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Eventos adversos cardiovasculares associados à terapia antineoplásica oral

RESUMO

Objetivo:

Identificar na literatura os eventos adversos cardiovasculares decorrentes da terapia antineoplásica oral.

Método:

Revisão integrativa de literatura nas bases de dados SCOPUS, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) e Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE). Utilizaram-se os descritores antineoplásicos, cardiotoxicidade, sistema cardiovascular e reação adversa, em português, inglês e espanhol. Foram selecionados 23 artigos publicados entre 1985 e 2015.

Resultados:

Vinte estudos estavam relacionados aos eventos cardíacos e onze aos eventos vasculares periféricos. Os eventos adversos cardíacos mais frequentes foram diminuição da fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo, infarto do miocárdio, alterações no eletrocardiograma, insuficiência cardíaca e angina, enquanto que os vasculares periféricos foram hipertensão arterial e tromboembolismo.

Conclusão:

A terapia antineoplásica oral está associada a diferentes eventos adversos, dentre eles os cardíacos e os vasculares periféricos.

Descritores:
Antineoplásicos; Efeitos Colaterais e Reações Adversas Relacionados a Medicamentos; Cardiotoxicidade; Sistema Cardiovascular; Revisão

ABSTRACT

Objective:

To identify in the literature the cardiovascular adverse events resulting from oral antineoplastic therapy.

Method:

Integrative review of the literature through the SCOPUS, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) databases. The antineoplastic, cardiotoxicity, cardiovascular system and adverse reaction descriptors were used in Portuguese, English and Spanish. We selected 23 articles published between 1985 and 2015.

Results:

Twenty studies were related to cardiac events and eleven to peripheral vascular events. The most frequent adverse cardiac events were reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, myocardial infarction, changes in the electrocardiogram, heart failure and angina, whereas peripheral vascular events were hypertension and thromboembolism.

Conclusion:

Oral antineoplastic therapy is associated with different adverse events, including cardiac and peripheral vascular events.

Descriptors:
Antineoplastic Agents; Adverse Effects; Cardiotoxicity; Cardiovascular System; Review

RESUMEN

Objetivo:

Identificar en la literatura los eventos adversos cardiovasculares derivados de la terapia antineoplásica oral.

Método:

Revisión integrativa de literatura en las bases de datos SCOPUS, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) y Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE). Se utilizaron descriptores antineoplásicos, cardiotoxicidad, el sistema cardiovascular y reacción adversa en Portugués, Inglés y Español. Se seleccionaron 23 artículos publicados entre 1985 y 2015.

Resultados:

Veinte estudios estaban relacionados con los eventos cardiacos y once con los eventos vasculares periféricos. Los eventos adversos cardiacos más frecuentes fueron la disminución de la fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo, infarto de miocardio, cambios en el electrocardiograma, insuficiencia cardíaca y angina, mientras que los vasculares periféricos fueron hipertensión arterial y tromboembolismo.

Conclusión:

La terapia antineoplásica oral está asociada a diferentes eventos adversos, entre ellos los cardíacos y los vasculares periféricos.

Descriptores:
Antineoplásicos; Efectos Colaterales y Reacciones Adversas Relacionados con Medicamentos; Cardiotoxicidad; Sistema Cardiovascular; Revisión

INTRODUÇÃO

Neoplasias se encontram entre as maiores causas de morbidade e mortalidade no mundo e representam desafios para a saúde global, sendo curáveis desde que tratadas precoce e adequadamente. O tratamento efetivo requer a seleção cuidadosa da intervenção para que as chances de cura sejam aumentadas. Dentre as modalidades existentes, a terapia antineoplásica oral é uma escolha frequente, a qual pode estar ou não associada a outros tratamentos, tais como a cirurgia, a radioterapia e a hormonioterapia(11 Silva FCM, Comarella L. Efeitos adversos associados à quimioterapia antineoplásica: levantamento realizado com pacientes de um hospital do estado do Paraná. Rev Uniandrade [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2016 Oct 12]; 14(3):263-77. Available from: http://www.uniandrade.br/revistauniandrade/index.php/revistauniandrade/article/view/82/63
http://www.uniandrade.br/revistauniandra...
).

A utilização da terapia com antineoplásicos orais requer responsabilidades por parte do paciente, assim como da equipe de saúde. Seu uso proporciona algumas vantagens, como a diminuição do desconforto, uma vez que não necessita de acesso venoso; uso do medicamento em casa ou no trabalho, sem o comprometimento da rotina habitual; e a sua administração simples e rápida. No entanto, essa nova realidade requer orientações específicas e práticas educativas pela equipe de saúde para que a terapia ocorra de maneira adequada e sejam reconhecidos os eventos adversos(22 Oliveira AT, Ana PAQ. Perfil de uso da terapia antineoplásica oral: a importância da orientação farmacêutica. Rev Bras Farm Hosp Serv Saúde [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2016 Oct 12]; 3(4):24-9. Available from: http://www.sbrafh.org.br/rbfhss/public/artigos/2012030420BR.pdf
http://www.sbrafh.org.br/rbfhss/public/a...
). Essas alterações se configuram como sinais, sintomas, doenças ou achados laboratoriais não favoráveis, temporários ou não, associados ao tratamento(33 Suspiro A, Prista J. Occupational exposure to anticancer drugs and adverse health effects. Rev Port Saúde Públ [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2016 Oct 12]; 30(1):76-88. Available from: http://www.elsevier.pt/pt/revistas/revista-portuguesa-saude-publica-323/pdf/S087090251200003X/S300/
http://www.elsevier.pt/pt/revistas/revis...
).

Destacam-se os eventos adversos cardiovasculares como representativos de grande risco ao paciente, visto que a cardiotoxicidade dos medicamentos pode levar a danos graves e óbito(44 Sayin OA, Ozpeker C, Schoenbrodt M, Oz F, Borgermann J, Gummert J, et al. Ventricular assist devices in patients with chemotherapy-induced cardiomyopathy: new modalities. Acta Cardiol [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2016 Oct 12]; 70(4):430-4. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26455245
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2645...
). Esses eventos adversos suscitam ações resolutivas pelo enfermeiro e demais membros da equipe de saúde, os quais devem ser respaldados por conhecimentos científicos com o intuito de reconhecer as adversidades e intervir prontamente na redução de danos, além de orientar e incentivar adequadamente o paciente a participar das decisões relativas ao seu tratamento(55 Harbeck N, Ewer MS, Laurentiis M, Suter TM, Ewer SM. Cardiovascular complications of conventional and targeted adjuvant breast cancer therapy. Ann Oncol [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2016 Oct 12]; 22(6):1250-8. Available from: http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/22/6/1250.full.pdf+html
http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content...
-66 Gozzo TO, Souza SG, Moysés AMB, Carvalho RAO, Ferreira SMA. Knowledge of a nursing team about chemotherapy adverse effects. Cienc Cuid Saude [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2016 Oct 12]; 14(2):1058-66. Available from: http://periodicos.uem.br/ojs/index.php/CiencCuidSaude/article/view/25040/pdf_364
http://periodicos.uem.br/ojs/index.php/C...
).

A literatura científica tem detalhado os eventos associados aos antineoplásicos em geral(77 Florescu M, Cinteza M, Vinereanu D. Chemotherapy-induced Cardiotoxicity. Maedica [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2016 Oct 12]; 8(1):59-67. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3749765/pdf/maed-08-59.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
), mas em relação à terapia oral, ainda há necessidade de sumarização e análise dos estudos existentes. Deste modo, formulou-se a seguinte questão de pesquisa: quais os eventos adversos cardiovasculares decorrentes da terapia antineoplásica oral, segundo a literatura científica em saúde?

OBJETIVO

Identificar na literatura os eventos adversos cardiovasculares decorrentes da terapia antineoplásica oral.

MÉTODO

Para alcançar o objetivo proposto, realizou-se uma revisão integrativa de literatura. Para seu desenvolvimento, seis etapas foram percorridas: identificação do tema e formulação da questão de pesquisa; amostragem; categorização dos estudos; síntese do conhecimento; discussão e interpretação dos resultados; e avaliação dos estudos incluídos na revisão(88 Mendes KDS, Silveira RCCP, Galvão CM. [Integrative literature review: a research method to incorporate evidence in health care and nursing]. Texto Contexto Enferm [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2012 May 05]; 17(4):758-64. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/tce/v17n4/18.pdf Portuguese.
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/tce/v17n4/18.pd...
).

Este estudo tem como tema central a saúde cardiovascular. Para a formulação da questão de pesquisa utilizou-se a estratégia PICO, que engloba os elementos fundamentais para construção da pergunta e busca bibliográfica de evidências. PICO representa o acrônimo de P= Patient; I= Intervention; C= Control e O= Outcomes(99 Santos CMC, Pimenta CAM, Nobre MRC. A estratégia PICO para a construção da pergunta de pesquisa e busca de evidências. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem[Internet]. 2007 [cited 2017 Sep 05]; 15(3):508-11. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-11692007000300023
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-11692007...
). Neste estudo, os elementos apresentados são: Patient: pessoas com câncer; intervention: Administração de antineoplásicos orais; outcomes: Eventos adversos cardiovasculares. Tendo em vista o seu objetivo, a questão de pesquisa e o fato de ser uma revisão integrativa, a etapa de comparação (C) não foi realizada.

Foram investigadas as publicações nas bases de dados SCOPUS, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) e Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE). Foram utilizados os Descritores em Ciência da Saúde (DeCS) da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) e do Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) da National Library of Medicine: antineoplásicos, cardiotoxicidade, sistema cardiovascular e reação adversa, nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol, dependendo da base de busca. Em cada base, combinou-se os descritores com o operador booleano AND de duas formas: antineoplásicos AND cardiotoxicidade AND reação adversa; e antineoplásicos AND sistema cardiovascular AND reação adversa. A busca de estudos na literatura foi realizada por quatro pesquisadores, que trabalharam simultânea e separadamente em todas as bases, com o auxílio de protocolo de pesquisa contendo os seguintes tópicos: título do artigo; autores do artigo; título do periódico; delineamento do estudo; medicação utilizada; população-alvo do estudo; e eventos adversos identificados. O processo de busca e seleção de artigos ocorreu entre os meses de maio e julho de 2016.

Foram selecionados os estudos que descreviam eventos adversos cardiovasculares decorrentes do tratamento com antineoplásicos orais. Como critérios de inclusão estabeleceram-se: pesquisas que respondessem à questão norteadora, publicadas nos idiomas português, inglês ou espanhol, disponíveis na íntegra por meios eletrônicos, independente do ano de publicação e que fossem dos níveis de evidência I, II, III e IV. Foram considerados critérios de exclusão: estudos que abordassem combinações entre antineoplásicos orais e outras terapias (intravenosas, intratecais, radioterapia), artigos de revisão e duplicados, experimentos em indivíduos sem câncer, ensaios in vitro e em animais.

A classificação foi estabelecida conforme nível de evidência, sendo o Nível I: Metanálises de ensaios clínicos randomizados; Nível II: Ensaios clínicos randomizados; Nível III: Ensaios clínicos sem randomização; e Nível IV: Estudos de caso-controle e coorte bem delineados(1010 Melnyk BM, Fineout-Overholt E. Making the case for evidence-based practice. In: Melnyk BM, Fineout-Overholt E. Evidence-based practice in nursing & healthcare: a guide to best practice. Philadelphia: Lippincot Williams & Wilkins; 2005.). Após busca nas bases de dados, os artigos selecionados foram analisados na íntegra. A Figura 1 apresenta os dados da busca realizada.

Figura 1
Distribuição dos artigos encontrados e selecionados, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, 2016

A seleção e a análise dos estudos selecionados foram feitas simultaneamente por duas pesquisadoras enfermeiras e discentes de programa de pós-graduação em enfermagem, que trabalharam em conjunto, sendo realizada uma reunião para consenso sobre os estudos que compuseram a amostra. Para isso, organizaram-se os artigos no banco de dados por meio da sumarização das seguintes informações: amostras, objetivos, métodos empregados, resultados e conclusões.

Ademais, as pesquisadoras discutiram acerca das convergências e divergências entre os resultados e conclusões dos estudos, analisando-se as relações dos artigos com a questão norteadora da revisão. Nesta etapa, buscou-se também identificar lacunas de conhecimento acerca da temática abordada. Por fim, os resultados foram formulados a partir da síntese do conhecimento encontrado nos estudos selecionados, o qual foi dividido em duas categorias: 1. Eventos adversos cardíacos; e 2. Eventos adversos vasculares periféricos.

RESULTADOS

A caracterização dos 23 artigos mostrou que o ano de publicação variou entre 1985 e 2015, sendo treze publicados nos Estados Unidos(1111 Hall PS, Harshman LC, Srinivas S, Witteles RM. The frequency and severity of cardiovascular toxicity from targeted therapy in advanced renal cell carcinoma patients. JACC: Heart Fail[Internet]. 2013 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 1(1):72-8. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213177912000030
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art...

12 Schmidinger M, Zielinski CC, Vogl UM, Bojic A, Bojic M, Schukro C, et al. Cardiac toxicity of sunitinib and sorafenib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 26(32):5204-12. Available from: http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/26/32/5204.full.pdf+html
http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/26/32/52...

13 DuBois SG, Shusterman S, Ingle AM, Ahern CH, Reid JM, Wu B, et al. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of sunitinib in pediatric patients with refractory solid tumors: a children's oncology group study. Clin Cancer Res [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 17(15):5113-22. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3149978/pdf/nihms303199.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

14 Tassi R, Baldazzi V, Lapini A, Carini M, Mazzanti R. Hyperlipidemia and hypothyroidism among metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients taking sunitinib malate: related or unrelated adverse events? Clin Genitour Cancer[Internet]. 2015 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 13(2):e101-5. Available from: http://www.clinical-genitourinary-cancer.com/article/S1558-7673(14)00202-X/pdf
http://www.clinical-genitourinary-cancer...

15 Motzer RJ, Hutson TE, Tomczak P, Michaelson MD, Bukowski RM, Rixie O, et al. Sunitinib versus interferon alfa in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 356:115-24. Available from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa065044
http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJM...

16 Trent JC, Patel SS, Zhang J, Araujo DM, Plana J, Lenihan DJ, et al. Rare incidence of congestive heart failure in gastrointestinal stromal tumor and other sarcoma patients receiving Imatinib Mesylate (IM). Cancer [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 116(1):184-92. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4306337/pdf/nihms149947.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

17 Blackwell KL, Burstein HJ, Storniolo AM, Rugo H, Sledge G, Koehler M, et al. Randomized study of lapatinib alone or in combination with trastuzumab in women with ErbB2-Positive, Trastuzumab-Refractory Metastatic Breast Cancer. J Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 28:1124-30. Available from: http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/28/7/1124.full.pdf+html
http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/28/7/112...

18 Steeghs N, Gelderblom H, Roodt J, Christensen O, Rajagopalan P, Hovens M. Hypertension and rarefaction during treatment with Telatinib, a small molecule angiogenesis inhibitor. Clin Cancer Res [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 14(11):3470-7. Available from: http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/14/11/3470.full-text.pdf
http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/co...

19 Johnson FM, Agrawal S, Burris H, Rosen L, Dhillon N, Hong D, et al. Phase 1 pharmacokinetic and drug-interaction study of Dasatinib in patients with advanced solid tumors. Cancer [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 116:1582-91. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.24927/pdf
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.10...

20 Lopez M, Contegiacomo A, Vici P, Ioio CD, Lauro L, Pagliarulo C, et al. A prospective randomized trial of Doxorubicin versus ldarubicin in the treatment of advanced breast cancer. Cancer [Internet]. 1989 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 64:2431-6. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/1097-0142(19891215)64:12%3C2431::AID-CNCR2820641206%3E3.0.CO;2-1/pdf
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.10...

21 Pui C, Graaf SSN, Dow LW, Rodman JH, Evans WE, Alpert BS, et al. Phase I clinical trial of orally administered 4- Demethoxydaunorubicin (Idarubicin ) with pharmacokinetic and in vitro drug sensitivity testing in children with refractory leukemia. Cancer Res [Internet]. 1988 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 48:5348-52. Available from: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/48/18/5348.full-text.pdf
http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/conten...

22 Cutsem EV, Findlay M, Osterwalder B, Kocha W, Dalley D, Pazdur R, et al, Capecitabine, an oral fluoropyrimidine carbamate with substantial activity in advanced colorectal cancer: results of a randomized phase ii study. J Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2000 Mar [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 18(6): 1337-45. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10715306
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1071...
-2323 Palumbo A, Bertola A, Musto P, Caravita T, Callea V, Nunzi M et al. Oral Melphalan, Prednisone, and Thalidomide for newly diagnosed patients with myeloma. Cancer [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 104:1428-33. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.21342/pdf
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.10...
), sete na Inglaterra(2424 Telli ML, Witteles RM, Fisher GA, Srinivas S. Cardiotoxicity associated with the cancer therapeutic agent sunitinib malate. Ann Oncol [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 19:1613-8. Available from: http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/9/1613.full.pdf+html
http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content...

25 Chu TF, Rupnick MA, Kerkela R, Dallabrida SM, Zurakowski D, Nguyen L, et al. Cardiotoxicity associated with the Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Sunitinib. Lancet [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 370(9604):2011-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2643085/pdf/nihms37146.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

26 Lorenzo G, Autorino R, Bruni G, Carteni G, Ricevuto E, Tudini M, et al. Cardiovascular toxicity following sunitinib therapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a multicenter analysis. Ann Oncol [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 20:1535-42. Available from: http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/20/9/1535.full.pdf+html
http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content...

27 Ghatalia P, Je Y, Kaymakcalan MD, Sonpavde G, Choueiri TK. QTc interval prolongation with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors. British J Cancer [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 112(2):296-305. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4453446/pdf/bjc2014564a.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

28 Demetri GD, Oosterom ATV, Garrett CR, Blackstein ME, Shah MH, Verweij J. Efficacy and safety of sunitinib in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumour after failure of imatinib : a randomised controlled trial. Lancet [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 368(9544):1329-38. Available from: http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(06)69446-4.pdf
http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/l...

29 The Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in combination Trialists' Group. Buzdar A, Howell A, Cuzick J, Wale C, Distler W, Hoctin-Boes G, et al. Comprehensive side-effect profile of anastrozole and tamoxifen as adjuvant treatment for early-stage breast cancer: long-term safety analysis of the ATAC trial. Lancet Oncol [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 7:633-43. Available from: http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lanonc/PIIS1470-2045(06)70767-7.pdf
http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/l...
-3030 Martoni A, Pacciarini MA, Pannuti F. Activity of 4-Demethoxydaunorubicin by the Oral Route in Advanced Breast Cancer. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol [Internet]. 1985 Jul [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 21(7): 803-6. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3862582
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3862...
) e três em outros países Europeus(3131 Heath EI, Infante J, Lewis LD, Luu T, Stephenson J, Tan AR, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effect of repeated oral doses of pazopanib on cardiac conduction in patients with solid tumors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 71(3):565-73. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3899892/pdf/nihms-516601.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

32 Kim TD, Coutre P, Schwarz M, Grille P, Levitin M, Fateh-Moghadam S, et al. Clinical cardiac safety profile of nilotinib. Haematol [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 97(6):883-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3366654/pdf/0970883.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
-3333 Elenkova A, Shabani R, Kalinov K, Zacharieva S. Increased prevalence of subclinical cardiac valve fibrosis in patients with prolactinomas on long-term bromocriptine and cabergoline treatment. European J Endocrinol [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 167(1):17-25. Available from: http://www.eje-online.org/content/167/1/17.full.pdf+html
http://www.eje-online.org/content/167/1/...
). Quanto aos níveis de evidência, observou-se a seguinte distribuição: um nível I(2727 Ghatalia P, Je Y, Kaymakcalan MD, Sonpavde G, Choueiri TK. QTc interval prolongation with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors. British J Cancer [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 112(2):296-305. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4453446/pdf/bjc2014564a.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
), sete nível II(1515 Motzer RJ, Hutson TE, Tomczak P, Michaelson MD, Bukowski RM, Rixie O, et al. Sunitinib versus interferon alfa in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 356:115-24. Available from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa065044
http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJM...
,1717 Blackwell KL, Burstein HJ, Storniolo AM, Rugo H, Sledge G, Koehler M, et al. Randomized study of lapatinib alone or in combination with trastuzumab in women with ErbB2-Positive, Trastuzumab-Refractory Metastatic Breast Cancer. J Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 28:1124-30. Available from: http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/28/7/1124.full.pdf+html
http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/28/7/112...
,2020 Lopez M, Contegiacomo A, Vici P, Ioio CD, Lauro L, Pagliarulo C, et al. A prospective randomized trial of Doxorubicin versus ldarubicin in the treatment of advanced breast cancer. Cancer [Internet]. 1989 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 64:2431-6. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/1097-0142(19891215)64:12%3C2431::AID-CNCR2820641206%3E3.0.CO;2-1/pdf
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.10...
,2222 Cutsem EV, Findlay M, Osterwalder B, Kocha W, Dalley D, Pazdur R, et al, Capecitabine, an oral fluoropyrimidine carbamate with substantial activity in advanced colorectal cancer: results of a randomized phase ii study. J Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2000 Mar [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 18(6): 1337-45. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10715306
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1071...
,2828 Demetri GD, Oosterom ATV, Garrett CR, Blackstein ME, Shah MH, Verweij J. Efficacy and safety of sunitinib in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumour after failure of imatinib : a randomised controlled trial. Lancet [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 368(9544):1329-38. Available from: http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(06)69446-4.pdf
http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/l...
-2929 The Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in combination Trialists' Group. Buzdar A, Howell A, Cuzick J, Wale C, Distler W, Hoctin-Boes G, et al. Comprehensive side-effect profile of anastrozole and tamoxifen as adjuvant treatment for early-stage breast cancer: long-term safety analysis of the ATAC trial. Lancet Oncol [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 7:633-43. Available from: http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lanonc/PIIS1470-2045(06)70767-7.pdf
http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/l...
,3131 Heath EI, Infante J, Lewis LD, Luu T, Stephenson J, Tan AR, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effect of repeated oral doses of pazopanib on cardiac conduction in patients with solid tumors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 71(3):565-73. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3899892/pdf/nihms-516601.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
), seis nível III(1313 DuBois SG, Shusterman S, Ingle AM, Ahern CH, Reid JM, Wu B, et al. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of sunitinib in pediatric patients with refractory solid tumors: a children's oncology group study. Clin Cancer Res [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 17(15):5113-22. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3149978/pdf/nihms303199.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,1818 Steeghs N, Gelderblom H, Roodt J, Christensen O, Rajagopalan P, Hovens M. Hypertension and rarefaction during treatment with Telatinib, a small molecule angiogenesis inhibitor. Clin Cancer Res [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 14(11):3470-7. Available from: http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/14/11/3470.full-text.pdf
http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/co...
-1919 Johnson FM, Agrawal S, Burris H, Rosen L, Dhillon N, Hong D, et al. Phase 1 pharmacokinetic and drug-interaction study of Dasatinib in patients with advanced solid tumors. Cancer [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 116:1582-91. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.24927/pdf
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.10...
,2121 Pui C, Graaf SSN, Dow LW, Rodman JH, Evans WE, Alpert BS, et al. Phase I clinical trial of orally administered 4- Demethoxydaunorubicin (Idarubicin ) with pharmacokinetic and in vitro drug sensitivity testing in children with refractory leukemia. Cancer Res [Internet]. 1988 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 48:5348-52. Available from: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/48/18/5348.full-text.pdf
http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/conten...
,2323 Palumbo A, Bertola A, Musto P, Caravita T, Callea V, Nunzi M et al. Oral Melphalan, Prednisone, and Thalidomide for newly diagnosed patients with myeloma. Cancer [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 104:1428-33. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.21342/pdf
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.10...
,3030 Martoni A, Pacciarini MA, Pannuti F. Activity of 4-Demethoxydaunorubicin by the Oral Route in Advanced Breast Cancer. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol [Internet]. 1985 Jul [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 21(7): 803-6. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3862582
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3862...
), e nove nível IV(1111 Hall PS, Harshman LC, Srinivas S, Witteles RM. The frequency and severity of cardiovascular toxicity from targeted therapy in advanced renal cell carcinoma patients. JACC: Heart Fail[Internet]. 2013 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 1(1):72-8. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213177912000030
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art...
-1212 Schmidinger M, Zielinski CC, Vogl UM, Bojic A, Bojic M, Schukro C, et al. Cardiac toxicity of sunitinib and sorafenib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 26(32):5204-12. Available from: http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/26/32/5204.full.pdf+html
http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/26/32/52...
,1414 Tassi R, Baldazzi V, Lapini A, Carini M, Mazzanti R. Hyperlipidemia and hypothyroidism among metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients taking sunitinib malate: related or unrelated adverse events? Clin Genitour Cancer[Internet]. 2015 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 13(2):e101-5. Available from: http://www.clinical-genitourinary-cancer.com/article/S1558-7673(14)00202-X/pdf
http://www.clinical-genitourinary-cancer...
,1616 Trent JC, Patel SS, Zhang J, Araujo DM, Plana J, Lenihan DJ, et al. Rare incidence of congestive heart failure in gastrointestinal stromal tumor and other sarcoma patients receiving Imatinib Mesylate (IM). Cancer [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 116(1):184-92. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4306337/pdf/nihms149947.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2424 Telli ML, Witteles RM, Fisher GA, Srinivas S. Cardiotoxicity associated with the cancer therapeutic agent sunitinib malate. Ann Oncol [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 19:1613-8. Available from: http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/9/1613.full.pdf+html
http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content...
,2626 Lorenzo G, Autorino R, Bruni G, Carteni G, Ricevuto E, Tudini M, et al. Cardiovascular toxicity following sunitinib therapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a multicenter analysis. Ann Oncol [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 20:1535-42. Available from: http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/20/9/1535.full.pdf+html
http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content...
,3232 Kim TD, Coutre P, Schwarz M, Grille P, Levitin M, Fateh-Moghadam S, et al. Clinical cardiac safety profile of nilotinib. Haematol [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 97(6):883-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3366654/pdf/0970883.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
-3333 Elenkova A, Shabani R, Kalinov K, Zacharieva S. Increased prevalence of subclinical cardiac valve fibrosis in patients with prolactinomas on long-term bromocriptine and cabergoline treatment. European J Endocrinol [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 167(1):17-25. Available from: http://www.eje-online.org/content/167/1/17.full.pdf+html
http://www.eje-online.org/content/167/1/...
).

Considerando-se as duas categorias do estudo, eventos adversos cardíacos e eventos adversos vasculares periféricos, a maioria dos artigos fez parte da primeira com vinte estudos. Nela, destacaram-se: diminuição da fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo(1212 Schmidinger M, Zielinski CC, Vogl UM, Bojic A, Bojic M, Schukro C, et al. Cardiac toxicity of sunitinib and sorafenib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 26(32):5204-12. Available from: http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/26/32/5204.full.pdf+html
http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/26/32/52...
,1414 Tassi R, Baldazzi V, Lapini A, Carini M, Mazzanti R. Hyperlipidemia and hypothyroidism among metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients taking sunitinib malate: related or unrelated adverse events? Clin Genitour Cancer[Internet]. 2015 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 13(2):e101-5. Available from: http://www.clinical-genitourinary-cancer.com/article/S1558-7673(14)00202-X/pdf
http://www.clinical-genitourinary-cancer...
-1515 Motzer RJ, Hutson TE, Tomczak P, Michaelson MD, Bukowski RM, Rixie O, et al. Sunitinib versus interferon alfa in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 356:115-24. Available from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa065044
http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJM...
,1717 Blackwell KL, Burstein HJ, Storniolo AM, Rugo H, Sledge G, Koehler M, et al. Randomized study of lapatinib alone or in combination with trastuzumab in women with ErbB2-Positive, Trastuzumab-Refractory Metastatic Breast Cancer. J Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 28:1124-30. Available from: http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/28/7/1124.full.pdf+html
http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/28/7/112...
,2020 Lopez M, Contegiacomo A, Vici P, Ioio CD, Lauro L, Pagliarulo C, et al. A prospective randomized trial of Doxorubicin versus ldarubicin in the treatment of advanced breast cancer. Cancer [Internet]. 1989 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 64:2431-6. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/1097-0142(19891215)64:12%3C2431::AID-CNCR2820641206%3E3.0.CO;2-1/pdf
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.10...
-2121 Pui C, Graaf SSN, Dow LW, Rodman JH, Evans WE, Alpert BS, et al. Phase I clinical trial of orally administered 4- Demethoxydaunorubicin (Idarubicin ) with pharmacokinetic and in vitro drug sensitivity testing in children with refractory leukemia. Cancer Res [Internet]. 1988 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 48:5348-52. Available from: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/48/18/5348.full-text.pdf
http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/conten...
,2424 Telli ML, Witteles RM, Fisher GA, Srinivas S. Cardiotoxicity associated with the cancer therapeutic agent sunitinib malate. Ann Oncol [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 19:1613-8. Available from: http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/9/1613.full.pdf+html
http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content...

25 Chu TF, Rupnick MA, Kerkela R, Dallabrida SM, Zurakowski D, Nguyen L, et al. Cardiotoxicity associated with the Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Sunitinib. Lancet [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 370(9604):2011-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2643085/pdf/nihms37146.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
-2626 Lorenzo G, Autorino R, Bruni G, Carteni G, Ricevuto E, Tudini M, et al. Cardiovascular toxicity following sunitinib therapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a multicenter analysis. Ann Oncol [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 20:1535-42. Available from: http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/20/9/1535.full.pdf+html
http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content...
,3030 Martoni A, Pacciarini MA, Pannuti F. Activity of 4-Demethoxydaunorubicin by the Oral Route in Advanced Breast Cancer. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol [Internet]. 1985 Jul [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 21(7): 803-6. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3862582
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3862...
), infarto do miocárdio(1414 Tassi R, Baldazzi V, Lapini A, Carini M, Mazzanti R. Hyperlipidemia and hypothyroidism among metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients taking sunitinib malate: related or unrelated adverse events? Clin Genitour Cancer[Internet]. 2015 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 13(2):e101-5. Available from: http://www.clinical-genitourinary-cancer.com/article/S1558-7673(14)00202-X/pdf
http://www.clinical-genitourinary-cancer...
,2525 Chu TF, Rupnick MA, Kerkela R, Dallabrida SM, Zurakowski D, Nguyen L, et al. Cardiotoxicity associated with the Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Sunitinib. Lancet [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 370(9604):2011-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2643085/pdf/nihms37146.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2929 The Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in combination Trialists' Group. Buzdar A, Howell A, Cuzick J, Wale C, Distler W, Hoctin-Boes G, et al. Comprehensive side-effect profile of anastrozole and tamoxifen as adjuvant treatment for early-stage breast cancer: long-term safety analysis of the ATAC trial. Lancet Oncol [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 7:633-43. Available from: http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lanonc/PIIS1470-2045(06)70767-7.pdf
http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/l...
,3232 Kim TD, Coutre P, Schwarz M, Grille P, Levitin M, Fateh-Moghadam S, et al. Clinical cardiac safety profile of nilotinib. Haematol [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 97(6):883-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3366654/pdf/0970883.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
), alterações no eletrocardiograma(1212 Schmidinger M, Zielinski CC, Vogl UM, Bojic A, Bojic M, Schukro C, et al. Cardiac toxicity of sunitinib and sorafenib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 26(32):5204-12. Available from: http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/26/32/5204.full.pdf+html
http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/26/32/52...
-1313 DuBois SG, Shusterman S, Ingle AM, Ahern CH, Reid JM, Wu B, et al. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of sunitinib in pediatric patients with refractory solid tumors: a children's oncology group study. Clin Cancer Res [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 17(15):5113-22. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3149978/pdf/nihms303199.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,1616 Trent JC, Patel SS, Zhang J, Araujo DM, Plana J, Lenihan DJ, et al. Rare incidence of congestive heart failure in gastrointestinal stromal tumor and other sarcoma patients receiving Imatinib Mesylate (IM). Cancer [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 116(1):184-92. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4306337/pdf/nihms149947.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,1919 Johnson FM, Agrawal S, Burris H, Rosen L, Dhillon N, Hong D, et al. Phase 1 pharmacokinetic and drug-interaction study of Dasatinib in patients with advanced solid tumors. Cancer [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 116:1582-91. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.24927/pdf
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.10...
,2727 Ghatalia P, Je Y, Kaymakcalan MD, Sonpavde G, Choueiri TK. QTc interval prolongation with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors. British J Cancer [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 112(2):296-305. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4453446/pdf/bjc2014564a.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,3030 Martoni A, Pacciarini MA, Pannuti F. Activity of 4-Demethoxydaunorubicin by the Oral Route in Advanced Breast Cancer. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol [Internet]. 1985 Jul [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 21(7): 803-6. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3862582
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3862...

31 Heath EI, Infante J, Lewis LD, Luu T, Stephenson J, Tan AR, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effect of repeated oral doses of pazopanib on cardiac conduction in patients with solid tumors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 71(3):565-73. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3899892/pdf/nihms-516601.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
-3232 Kim TD, Coutre P, Schwarz M, Grille P, Levitin M, Fateh-Moghadam S, et al. Clinical cardiac safety profile of nilotinib. Haematol [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 97(6):883-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3366654/pdf/0970883.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
), insuficiência cardíaca(1111 Hall PS, Harshman LC, Srinivas S, Witteles RM. The frequency and severity of cardiovascular toxicity from targeted therapy in advanced renal cell carcinoma patients. JACC: Heart Fail[Internet]. 2013 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 1(1):72-8. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213177912000030
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art...
,1616 Trent JC, Patel SS, Zhang J, Araujo DM, Plana J, Lenihan DJ, et al. Rare incidence of congestive heart failure in gastrointestinal stromal tumor and other sarcoma patients receiving Imatinib Mesylate (IM). Cancer [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 116(1):184-92. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4306337/pdf/nihms149947.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2525 Chu TF, Rupnick MA, Kerkela R, Dallabrida SM, Zurakowski D, Nguyen L, et al. Cardiotoxicity associated with the Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Sunitinib. Lancet [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 370(9604):2011-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2643085/pdf/nihms37146.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
-2626 Lorenzo G, Autorino R, Bruni G, Carteni G, Ricevuto E, Tudini M, et al. Cardiovascular toxicity following sunitinib therapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a multicenter analysis. Ann Oncol [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 20:1535-42. Available from: http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/20/9/1535.full.pdf+html
http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content...
) e angina(2222 Cutsem EV, Findlay M, Osterwalder B, Kocha W, Dalley D, Pazdur R, et al, Capecitabine, an oral fluoropyrimidine carbamate with substantial activity in advanced colorectal cancer: results of a randomized phase ii study. J Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2000 Mar [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 18(6): 1337-45. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10715306
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1071...
,2929 The Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in combination Trialists' Group. Buzdar A, Howell A, Cuzick J, Wale C, Distler W, Hoctin-Boes G, et al. Comprehensive side-effect profile of anastrozole and tamoxifen as adjuvant treatment for early-stage breast cancer: long-term safety analysis of the ATAC trial. Lancet Oncol [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 7:633-43. Available from: http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lanonc/PIIS1470-2045(06)70767-7.pdf
http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/l...
,3232 Kim TD, Coutre P, Schwarz M, Grille P, Levitin M, Fateh-Moghadam S, et al. Clinical cardiac safety profile of nilotinib. Haematol [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 97(6):883-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3366654/pdf/0970883.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
).

A segunda categoria de artigos envolveu os eventos adversos vasculares periféricos relacionados à terapia antineoplásica oral e constituiu-se de onze artigos, destacando-se os desfechos hipertensão arterial(1111 Hall PS, Harshman LC, Srinivas S, Witteles RM. The frequency and severity of cardiovascular toxicity from targeted therapy in advanced renal cell carcinoma patients. JACC: Heart Fail[Internet]. 2013 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 1(1):72-8. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213177912000030
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art...
,1313 DuBois SG, Shusterman S, Ingle AM, Ahern CH, Reid JM, Wu B, et al. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of sunitinib in pediatric patients with refractory solid tumors: a children's oncology group study. Clin Cancer Res [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 17(15):5113-22. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3149978/pdf/nihms303199.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,1515 Motzer RJ, Hutson TE, Tomczak P, Michaelson MD, Bukowski RM, Rixie O, et al. Sunitinib versus interferon alfa in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 356:115-24. Available from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa065044
http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJM...
,2525 Chu TF, Rupnick MA, Kerkela R, Dallabrida SM, Zurakowski D, Nguyen L, et al. Cardiotoxicity associated with the Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Sunitinib. Lancet [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 370(9604):2011-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2643085/pdf/nihms37146.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
-2626 Lorenzo G, Autorino R, Bruni G, Carteni G, Ricevuto E, Tudini M, et al. Cardiovascular toxicity following sunitinib therapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a multicenter analysis. Ann Oncol [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 20:1535-42. Available from: http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/20/9/1535.full.pdf+html
http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content...
,2828 Demetri GD, Oosterom ATV, Garrett CR, Blackstein ME, Shah MH, Verweij J. Efficacy and safety of sunitinib in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumour after failure of imatinib : a randomised controlled trial. Lancet [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 368(9544):1329-38. Available from: http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(06)69446-4.pdf
http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/l...
-2929 The Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in combination Trialists' Group. Buzdar A, Howell A, Cuzick J, Wale C, Distler W, Hoctin-Boes G, et al. Comprehensive side-effect profile of anastrozole and tamoxifen as adjuvant treatment for early-stage breast cancer: long-term safety analysis of the ATAC trial. Lancet Oncol [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 7:633-43. Available from: http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lanonc/PIIS1470-2045(06)70767-7.pdf
http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/l...
,3131 Heath EI, Infante J, Lewis LD, Luu T, Stephenson J, Tan AR, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effect of repeated oral doses of pazopanib on cardiac conduction in patients with solid tumors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 71(3):565-73. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3899892/pdf/nihms-516601.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
) e eventos tromboembólicos(1212 Schmidinger M, Zielinski CC, Vogl UM, Bojic A, Bojic M, Schukro C, et al. Cardiac toxicity of sunitinib and sorafenib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 26(32):5204-12. Available from: http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/26/32/5204.full.pdf+html
http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/26/32/52...
,2323 Palumbo A, Bertola A, Musto P, Caravita T, Callea V, Nunzi M et al. Oral Melphalan, Prednisone, and Thalidomide for newly diagnosed patients with myeloma. Cancer [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 104:1428-33. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.21342/pdf
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.10...
,2929 The Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in combination Trialists' Group. Buzdar A, Howell A, Cuzick J, Wale C, Distler W, Hoctin-Boes G, et al. Comprehensive side-effect profile of anastrozole and tamoxifen as adjuvant treatment for early-stage breast cancer: long-term safety analysis of the ATAC trial. Lancet Oncol [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 7:633-43. Available from: http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lanonc/PIIS1470-2045(06)70767-7.pdf
http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/l...
).

Participaram 15.941 pacientes dos 23 estudos avaliados. Os antineoplásicos orais mais utilizados foram os inibidores da tirosina quinase, com dezesseis estudos (69,5%), sendo encontrados estudos acerca do sunitinibe(1111 Hall PS, Harshman LC, Srinivas S, Witteles RM. The frequency and severity of cardiovascular toxicity from targeted therapy in advanced renal cell carcinoma patients. JACC: Heart Fail[Internet]. 2013 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 1(1):72-8. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213177912000030
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art...

12 Schmidinger M, Zielinski CC, Vogl UM, Bojic A, Bojic M, Schukro C, et al. Cardiac toxicity of sunitinib and sorafenib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 26(32):5204-12. Available from: http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/26/32/5204.full.pdf+html
http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/26/32/52...

13 DuBois SG, Shusterman S, Ingle AM, Ahern CH, Reid JM, Wu B, et al. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of sunitinib in pediatric patients with refractory solid tumors: a children's oncology group study. Clin Cancer Res [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 17(15):5113-22. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3149978/pdf/nihms303199.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

14 Tassi R, Baldazzi V, Lapini A, Carini M, Mazzanti R. Hyperlipidemia and hypothyroidism among metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients taking sunitinib malate: related or unrelated adverse events? Clin Genitour Cancer[Internet]. 2015 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 13(2):e101-5. Available from: http://www.clinical-genitourinary-cancer.com/article/S1558-7673(14)00202-X/pdf
http://www.clinical-genitourinary-cancer...
-1515 Motzer RJ, Hutson TE, Tomczak P, Michaelson MD, Bukowski RM, Rixie O, et al. Sunitinib versus interferon alfa in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 356:115-24. Available from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa065044
http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJM...
,2424 Telli ML, Witteles RM, Fisher GA, Srinivas S. Cardiotoxicity associated with the cancer therapeutic agent sunitinib malate. Ann Oncol [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 19:1613-8. Available from: http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/9/1613.full.pdf+html
http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content...

25 Chu TF, Rupnick MA, Kerkela R, Dallabrida SM, Zurakowski D, Nguyen L, et al. Cardiotoxicity associated with the Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Sunitinib. Lancet [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 370(9604):2011-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2643085/pdf/nihms37146.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

26 Lorenzo G, Autorino R, Bruni G, Carteni G, Ricevuto E, Tudini M, et al. Cardiovascular toxicity following sunitinib therapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a multicenter analysis. Ann Oncol [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 20:1535-42. Available from: http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/20/9/1535.full.pdf+html
http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content...

27 Ghatalia P, Je Y, Kaymakcalan MD, Sonpavde G, Choueiri TK. QTc interval prolongation with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors. British J Cancer [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 112(2):296-305. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4453446/pdf/bjc2014564a.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
-2828 Demetri GD, Oosterom ATV, Garrett CR, Blackstein ME, Shah MH, Verweij J. Efficacy and safety of sunitinib in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumour after failure of imatinib : a randomised controlled trial. Lancet [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 368(9544):1329-38. Available from: http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(06)69446-4.pdf
http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/l...
), pazopanibe(1111 Hall PS, Harshman LC, Srinivas S, Witteles RM. The frequency and severity of cardiovascular toxicity from targeted therapy in advanced renal cell carcinoma patients. JACC: Heart Fail[Internet]. 2013 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 1(1):72-8. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213177912000030
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art...
,2727 Ghatalia P, Je Y, Kaymakcalan MD, Sonpavde G, Choueiri TK. QTc interval prolongation with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors. British J Cancer [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 112(2):296-305. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4453446/pdf/bjc2014564a.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,3131 Heath EI, Infante J, Lewis LD, Luu T, Stephenson J, Tan AR, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effect of repeated oral doses of pazopanib on cardiac conduction in patients with solid tumors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 71(3):565-73. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3899892/pdf/nihms-516601.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
), sorafenibe(1111 Hall PS, Harshman LC, Srinivas S, Witteles RM. The frequency and severity of cardiovascular toxicity from targeted therapy in advanced renal cell carcinoma patients. JACC: Heart Fail[Internet]. 2013 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 1(1):72-8. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213177912000030
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art...
-1212 Schmidinger M, Zielinski CC, Vogl UM, Bojic A, Bojic M, Schukro C, et al. Cardiac toxicity of sunitinib and sorafenib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 26(32):5204-12. Available from: http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/26/32/5204.full.pdf+html
http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/26/32/52...
,2727 Ghatalia P, Je Y, Kaymakcalan MD, Sonpavde G, Choueiri TK. QTc interval prolongation with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors. British J Cancer [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 112(2):296-305. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4453446/pdf/bjc2014564a.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
), imatinibe(1616 Trent JC, Patel SS, Zhang J, Araujo DM, Plana J, Lenihan DJ, et al. Rare incidence of congestive heart failure in gastrointestinal stromal tumor and other sarcoma patients receiving Imatinib Mesylate (IM). Cancer [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 116(1):184-92. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4306337/pdf/nihms149947.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
), lapatinibe(1717 Blackwell KL, Burstein HJ, Storniolo AM, Rugo H, Sledge G, Koehler M, et al. Randomized study of lapatinib alone or in combination with trastuzumab in women with ErbB2-Positive, Trastuzumab-Refractory Metastatic Breast Cancer. J Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 28:1124-30. Available from: http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/28/7/1124.full.pdf+html
http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/28/7/112...
), nilotinibe(3232 Kim TD, Coutre P, Schwarz M, Grille P, Levitin M, Fateh-Moghadam S, et al. Clinical cardiac safety profile of nilotinib. Haematol [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 97(6):883-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3366654/pdf/0970883.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
), telatinibe(1818 Steeghs N, Gelderblom H, Roodt J, Christensen O, Rajagopalan P, Hovens M. Hypertension and rarefaction during treatment with Telatinib, a small molecule angiogenesis inhibitor. Clin Cancer Res [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 14(11):3470-7. Available from: http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/14/11/3470.full-text.pdf
http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/co...
), dasatinibe(1919 Johnson FM, Agrawal S, Burris H, Rosen L, Dhillon N, Hong D, et al. Phase 1 pharmacokinetic and drug-interaction study of Dasatinib in patients with advanced solid tumors. Cancer [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 116:1582-91. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.24927/pdf
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.10...
), axitinibe, vandetanibe, cabozantinibe, ponatinibe e regorafenibe(2727 Ghatalia P, Je Y, Kaymakcalan MD, Sonpavde G, Choueiri TK. QTc interval prolongation with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors. British J Cancer [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 112(2):296-305. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4453446/pdf/bjc2014564a.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
). Os tipos mais frequentes de câncer foram o carcinoma de células renais(1111 Hall PS, Harshman LC, Srinivas S, Witteles RM. The frequency and severity of cardiovascular toxicity from targeted therapy in advanced renal cell carcinoma patients. JACC: Heart Fail[Internet]. 2013 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 1(1):72-8. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213177912000030
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art...
-1212 Schmidinger M, Zielinski CC, Vogl UM, Bojic A, Bojic M, Schukro C, et al. Cardiac toxicity of sunitinib and sorafenib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 26(32):5204-12. Available from: http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/26/32/5204.full.pdf+html
http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/26/32/52...
,1414 Tassi R, Baldazzi V, Lapini A, Carini M, Mazzanti R. Hyperlipidemia and hypothyroidism among metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients taking sunitinib malate: related or unrelated adverse events? Clin Genitour Cancer[Internet]. 2015 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 13(2):e101-5. Available from: http://www.clinical-genitourinary-cancer.com/article/S1558-7673(14)00202-X/pdf
http://www.clinical-genitourinary-cancer...
-1515 Motzer RJ, Hutson TE, Tomczak P, Michaelson MD, Bukowski RM, Rixie O, et al. Sunitinib versus interferon alfa in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 356:115-24. Available from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa065044
http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJM...
,2424 Telli ML, Witteles RM, Fisher GA, Srinivas S. Cardiotoxicity associated with the cancer therapeutic agent sunitinib malate. Ann Oncol [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 19:1613-8. Available from: http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/9/1613.full.pdf+html
http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content...
,2626 Lorenzo G, Autorino R, Bruni G, Carteni G, Ricevuto E, Tudini M, et al. Cardiovascular toxicity following sunitinib therapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a multicenter analysis. Ann Oncol [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 20:1535-42. Available from: http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/20/9/1535.full.pdf+html
http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content...
) seguido pelo câncer de mama(1717 Blackwell KL, Burstein HJ, Storniolo AM, Rugo H, Sledge G, Koehler M, et al. Randomized study of lapatinib alone or in combination with trastuzumab in women with ErbB2-Positive, Trastuzumab-Refractory Metastatic Breast Cancer. J Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 28:1124-30. Available from: http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/28/7/1124.full.pdf+html
http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/28/7/112...
,2020 Lopez M, Contegiacomo A, Vici P, Ioio CD, Lauro L, Pagliarulo C, et al. A prospective randomized trial of Doxorubicin versus ldarubicin in the treatment of advanced breast cancer. Cancer [Internet]. 1989 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 64:2431-6. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/1097-0142(19891215)64:12%3C2431::AID-CNCR2820641206%3E3.0.CO;2-1/pdf
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.10...
,2929 The Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in combination Trialists' Group. Buzdar A, Howell A, Cuzick J, Wale C, Distler W, Hoctin-Boes G, et al. Comprehensive side-effect profile of anastrozole and tamoxifen as adjuvant treatment for early-stage breast cancer: long-term safety analysis of the ATAC trial. Lancet Oncol [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 7:633-43. Available from: http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lanonc/PIIS1470-2045(06)70767-7.pdf
http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/l...
-3030 Martoni A, Pacciarini MA, Pannuti F. Activity of 4-Demethoxydaunorubicin by the Oral Route in Advanced Breast Cancer. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol [Internet]. 1985 Jul [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 21(7): 803-6. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3862582
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3862...
).

Quadro 1
Eventos adversos cardíacos associados à terapia antineoplásica oral
Quadro 2
Eventos adversos vasculares periféricos associados à terapia antineoplásica oral

DISCUSSÃO

A pesquisa acerca dos eventos adversos cardiovasculares decorrentes da utilização de antineoplásicos orais permitiu identificar situações de risco as quais o paciente em tratamento do câncer é submetido(3434 Ezaz G, Long JB, Gross CP, Chen J. Risk prediction model for heart failure and cardiomyopathy after adjuvant trastuzumab therapy for breast cancer. J Am Heart Assoc [Internet]. 2014[cited 2016 Oct 16];3:e000472. Available from: http://jaha.ahajournals.org/content/3/1/e000472.full.pdf+html
http://jaha.ahajournals.org/content/3/1/...
). Constataram-se vários eventos adversos cardíacos e vasculares periféricos.

Eventos adversos verificados durante a terapia antineoplásica são provenientes, sobretudo, da toxicidade dos fármacos. Tendo em vista essa toxicidade, estes eventos são classificados entre os níveis 0 e 4, sendo que 0 representa evento não verificado e 4 representa maior gravidade com risco de morte ou comprometimento incapacitante(3535 Saad ED, Hoff PM, Carnelós RP, Katz A, Novis YAS, Pietrocola M, et al. Critérios comuns de toxicidade do Instituto Nacional de Câncer dos Estados Unidos. Rev Bras Cancerol [Internet]. 2002 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 48(1):63-96. Available from: http://www.inca.gov.br/rbc/n_48/v01/pdf/artigo6.pdf
http://www.inca.gov.br/rbc/n_48/v01/pdf/...
). Nos estudos analisados, os eventos verificados foram classificados de grau 1 a 4, evidenciando desde alterações transitórias e sem maiores complicações, até aquelas que representam grande risco para o paciente, inclusive a ocorrência de óbitos.

Os eventos adversos cardíacos encontrados foram: infarto do miocárdio, alterações no eletrocardiograma, insuficiência cardíaca, angina, e, o mais comum, a diminuição da fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo, sendo os inibidores da tirosina quinase os fármacos mais envolvidos. Dentre essa classe medicamentosa, o tratamento com sunitinibe seguido de diminuição da fração de ejeção ventricular foi relatado em cinco estudos, com incidência do evento variando entre 2% e 28%(1212 Schmidinger M, Zielinski CC, Vogl UM, Bojic A, Bojic M, Schukro C, et al. Cardiac toxicity of sunitinib and sorafenib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 26(32):5204-12. Available from: http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/26/32/5204.full.pdf+html
http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/26/32/52...
-1313 DuBois SG, Shusterman S, Ingle AM, Ahern CH, Reid JM, Wu B, et al. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of sunitinib in pediatric patients with refractory solid tumors: a children's oncology group study. Clin Cancer Res [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 17(15):5113-22. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3149978/pdf/nihms303199.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2424 Telli ML, Witteles RM, Fisher GA, Srinivas S. Cardiotoxicity associated with the cancer therapeutic agent sunitinib malate. Ann Oncol [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 19:1613-8. Available from: http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/9/1613.full.pdf+html
http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content...

25 Chu TF, Rupnick MA, Kerkela R, Dallabrida SM, Zurakowski D, Nguyen L, et al. Cardiotoxicity associated with the Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Sunitinib. Lancet [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 370(9604):2011-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2643085/pdf/nihms37146.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
-2626 Lorenzo G, Autorino R, Bruni G, Carteni G, Ricevuto E, Tudini M, et al. Cardiovascular toxicity following sunitinib therapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a multicenter analysis. Ann Oncol [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 20:1535-42. Available from: http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/20/9/1535.full.pdf+html
http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content...
). A literatura mostra que tais alterações ocorrem em grande parte dos pacientes, portanto, é necessário o acompanhamento e a monitorização até a conclusão da terapia, a fim de prevenir e diagnosticar precocemente tais eventos, assim como tratá-los corretamente(2525 Chu TF, Rupnick MA, Kerkela R, Dallabrida SM, Zurakowski D, Nguyen L, et al. Cardiotoxicity associated with the Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Sunitinib. Lancet [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 370(9604):2011-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2643085/pdf/nihms37146.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,3636 Hohloch K, Zwick C, Ziepert M, Hasenclever D, Kaiser U, Engert A, et al. Significant dose Escalation of Idarubicin in the treatment of aggressive Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma leads to increased hematotoxicity without improvement in efficacy in comparison to standard CHOEP-14: 9-year follow up results of the CIVEP trial of the DSHNHL. Springerplus [Internet] 2014[cited 2016 Oct 16];3:5. Available from: https://springerplus.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/2193-1801-3-5
https://springerplus.springeropen.com/ar...
). Um dos fatores determinantes para prevenção de eventos adversos é a administração da dose adequada do medicamento. No caso do sunitinibe, a dose máxima do tolerada em crianças é de 15mg/m², e em adultos, de 28mg/m²(1313 DuBois SG, Shusterman S, Ingle AM, Ahern CH, Reid JM, Wu B, et al. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of sunitinib in pediatric patients with refractory solid tumors: a children's oncology group study. Clin Cancer Res [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 17(15):5113-22. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3149978/pdf/nihms303199.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
).

O decréscimo da fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo também foi evidenciado na terapia com idarrubicina, ocorrendo em 6% dos casos(2020 Lopez M, Contegiacomo A, Vici P, Ioio CD, Lauro L, Pagliarulo C, et al. A prospective randomized trial of Doxorubicin versus ldarubicin in the treatment of advanced breast cancer. Cancer [Internet]. 1989 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 64:2431-6. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/1097-0142(19891215)64:12%3C2431::AID-CNCR2820641206%3E3.0.CO;2-1/pdf
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.10...
-2121 Pui C, Graaf SSN, Dow LW, Rodman JH, Evans WE, Alpert BS, et al. Phase I clinical trial of orally administered 4- Demethoxydaunorubicin (Idarubicin ) with pharmacokinetic and in vitro drug sensitivity testing in children with refractory leukemia. Cancer Res [Internet]. 1988 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 48:5348-52. Available from: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/48/18/5348.full-text.pdf
http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/conten...
,3030 Martoni A, Pacciarini MA, Pannuti F. Activity of 4-Demethoxydaunorubicin by the Oral Route in Advanced Breast Cancer. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol [Internet]. 1985 Jul [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 21(7): 803-6. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3862582
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3862...
). A idarrubicina é um análogo da doxorrubicina, igualmente eficaz e menos cardiotóxica que outras antraciclinas intravenosas(3636 Hohloch K, Zwick C, Ziepert M, Hasenclever D, Kaiser U, Engert A, et al. Significant dose Escalation of Idarubicin in the treatment of aggressive Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma leads to increased hematotoxicity without improvement in efficacy in comparison to standard CHOEP-14: 9-year follow up results of the CIVEP trial of the DSHNHL. Springerplus [Internet] 2014[cited 2016 Oct 16];3:5. Available from: https://springerplus.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/2193-1801-3-5
https://springerplus.springeropen.com/ar...
). Nos estudos analisados, a função ventricular dos pacientes voltou ao normal alguns meses após término da quimioterapia, sem desenvolvimento de disfunção cardíaca permanente(2020 Lopez M, Contegiacomo A, Vici P, Ioio CD, Lauro L, Pagliarulo C, et al. A prospective randomized trial of Doxorubicin versus ldarubicin in the treatment of advanced breast cancer. Cancer [Internet]. 1989 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 64:2431-6. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/1097-0142(19891215)64:12%3C2431::AID-CNCR2820641206%3E3.0.CO;2-1/pdf
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.10...
). A dose de idarrubicina utilizada variou de 45mg/m² a >400mg/m², ultrapassando a dose considerada tóxica do medicamento (150-290 mg/m²)(3737 Anderlini P, Benjamin RS, Wong FC. Idarubicin cardiotoxicity: a retrospective study in acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplasia. J Clin Oncol [Internet]. 1995 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 13(11):2827-2834. Available from: http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/13/11/2827.abstract
http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/13/11/28...
), o que pode ter influenciado a ocorrência de eventos adversos. Na utilização de dose adequada, o estudo relata a ausência de cardiotoxicidade do fármaco(3030 Martoni A, Pacciarini MA, Pannuti F. Activity of 4-Demethoxydaunorubicin by the Oral Route in Advanced Breast Cancer. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol [Internet]. 1985 Jul [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 21(7): 803-6. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3862582
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3862...
).

Alterações no eletrocardiograma envolveram arritmias, distúrbios de condução, batimentos atriais prematuros, diminuição da frequência cardíaca, alteração da onda T, alterações no intervalo QT, depressão de ST, mudança de amplitude em QRS e fibrilação atrial. Alterações eletrocardiográficas leves e transitórias foram verificadas com a idarrubicina(3030 Martoni A, Pacciarini MA, Pannuti F. Activity of 4-Demethoxydaunorubicin by the Oral Route in Advanced Breast Cancer. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol [Internet]. 1985 Jul [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 21(7): 803-6. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3862582
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3862...
). Já a capecitabina pode ocasionar arritmias ventriculares e fibrilação atrial, porém apresenta-se menos cardiotóxica que seu análogo intravenoso 5-fluorouracil(3838 Rosa GM, Gigli L, Tagliasacchi MI, Di Iorio C, Carbone F, Nencioni A, et al. Update on cardiotoxicity of anti-cancer treatments. Eur J Clin Invest [Internet]. 2016[cited 2016 Oct 16];46 (3):264-84. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/eci.12589/pdf
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.11...
). Inibidores da tirosina quinase, como o sunitinibe, sorafenibe, pazopanibe, nilotinibe e dasatinibe também causam esses eventos(2727 Ghatalia P, Je Y, Kaymakcalan MD, Sonpavde G, Choueiri TK. QTc interval prolongation with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors. British J Cancer [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 112(2):296-305. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4453446/pdf/bjc2014564a.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
).

Em relação à terapia com sunitinibe e/ou sorafenibe, foram verificadas alterações de ritmo, distúrbios de condução, mudança de amplitude em QRS, depressão e elevação de ST, alterações da onda T e prologamento no intervalo QT, com destaque para alterações da onda T(1212 Schmidinger M, Zielinski CC, Vogl UM, Bojic A, Bojic M, Schukro C, et al. Cardiac toxicity of sunitinib and sorafenib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 26(32):5204-12. Available from: http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/26/32/5204.full.pdf+html
http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/26/32/52...
). No tratamento com pazopanibe, foram relatadas diminuição da frequência cardíaca de forma dose dependente e alteração no intervalo QT, além de disfunções transitórias, como bradicardia sinusal, batimentos ectópicos supraventriculares, bloqueio atrioventricular e depressão de ST. Assim, esses medicamentos devem ser administrados com cautela em indivíduos com arritmia e disfunções sinusais(3131 Heath EI, Infante J, Lewis LD, Luu T, Stephenson J, Tan AR, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effect of repeated oral doses of pazopanib on cardiac conduction in patients with solid tumors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 71(3):565-73. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3899892/pdf/nihms-516601.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
). O prolongamento de QT pode ser evidenciado também no tratamento com dasatinibe e nilotinibe, além de arritmias, distúrbios de condução e mudanças no segmento ST. Assim, a monitorização cardíaca durante o tratamento com inibidores da tirosina quinase é recomendada devido ao aumento de risco de ocorrência de arritmias malignas(1919 Johnson FM, Agrawal S, Burris H, Rosen L, Dhillon N, Hong D, et al. Phase 1 pharmacokinetic and drug-interaction study of Dasatinib in patients with advanced solid tumors. Cancer [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 116:1582-91. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.24927/pdf
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.10...
,3232 Kim TD, Coutre P, Schwarz M, Grille P, Levitin M, Fateh-Moghadam S, et al. Clinical cardiac safety profile of nilotinib. Haematol [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 97(6):883-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3366654/pdf/0970883.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
).

Eventos cardíacos isquêmicos podem ocorrer no tratamento com sunitinibe, sorafenibe, nilotinibe, imatinibe, capecitabina, tamoxifeno e anastrozole, compreendendo angina, isquemia e infarto do miocárdio, podendo levar a óbito(1414 Tassi R, Baldazzi V, Lapini A, Carini M, Mazzanti R. Hyperlipidemia and hypothyroidism among metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients taking sunitinib malate: related or unrelated adverse events? Clin Genitour Cancer[Internet]. 2015 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 13(2):e101-5. Available from: http://www.clinical-genitourinary-cancer.com/article/S1558-7673(14)00202-X/pdf
http://www.clinical-genitourinary-cancer...
,2525 Chu TF, Rupnick MA, Kerkela R, Dallabrida SM, Zurakowski D, Nguyen L, et al. Cardiotoxicity associated with the Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Sunitinib. Lancet [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 370(9604):2011-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2643085/pdf/nihms37146.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,3232 Kim TD, Coutre P, Schwarz M, Grille P, Levitin M, Fateh-Moghadam S, et al. Clinical cardiac safety profile of nilotinib. Haematol [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 97(6):883-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3366654/pdf/0970883.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
). Isquemia cardíaca, dor no peito e infarto do miocárdio ocorreram após tratamento com imatinibe em pacientes com sarcoma(1616 Trent JC, Patel SS, Zhang J, Araujo DM, Plana J, Lenihan DJ, et al. Rare incidence of congestive heart failure in gastrointestinal stromal tumor and other sarcoma patients receiving Imatinib Mesylate (IM). Cancer [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 116(1):184-92. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4306337/pdf/nihms149947.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
). Infarto do miocárdio durante monoterapia com sunitinibe foi verificado em pacientes com carcinoma de célula renal ou tumor do estroma gastrointestinal(1414 Tassi R, Baldazzi V, Lapini A, Carini M, Mazzanti R. Hyperlipidemia and hypothyroidism among metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients taking sunitinib malate: related or unrelated adverse events? Clin Genitour Cancer[Internet]. 2015 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 13(2):e101-5. Available from: http://www.clinical-genitourinary-cancer.com/article/S1558-7673(14)00202-X/pdf
http://www.clinical-genitourinary-cancer...
,2525 Chu TF, Rupnick MA, Kerkela R, Dallabrida SM, Zurakowski D, Nguyen L, et al. Cardiotoxicity associated with the Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Sunitinib. Lancet [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 370(9604):2011-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2643085/pdf/nihms37146.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
). Angina pode apresentar-se tardiamente na terapia com nilotinibe, enquanto que, associada à capecitabina, ocorre entre o segundo e quinto dia de tratamento(3939 Van Cutsem E, Hoff PM, Blum JL, Abt M, Osterwalder B. Incidence of cardiotoxicity with the oral fluoropyrimidine capecitabine is typical of that reported with 5-fluorouracil. Ann Oncol [Internet]. 2002 [cited 2016 Oct 16];13:484-5. Available from: http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/13/3/484.full.pdf+html
http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content...
-4040 Meyer CC, Calis KA, Burke LB, Walawander CA, Grasela TH. Symptomatic cardiotoxicity associated with 5-fluorouracil. Pharmacother [Internet]. 1997 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 17:729-36. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/j.1875-9114.1997.tb03748.x/epdf
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.10...
). Essas alterações também foram relatadas no tratamento com tamoxifeno e anastrozole(2929 The Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in combination Trialists' Group. Buzdar A, Howell A, Cuzick J, Wale C, Distler W, Hoctin-Boes G, et al. Comprehensive side-effect profile of anastrozole and tamoxifen as adjuvant treatment for early-stage breast cancer: long-term safety analysis of the ATAC trial. Lancet Oncol [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 7:633-43. Available from: http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lanonc/PIIS1470-2045(06)70767-7.pdf
http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/l...
).

A insuficiência cardíaca é uma das alterações associadas à terapia com inibidores da tirosina quinase(1111 Hall PS, Harshman LC, Srinivas S, Witteles RM. The frequency and severity of cardiovascular toxicity from targeted therapy in advanced renal cell carcinoma patients. JACC: Heart Fail[Internet]. 2013 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 1(1):72-8. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213177912000030
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art...
). Nos casos decorrentes do sunitinibe, ocorre precocemente, sendo reversível após descontinuação da terapia(1313 DuBois SG, Shusterman S, Ingle AM, Ahern CH, Reid JM, Wu B, et al. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of sunitinib in pediatric patients with refractory solid tumors: a children's oncology group study. Clin Cancer Res [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 17(15):5113-22. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3149978/pdf/nihms303199.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
-1414 Tassi R, Baldazzi V, Lapini A, Carini M, Mazzanti R. Hyperlipidemia and hypothyroidism among metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients taking sunitinib malate: related or unrelated adverse events? Clin Genitour Cancer[Internet]. 2015 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 13(2):e101-5. Available from: http://www.clinical-genitourinary-cancer.com/article/S1558-7673(14)00202-X/pdf
http://www.clinical-genitourinary-cancer...
). Os principais sintomas foram fadiga e dispneia, e os fatores preditores de insuficiência cardíaca foram a doença coronariana e a hipertensão arterial(2626 Lorenzo G, Autorino R, Bruni G, Carteni G, Ricevuto E, Tudini M, et al. Cardiovascular toxicity following sunitinib therapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a multicenter analysis. Ann Oncol [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 20:1535-42. Available from: http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/20/9/1535.full.pdf+html
http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content...
). O diagnóstico de insuficiência cardíaca associada ao sunitinibe em pacientes com carcinoma de célula renal pode ser de difícil reconhecimento, uma vez que percentuais significantes de indivíduos com esta neoplasia tendem a desenvolver dispneia, edema periférico e fadiga(2525 Chu TF, Rupnick MA, Kerkela R, Dallabrida SM, Zurakowski D, Nguyen L, et al. Cardiotoxicity associated with the Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Sunitinib. Lancet [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 370(9604):2011-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2643085/pdf/nihms37146.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
). A insuficiência cardíaca congestiva pode decorrer da terapia com imatinibe, sendo associada à retenção de fluido significante que pode resultar em descompensação cardíaca(4141 Ewer MS, Ewer SM. Cardiotoxicity of anticancer treatments. Nature Rev Cardiol [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 12:547-58. Available from: http://www.nature.com/nrcardio/journal/v12/n9/full/nrcardio.2015.65.html
http://www.nature.com/nrcardio/journal/v...
). A alteração também pode ocorrer no tratamento com lapatinibe, entretanto, a incidência da disfunção é geralmente mais baixa(4242 Suter TM, Procter M, van Veldhuisen DJ, Muscholl M, Bergh J, Carlomagno C, et al. Trastuzumab-associated cardiac adverse effects in the herceptin adjuvant trial. J Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 25:3859-65. Available from: http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/25/25/3859.full.pdf+html
http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/25/25/38...
).

O derrame pericárdico é um evento adverso do tratamento com cabergolina e bromocriptina(3333 Elenkova A, Shabani R, Kalinov K, Zacharieva S. Increased prevalence of subclinical cardiac valve fibrosis in patients with prolactinomas on long-term bromocriptine and cabergoline treatment. European J Endocrinol [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 167(1):17-25. Available from: http://www.eje-online.org/content/167/1/17.full.pdf+html
http://www.eje-online.org/content/167/1/...
), assim como o tratamento com sunitinibe(1212 Schmidinger M, Zielinski CC, Vogl UM, Bojic A, Bojic M, Schukro C, et al. Cardiac toxicity of sunitinib and sorafenib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 26(32):5204-12. Available from: http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/26/32/5204.full.pdf+html
http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/26/32/52...
). Tais alterações podem apresentar-se de forma assintomática e reversível, sendo incomuns nessas terapias(1212 Schmidinger M, Zielinski CC, Vogl UM, Bojic A, Bojic M, Schukro C, et al. Cardiac toxicity of sunitinib and sorafenib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 26(32):5204-12. Available from: http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/26/32/5204.full.pdf+html
http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/26/32/52...
,3333 Elenkova A, Shabani R, Kalinov K, Zacharieva S. Increased prevalence of subclinical cardiac valve fibrosis in patients with prolactinomas on long-term bromocriptine and cabergoline treatment. European J Endocrinol [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 167(1):17-25. Available from: http://www.eje-online.org/content/167/1/17.full.pdf+html
http://www.eje-online.org/content/167/1/...
). Choque cardiogênico foi verificado em apenas um dos estudos analisados, ocorrendo após 22 dias de tratamento com sunitinibe, de forma que a entubação de emergência e suporte avançado foram necessários. Tal alteração pode estar associada, além do próprio potencial cardiotóxico do fármaco, ao tratamento anterior com doxorrubicina 450 mg/m²(2424 Telli ML, Witteles RM, Fisher GA, Srinivas S. Cardiotoxicity associated with the cancer therapeutic agent sunitinib malate. Ann Oncol [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 19:1613-8. Available from: http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/9/1613.full.pdf+html
http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content...
). Alterações de enzimas cardíacas podem ocorrer durante a terapia com sunitinibe e sorafenibe, destacando-se o aumento da troponina e creatina quinase MB(1212 Schmidinger M, Zielinski CC, Vogl UM, Bojic A, Bojic M, Schukro C, et al. Cardiac toxicity of sunitinib and sorafenib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 26(32):5204-12. Available from: http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/26/32/5204.full.pdf+html
http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/26/32/52...
,1515 Motzer RJ, Hutson TE, Tomczak P, Michaelson MD, Bukowski RM, Rixie O, et al. Sunitinib versus interferon alfa in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 356:115-24. Available from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa065044
http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJM...
). A investigação dessas enzimas é relevante para a prática clínica no tratamento de neoplasias, uma vez que estas alterações podem estar associadas ao dano do miocárdio(2525 Chu TF, Rupnick MA, Kerkela R, Dallabrida SM, Zurakowski D, Nguyen L, et al. Cardiotoxicity associated with the Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Sunitinib. Lancet [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 370(9604):2011-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2643085/pdf/nihms37146.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
).

Os eventos vasculares periféricos foram alterações na pressão arterial e eventos tromboembólicos. Os inibidores da tirosina quinase foram os mais associados às alterações na pressão arterial(1111 Hall PS, Harshman LC, Srinivas S, Witteles RM. The frequency and severity of cardiovascular toxicity from targeted therapy in advanced renal cell carcinoma patients. JACC: Heart Fail[Internet]. 2013 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 1(1):72-8. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213177912000030
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art...
,1515 Motzer RJ, Hutson TE, Tomczak P, Michaelson MD, Bukowski RM, Rixie O, et al. Sunitinib versus interferon alfa in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 356:115-24. Available from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa065044
http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJM...
,1818 Steeghs N, Gelderblom H, Roodt J, Christensen O, Rajagopalan P, Hovens M. Hypertension and rarefaction during treatment with Telatinib, a small molecule angiogenesis inhibitor. Clin Cancer Res [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 14(11):3470-7. Available from: http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/14/11/3470.full-text.pdf
http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/co...
,2525 Chu TF, Rupnick MA, Kerkela R, Dallabrida SM, Zurakowski D, Nguyen L, et al. Cardiotoxicity associated with the Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Sunitinib. Lancet [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 370(9604):2011-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2643085/pdf/nihms37146.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
-2626 Lorenzo G, Autorino R, Bruni G, Carteni G, Ricevuto E, Tudini M, et al. Cardiovascular toxicity following sunitinib therapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a multicenter analysis. Ann Oncol [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 20:1535-42. Available from: http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/20/9/1535.full.pdf+html
http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content...
,2828 Demetri GD, Oosterom ATV, Garrett CR, Blackstein ME, Shah MH, Verweij J. Efficacy and safety of sunitinib in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumour after failure of imatinib : a randomised controlled trial. Lancet [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 368(9544):1329-38. Available from: http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(06)69446-4.pdf
http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/l...
,3131 Heath EI, Infante J, Lewis LD, Luu T, Stephenson J, Tan AR, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effect of repeated oral doses of pazopanib on cardiac conduction in patients with solid tumors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 71(3):565-73. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3899892/pdf/nihms-516601.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
), o que indica a necessidade de acompanhamento durante a utilização destas terapias devido ao impacto negativo que podem ocasionar na saúde. Estudos mostraram que a incidência de hipertensão arterial na terapia por sunitinibe foi de 37%, enquanto que por sorafenibe, foi de 36%(1111 Hall PS, Harshman LC, Srinivas S, Witteles RM. The frequency and severity of cardiovascular toxicity from targeted therapy in advanced renal cell carcinoma patients. JACC: Heart Fail[Internet]. 2013 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 1(1):72-8. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213177912000030
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art...
,2525 Chu TF, Rupnick MA, Kerkela R, Dallabrida SM, Zurakowski D, Nguyen L, et al. Cardiotoxicity associated with the Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Sunitinib. Lancet [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 370(9604):2011-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2643085/pdf/nihms37146.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
-2626 Lorenzo G, Autorino R, Bruni G, Carteni G, Ricevuto E, Tudini M, et al. Cardiovascular toxicity following sunitinib therapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a multicenter analysis. Ann Oncol [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 20:1535-42. Available from: http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/20/9/1535.full.pdf+html
http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content...
). A hipertensão arterial é o evento adverso mais frequente no tratamento de carcinoma de célula renal e tumor de estroma gastrointestinal por sunitinibe, sendo proporcional ao tempo de tratamento(4343 Ewer MS, Suter TM, Lenihan DJ, Niculescu L, Breazna A, Demetri GD, et al. Cardiovascular events among 1090 cancer patients treated with sunitinib, interferon, or placebo: a comprehensive adjudicated database analysis demonstrating clinically meaningful reversibility of cardiac events. European J Cancer [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 50:2162-70. Available from: http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/25/25/3859.full.pdf+html
http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/25/25/38...
). Aumentos da pressão sistólica e diastólica periférica foram relatados em estudo com o telatinibe, acometendo 78% dos indivíduos com tumores sólidos avançados após cinco semanas de tratamento. Alguns casos necessitam de terapia anti-hipertensiva com uso de diuréticos tiazídicos, antagonistas de canais de cálcio ou inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina(1818 Steeghs N, Gelderblom H, Roodt J, Christensen O, Rajagopalan P, Hovens M. Hypertension and rarefaction during treatment with Telatinib, a small molecule angiogenesis inhibitor. Clin Cancer Res [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 14(11):3470-7. Available from: http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/14/11/3470.full-text.pdf
http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/co...
). Aumento da pressão arterial foi observado na terapia com pazopanibe em dois estudos alcançando a incidência de 28%(1111 Hall PS, Harshman LC, Srinivas S, Witteles RM. The frequency and severity of cardiovascular toxicity from targeted therapy in advanced renal cell carcinoma patients. JACC: Heart Fail[Internet]. 2013 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 1(1):72-8. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213177912000030
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art...
,3131 Heath EI, Infante J, Lewis LD, Luu T, Stephenson J, Tan AR, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effect of repeated oral doses of pazopanib on cardiac conduction in patients with solid tumors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 71(3):565-73. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3899892/pdf/nihms-516601.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
). Em um dos ensaios clínicos houve aumento significante das pressões sistólica (+17,7 mmHg) e diastólica (+11,9 mmHg) no nono dia de tratamento, retornando aos padrões inicias após 24 horas(3131 Heath EI, Infante J, Lewis LD, Luu T, Stephenson J, Tan AR, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effect of repeated oral doses of pazopanib on cardiac conduction in patients with solid tumors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 71(3):565-73. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3899892/pdf/nihms-516601.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
).

Eventos tromboembólicos foram relatados no tratamento do câncer de mama com anastrozole ou tamoxifeno, ocorrendo desordem vascular periférica e arteriosclerose(2929 The Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in combination Trialists' Group. Buzdar A, Howell A, Cuzick J, Wale C, Distler W, Hoctin-Boes G, et al. Comprehensive side-effect profile of anastrozole and tamoxifen as adjuvant treatment for early-stage breast cancer: long-term safety analysis of the ATAC trial. Lancet Oncol [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 7:633-43. Available from: http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lanonc/PIIS1470-2045(06)70767-7.pdf
http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/l...
). No tratamento com sunitinibe ou sorafenibe, foi verificada neuropatia ótica isquêmica e oclusão de artéria tibial posterior. O telatinibe também foi associado às disfunções vasculares, ocasionando enrijecimento arterial, contribuindo para a hipertensão arterial, assim como a diminuição da densidade capilar e diminuição do fluxo sanguíneo da pele. Trombose venosa profunda, oclusão de artéria periférica e tromboembolismo pulmonar foram observados no tratamento pela combinação de melfalano, prednisona e talidomida, ocorrendo, sobretudo, nos primeiros quatro meses de uso. A incidência cumulativa de tromboembolismo é de 20% na ausência de anticoagulante profilático, o que torna necessário a adoção deste medicamento para prevenção de eventos trombóticos(2323 Palumbo A, Bertola A, Musto P, Caravita T, Callea V, Nunzi M et al. Oral Melphalan, Prednisone, and Thalidomide for newly diagnosed patients with myeloma. Cancer [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2016 Oct 16]; 104:1428-33. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.21342/pdf
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.10...
).

Eventos adversos cardiovasculares demandam uma série de cuidados pelos profissionais de saúde, dentre eles o enfermeiro. Desde o planejamento do esquema de tratamento antineoplásico oral deve-se atentar para as terapias individualizadas que consideram as características e limitações de cada paciente. Assim, o profissional de saúde deve conhecer as doses farmacológicas recomendadas para cada população e os critérios para descontinuação da terapia. Antes e durante o tratamento faz-se necessário orientar os pacientes sobre a monitorização cardíaca, a fim de prevenir e diagnosticar precocemente as disfunções decorrentes da terapia. A depender do fármaco, eventos adversos podem ocorrer algum tempo após a conclusão da terapia. Dessa forma, o acompanhamento destes pacientes deve ser continuado conforme a literatura recomenda em cada esquema de tratamento(4444 Kalil Filho R, Hajjar LA, Bacal F, Hoff PM, Diz M del P, Galas FRBG. I Diretriz Brasileira de Cardio-Oncologia da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. Arq Bras Cardiol [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2016 Oct 26]; 96(2):01-52. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0066-782X2011000700001
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0066-782X2011...
).

Limitações do estudo

Como limitação deste estudo, teve-se que alguns artigos analisados utilizaram amostras limitadas, o que comprometeu as evidências em relação aos resultados da pesquisa. Assim, ressalta-se a importância da realização de mais estudos acerca da temática para comparação e ampliação dos resultados, pois algumas amostras não foram representativas.

Contribuições para a área da enfermagem, saúde e política pública

Este estudo tem sua importância por apontar a necessidade de uma melhor monitorização dos pacientes submetidos à terapia antineoplásica oral, visto que muitos eventos adversos podem passar despercebidos se não existe acompanhamento adequado, de forma que são identificados apenas os eventos mais graves e fatais. Esses achados reforçam a necessidade do conhecimento acerca das adversidades decorrentes do tratamento para uma assistência resolutiva e integral, em especial pelo enfermeiro, comumente presente e responsável por identificar e alertar irregularidades, prestar esclarecimentos ao indivíduo e familiares, além de organizar e supervisionar o cuidado prestado pela equipe de enfermagem.

CONCLUSÃO

A terapia antineoplásica oral está associada a diferentes eventos adversos, dentre eles estão os cardíacos e os vasculares periféricos. Os eventos adversos cardíacos mais frequentes foram a diminuição da fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo, o infarto do miocárdio, as alterações no eletrocardiograma, a insuficiência cardíaca e a angina, enquanto que os vasculares periféricos foram a hipertensão arterial e o tromboembolismo.

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Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    Sep-Oct 2018

Histórico

  • Recebido
    19 Jun 2017
  • Aceito
    18 Out 2017
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