat claw finger in the grasping process was 16.4%. The resistance of grass roots was reduced 23.3%, making it easier to pull out the more intact grass roots.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT In complex environments, beet harvesters vibrate strongly under the influence of multiple sources of excitation. The modal constraints of the harvester's frame were obtained using modal simulation, and the accuracy of the finite element model was verified through SIMO modal testing. Additionally, field experiments were conducted to collect the vibration signals of the harvester under various conditions. Time-domain analysis revealed that the RMS value of the frame's Z-axis acceleration was highest in sugar beet fields and lowest on unpaved roads. There is a correlation between the operation of working components and changes in amplitude. Frequency domain analysis determined that the main vibration frequency of the frame was in the range of 0–75 Hz, and the operating frequency of the engine (35 Hz) and the power input shaft (12.7 Hz) excites the constrained modal of the frame, which may lead to resonance. Integrating the results of the modal response and vibration testing provides a more comprehensive approach to studying the vibration characteristics of agricultural machinery.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the duplicity and synergism of slow drying and storage processes at low temperatures, using a refrigerated room under suitable conditions for coffee fruit just after harvest. A cold room was prepared to receive and store coffee fruit in bulk directly from the field, perform slow drying, and maintain water content at approximately 12% during three months of storage. The room operated at temperatures between 7 and 14 ºC and relative humidity between 37 and 41%. The coffee variety used was the Conilon Yellow 62. The initial water content reduction period from 54% (wb) to 12% (wb) was two months. For comparison, coffee harvested from the same batch was dried on a covered suspended bed. Results showed that the coffee dried and stored in the cold room received a sensory score of 86.41, while that dried on a suspended bed obtained a sensory score of 84.16. Moreover, the coffee dried and stored in the cold room had a higher energy content. Colorimetric analysis showed that the dried grains stored in the cold room had a reduction in the "a" coordinate, indicating an approximation to the green color. The cold room also allowed for extended storage of the coffee grains.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT There are significant differences in the quantities of Camellia oleifera fruits growing within and outside the canopy distribution, meaning that a single mode of picking has drawbacks. To improve the harvesting efficiency for the inner and outer layers, this article proposes a synergistic mode of harvesting based on a vibration comb brush, and presents a design for a harvesting device based on this principle. The overall structure and working principle of the proposed device are explained, and the operational processes of the vibration and comb parts of the device are analyzed. ADAMS software is used to construct a rigid-flexible coupling model of the device and the fruiting branch, and simulation results are presented to show that the fruit drop and flower loss rates for Camellia oleifera are related to the vibration frequency, the amplitude, and the spacing between the teeth and comb plates. Finally, a three factor and three level field orthogonal experiment was conducted, and the results showed that under the conditions of vibration frequency 5.85Hz, amplitude 60.43mm, and comb spacing 45mm, the flower loss rate was the lowest and it had good picking performance. Under these conditions, the fruit drop rate is 87.32% and the flower loss rate is 8.06%, values that meet the requirements for mechanized picking of Camellia oleifera fruits.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT Vegetation indices are a quick and practical alternative for monitoring crops due to the availability of satellite images on various platforms for free, allowing a quick analysis of the vegetative state of the crop and interventions in the field in case of signs of diseases and pests. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the vegetative state of the coffee crop using vegetation indices (NDVI, SAVI, ARVI, EVI, and VDVI) in an agricultural year. The study was carried out on a commercial farm using satellite images from the Planet platform, during an agricultural coffee growing season (2021/2022). The indices selected for the study were the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index (ARVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), and Visible Difference Vegetation Index (VDVI). The index data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, classification/interpretation proposal, and the Kappa index. NDVI and SAVI are efficient in monitoring coffee cultivation in an agricultural year, as the Kappa index was higher than 90%. ARVI and EVI had Kappa index values close to 90% and can be used to monitor the crop. VDVI was inefficient, with a low Kappa index value when compared to the others. The proposed classification for vegetation indices based on NDVI classes and values consisted of an important tool for classifying and interpreting the values of these indices, assisting monitoring and management of coffee cultivation.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT The geometric characteristics, physical parameters and contact parameters of coated cotton seeds were obtained through theoretical analysis and experimental measurements. A discrete element model reflecting the intrinsic parameters of cotton seeds was established, the contact parameters of coated cotton seeds were calibrated using Discrete Element Method (DEM), and the significant factors affecting the stacking angle were screened using the Plackett-Burman method. The optimal ranges of the parameters were determined by the steepest ascent method, and a second-order regression model of the stacking angle and significant parameters was established by a central composite design. The following optimal values were obtained for cotton seeds: collision recovery (0.38), static friction (0.57) and rolling friction (0.19) coefficients. The average value of the stacking angle obtained by simulations with the best combination of parameters was 30.52°, the result of the simulation test was 30.91°, and the relative error was 1.278%. It is shown that the discrete element particle model and calibration parameters of cotton seed are closer to the actual situation, which can provide theoretical reference for analyzing the precise seeding of cotton seed and optimizing the structural parameters of seed disperser.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT Cocoa production significantly contributes to Brazil's economy, as the country is the seventh largest cocoa producer in the world. A substantial portion of Brazil's cocoa production comes from family farming, where cocoa bean processing relies on artisanal methods and manual labor. Therefore, there is a need to enhance technology in cocoa bean production, seeking even incremental innovations to increase productivity. This article presents a technical and economic feasibility study for implementing a new management system in the cocoa bean fermentation process on a farm in Novo Repartimento, Pará State (Brazil). The study aims to increase bean production for further processing, suggesting that these changes will improve productivity, reduce costs, and ultimately achieve greater profitability.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT Determining hydrographs for hydraulic works projects such as dams and reservoirs requires the definition of the design rainfall hyetograph. The Chicago method stands out as one of the most used methods, with the advantage of being easy to apply. However, the dependence on traditional and updated IDF equations can be pointed out as a limitation of the method. This study aimed to adapt and apply the Chicago hyetograph method with the intense rainfall equations of the alternative model, which stands out for its ease of obtaining and updating. The equations for estimating rainfall intensities for the duration before and after the peak of the hyetograph were presented. The equations were also adapted to obtain the accumulated depths or volumes of rainfall before and after the peak of the hyetograph. This information allows us to easily obtain the rainfall blocks for each interval of the hyetograph. The method was applied to determine the hyetograph based on the maximum daily rainfall, demonstrating each calculation step. The equations presented here can be implemented in electronic spreadsheets or programming routines, allowing Engineering professionals to apply methods that are more appropriate to local data.