The socioeconomic and demographic characterization of children and adolescents who study and work outside their home

Abstracts

Identificar as características socioeconômicas e demográficas das crianças e adolescentes que simultaneamente estudavam e trabalhavam fora de casa. Estudo não-experimental, correlacional de delineamento transversal, baseado em questionários aplicados aos alunos do ensino fundamental, matriculados em escolas públicas de Ribeirão Preto (Brasil). Duas escolas foram sorteadas. Para a análise dos dados foi utilizado o Statistical Package of Social Sciences, versão 14.0. Dos 133 estudantes que responderam o questionário, 36 (27,7%) informaram trabalhar fora de casa, 20,6% tinham entre 11 e 13 anos, 66,7% eram do sexo masculino (p=0, 000) e começaram a trabalhar precocemente para compor a renda familiar (p=0,003). O salário recebido auxiliava na composição da renda familiar, constatando-se que se à medida que a renda familiar aumentava, a presença do jovem no trabalho diminuía. Foram encontradas evidências de que muitos fatores contribuem para a inserção precoce destes sujeitos no mercado de trabalho, como o tamanho, a estrutura da família e a pobreza.

Trabalho de menores; Pobreza; Ensino fundamental e médio; Saúde do trabalhador

ARTIGO ORIGINAL

The socioeconomic and demographic characterization of children and adolescents who study and work outside their home^*

Caracterización socioeconómica y demográfica de niños y adolescentes que estudian y trabajan simultáneamente fuera de casa

Renata Cristina da Penha Silveira^I; Luiz Cláudio Ribeiro^II; Iara Aparecida de Oliveira Secco^III; Maria Lúcia do Carmo Cruz Robazzi^IV

^IRN. Adjunct Professor, Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu. Divinópolis, MG, Brazil. [e-mail]

^IIEngineer. Adjunct Professor, Institute of Exact Sciences, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora. Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil. [e-mail]

^IIIRN. Technical Responsible for Hospital Universitário de Londrina, Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Londrina, PR, Brazil. [e-mail]

^IVRN. Faculty, University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing. Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. [e-mail]

^{Correspondence addressed}

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to identify the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of children and adolescents who study and work outside their home. This non-experimental, correlational, cross-sectional study was performed using questionnaires applied to primary education students, enrolled in public schools in Ribeirão Preto (Brazil). Two schools were selected through a draw. Data analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 14.0. Of the 133 students who answered the questionnaire, 36 (27.7%) reported working outside their home, 20.6% were between 11 and 13 years of age, and 66.7% were male (p=0.000) and had started working early to help with the family income (p=0.003). The salary they received helped comprise the family income, and it was found that as the family income increased, the need for the youngsters to work was reduced. It was found that many factors contribute to these subjects' early start at work, including family size, structure and poverty.

Descriptors: Child labor; Poverty; Education, primary and secundary; Occupational health

RESUMEN

Identificar las características socioeconómicas y demográficas de niños y adolescentes que estudiaban y trabajaban simultáneamente fuera de casa. Estudio no-experimental, correlacional, de delineación transversal. Se aplicó cuestionario a alumnos de enseñanza primaria matriculados en escuelas públicas de Ribeirão Preto-SP (Brasil). Dos escuelas fueron sorteadas. Se utilizó Statistical Package of Social Sciences, versión 14,0 para análisis de datos. De los 133 estudiantes que respondieron el cuestionario, 36 (27,7%) refirieron trabajar fuera de casa, 20,6% tenía 11 y 13 años, 66,7% eran de sexo masculino (p=0,000) y comenzaron a trabajar precozmente para sumar a la renta familiar (p=0,003). El salario recibido se aplicaba a la mejora de la renta familiar, constatándose que si dicha renta aumentaba, la presencia del joven en su trabajo disminuía. Se evidenció que muchos factores contribuyen en la inserción precoz de estos sujetos en el mercado laboral, tales como el tamaño, la estructura familiar y la pobreza.

Descriptores: Trabajo de menores; Pobreza; Educación primaria y secundaria; Salud laboral

INTRODUCTION

For years, child and adolescent work has been present in people's daily reality. It seems that this workforce participated actively in the development process of ancient civilizations. According to article 2 of the Child and Adolescent Status (Law No 8.069, issued on 07/13/90) under title I, "Preliminary Information", child is understood as: People until the age of 12 years incomplete and adolescents between 12 and 18 years of age⁽¹⁾. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cited by the Pan-American Health Organization, in 1990, adolescents are considered as (...) all people in the age group between ten and twenty years⁽²⁾. As from the year 2000, according to the treaty of the International Labor Organization (ILO), which Brazil undersigned, all workers younger than 18 complete years are considered minors and 16 years is considered the minimum age for work. This was maintained during the meeting of the House of Representatives held in 2009⁽³⁾.

Although it is prohibited in practically all countries, in recent ILO studies⁽⁴⁾, it was detected that there are about 165 million children between five and 14 years old around the world who are committed to some form of work. Dangerous child work, i.e. involving the driving or motor vehicles, maintenance or cleaning of machinery and equipment while moving, as well as handling agricultural tractors, mowers, (...) civil or heavy construction works, sharpening tools, (...) industrial paper, plastic or metal recycling works, among others, affect about 115 million children (60% children), which represents more than half of all child workers around the world, estimated at 215 million. Thus, the actual increase in the number of young people between 15 and 17 years of age involved in this type of activities between 2004 and 2008 amounted to 20%, from 52 to 62 million. The ILO launches a call for new efforts in order to guarantee that all children have access to education at least until the minimum age for employment (...) and urgent measures are needed to combat dangerous work among children who have reached the minimum age, and at the same time may be at risk of occupational accidents and illnesses. Therefore, the ILO demands training for these young people, so that they are aware of the risks, rights and possibilities in the workplace.

The same organization informs that (...) girls represent the largest number of minors involved in housework in third parties' homes. Regular complaints are filed about girls' involvement in housework. At their own homes, girls do housework more frequently than boys. In addition to economic activities outside their homes, this represents a double burden that increases the risk of these girls' dropping out of school⁽⁵⁾.

Around the world, a huge number of children is involved in economic activities; in Africa, this corresponds to almost 50 million, which represents 26% of all children; the largest number is present in the Asian-Pacific, where 122 million children between five and 14 years of age already work. In Latin America and the Caribbean, progress is made, with a 5% drop in the number of children between five and 14 years of age who go out to work⁽⁶⁾.

Brazil is working towards the eradication of child work. In the 1990's, the Child and Adolescent Statute (CAS) was approved⁽¹⁾. This document describes the prohibition to give any job to people under 14 years of age, except as apprentices⁽¹⁾. Today, Brazilian legislation prohibits night, dangerous or unhealthy work for people younger than 18 years and any other job for those younger than 16 years, except as apprentices⁽⁷⁾. The Statute also prohibits work in mines, stowing or any underground work for people younger than 21 years.

Despite these determinations, in Brazil, according to the National Household Survey (PNAD), it is estimated that, in 2009, 2.0 million children between 5 and 15 years old were occupied in the job market, about 44% of whom were concentrated in the Northeast and 24% in the Southeast. When considering only the most severe form, 122,679 children between 5 and 9 years old were found in child work situations, almost half of whom in the Northeast⁽⁸⁾.

According to the ILO, risk exposure can entail a particularly severe impact in children, whose bodies and minds are not developed yet at the end of adolescence. The reports provides a detailed investigation of six economic sectors: agriculture and cattle raising, fishing, housework, mines, urban child work and services. The study observes that the problem of children involved in dangerous work is not limited to developing countries. Evidence exists that, in the United States and Europe, young people are also exposed to a large number of vulnerabilities to Occupational Accidents (OA); a substantial amount of children work long hours, which significantly increases accident risks; the largest number of children involved in dangerous work is found in Asian-Pacific countries, (...) dangerous work is more commonly found in agriculture, including forestry, fishing, cattle raising and aquiculture, besides subsistence and commercial agriculture⁽⁴⁾.

The study showed that the problem of children in dangerous work is not limited to developing countries. Evidence exists that, in the United States and Europe, young people's vulnerability levels to occupational accidents (OA) are high; a substantial number of children spend many hours at work, which significantly increases accident risks; the largest number of children involved in dangerous work are found in Asian-Pacific countries; (...) dangerous work is more common in agriculture, including forestry, fishing, cattle raising and aquiculture, besides subsistence and commercial agriculture.

Child and adolescent work is directly linked with Brazilian poverty. In general, families with low revenue levels may not have sufficient means to guarantee their children's education. In addition, they depend on the working children's financial contribution to complete family revenues and this contribution is considered more important than access to education. When a family has to choose and send children to school, preference is given to boys instead of girls⁽⁴⁾.

Most children and adolescents whose labor is exploited work 25 hours per week, which represents 44.8%, while almost 30% (28.6%) work up to 40 hours per week. Therefore, almost 25% of children and adolescents who work drop out of school⁽⁹⁾.

As a result and consequence of poverty, child and adolescent work perpetuates situations of disadvantage and social inclusion, impeding children's education and/or hampering their performance, which is limited to gaining the knowledge and attitudes needed to contribute to economic growth and prosperity as adults, which challenges national development⁽¹⁰⁾. The Brazilian society supports families whose children work. Hence, child work is naturalized and considered a solution to the gaps in the education system, poverty and street violence. Therefore, this study aims to identify the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of children and adolescents who study and go out to work at the same time.

METHOD

This non-experimental and cross-sectional study included primary education students (as from the fifth year)⁽⁷⁾. The study was developed in Ribeirão Preto, a city in the Northwest of São Paulo State, Brazil, at 313 KM from the state capital. According to municipal and IBGE (Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics) data, in the 2006 population census, 42,840 students were enrolled in child up to professional education. In primary education (from the 5^th till the 8^th year), 10,627 students were enrolled⁽¹¹⁾. The study population comprised students enrolled in municipal network schools in Ribeirão Preto (SP) in 2006. A one-stage random cluster sample was selected. Only students enrolled in the fifth to eighth year of primary education participated. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software was used for a draft. The selected schools were located in the North of Ribeirão Preto and were called: School A (SA) and School B (SB). Regarding ethical aspects, guidelines for research involving human beings were complied with, in accordance with National Health Council Resolution 196⁽¹²⁾, issued in 1996. Approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board at the University of São Paulo (opinion 166/2006). Authorization was also obtained from the Secretary of Education to accomplish the study at the selected institutions. Furthermore, consent was obtained from the Juvenile Judge to develop the research. Then, one day before applying the questionnaire, the researcher explained the goals of the research to the students, after which the parents or legal tutors received the informed consent term. After obtaining their signature and that of the students, the child/adolescent's participation in the research was allowed and the questionnaire was applied. The following factors were taken into account as selection criteria: age younger than 18, enrollment at the selected schools and presence in the classroom or school when the questionnaire was applied. The questionnaire contained open and closed questions that addressed the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of the children/adolescents, their family and the work they performed outside their homes.

To analyze the variables, a codebook and a database were applied, using Excel for Windows 2003 software. Double data entry, validation and confirmation was used to avoid typing errors. Then, all data were transferred to SPSS version 14.0 for descriptive statistical analysis (mean, median) and variability (standard deviation), besides univariate and bivariate analyses. Significance was set in advance at 5%. To compare the mean ages and the mean number of siblings between the group that goes out to work and the group that does not, Student's parametric t-test was used, as the number of subjects was higher than 30.

For the variable: subjects who go out to work, the number was less than 30. Therefore, Kolmogorov-Smirnov's non-parametric test was used to check the normality of answer distribution. For categorical variables, the non-parametric Chi-square test was applied to prove the homogeneity in the proportion of answers between the group that works at home and the group that goes out to work. For frequencies of five or less, Fisher's exact test was used. Significance was set as α = 0.05 for statistical test purposes. For significance levels (p) inferior to 0.05, the associations were considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

General Data

Out of 133 students who answered the questionnaire and complied with the inclusion criteria, the majority (63.2%) was female. The minimum age was 10 years and the maximum 16 years; the majority (34 children) was 14 years old (25.6%), followed by 11-year-olds (23.3%) and 13-year-olds (23.3%). Mulattos (45.9%), employed parents (84%), children/adolescents with siblings (95.5%), living in their own home (74.2%), 95.5% informed helping their parents at home, even parents who go out to work.

Characteristics of working students

Out of 36 (27.7%) students who informed going out to work. The minimum age when they started working ranged from six (two cases) to 15 years (three cases). Most children (20.6%), however, started working when they were between 11 and 13 years of age (20.6%). The most frequent age was 12 years (17.6%), followed by 14.7% who started working at the age of 14 years and 8.4% at 15 years of age, among others. Regarding gender, 66.7% were male. The Chi-square test revealed a trend towards higher percentages of male than female working students (p = 0.000).

Regarding skin color, 36 working children (50%) were mulattos. The Chi-square test showed no statistically significant difference for skin color, with p > 0.05 (p=0.803).

Descriptive statistics for quantitative variables and the variable going out to work revealed the following, presented in Table 1.

As observed in Table 1, in general, the mean age of children/adolescents who go out to work was 13.3 years (median up to 14 years), against 12.6 years (median up to 13 years) for those who do not go out to work, proving a statistically significant variation for the age of subjects who go out to work, which was higher. The mean age when external work started was 11.9 years. On average, children between 14 and 15 years old (23.1%) who went out to work worked seven hours at restaurants, relatives' homes, factories, mechanical workshops, as carpenter/painter aids, among others. The reasons to start external work were: to help parents to increase family income (12 cases, 33%) and to make money (four cases, 11.1%), among others. Besides going out to work, 88.9% helped their parents at home after work, doing housework like washing the dishes, ironing, taking care of younger siblings, among others. Concerning how many hours the children helped their parents at home, it was proven that, in the groups who went out to work, the mean number of work hours was 3.4hs/day, against 3.6 hours/day for those who did not go out to work, showing that both groups worked at home for approximately 28 hours per week. In research, it is considered that, if children/adolescents work one hour or more per week, this impedes that they spend time on playing or childhood activities, influencing their dynamic development according to their age.

As regards the parents' family income for students who go out to work, the mean income was U$ 338.4 [2.06 minimum wages]. For half of these subjects, the income was up to U$ 206.57 [1.25 minimum wages], considering a US dollar exchange rate of R$ 2.13

DISCUSSION

According to the ILO, in 2003, more boys than girls work, in an average proportion of three boys for two girls. In Brazil, the number of working girls is frequently underestimated in statistical data, which generally do not consider the non-remunerated economic activity girls perform at home and externally as work⁽¹³⁾.

In this research, out of 36 students who informed going out to work, 33.3% were girls, against almost the double of boys (66.7%).

Similarly⁽¹⁴⁾, the proportion of working boys is higher than that of girls, except in housework, where most workers are female. Also, the child work percentage is higher in rural than in urban areas in Brazil.

Most subjects (20.6%) started working when they were between 11 and 13 years of age; the most frequent age was 12 years (17.6%), followed by 14.7% who started working at the age of 14 years.

Similar data were found in a research developed in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, where 4,924 individuals between six and 17 years old were interviewed. Out of 476 working children, 70% were between 14 and 17 years old, 25% between 10 and 13 years old, 5.3% between six and nine years old and 88% were working in the informal market. This finding shows that many children/adolescents start working before the age recommended in Brazilian legislation⁽¹⁵⁾.

This situation is evidenced in a study⁽¹⁶⁾ developed in Rio de Janeiro, at an outpatient clinic of the Adolescent Occupational Health Program, demonstrating that, between 1997 and 2002, 275 adolescents were attended, with a mean age of 16 years. In the sample, 93.5% were 14 years or older, and 6.5% between 18 and 19 years. The mean age to start external work was 14 years.

These data show that most children and adolescents work informally and start working at a young age.

Concerning skin color, this study showed that most subjects (45.9%) are mulatto (mixture between white and black ethnic origins). This reality applies to the large majority of young people who need to work in Brazil.

Gender and skin color are important to determine people's different possibilities for access to employment and good job conditions, besides remuneration, benefits and social protection possibilities. Thus, these factors condition the way individuals and families live in poverty and are unable to overcome it⁽⁶⁾.

In the same sense, in a study that used data from the Primary Education Assessment System (SAEB) for 1999, racial differences in Brazil were shown, revealing a 2.5-point lower performance for mulatto than for white students. This difference increased with regard to black students. According to the authors, this proven inequality is a source of concern, which public authorities should take into account⁽¹⁷⁾.

Thus, the probability of working is lower for white than for black or mulatto children. Nevertheless, in this research, the effect of ethnic origin did not reveal statistical significance for the early insertion of white or black/mulatto children in the job market. This finding is in accordance with literature about the skin color of child/adolescent workers⁽¹⁸⁾.

In this research, most parents of the children who participated (84%) were employed, which means that these young workers were not the sole family providers.

Various factors⁽¹⁴⁾ contribute to children's insertion in the job market, including poverty, parents' education, family size and structure, gender of the family head, at what age the parents started to work and their place of residence, which explain the child's time dedicated to work.

In 2002, there were little more than 52 million families in Brazil. In 23.9 million (45.8%) families, parents were employed or were autonomous workers. When considering families with children between 10 and 16 years old, in this group, the number drops to 11.4 million, 52.8% of whom were headed by autonomous workers. In this excerpt, there are 3.9 million children occupied in different forms of labor, 48.8% of whom are up to 14 years old. As for work characteristics, these children are mainly concentrated in non-remunerated jobs (45%), without a job contract (28.3%) and in the non-agricultural sector (54%)⁽¹⁹⁾.

The parents' mean family income for students who go out to work was U$ 338.40⁽¹⁰⁾ [2.06 minimum wages]. For half of these subjects, family income corresponded to up to U$206.57 [1.25 minimum wages]. In comparison with the group of children/adolescents who do not go out to work, the mean family income was up to U$424.74 [2.58 minimum wages] and, for half of them, income was up to U$ 363.84 [2.21 minimum wages]. Student's t-test showed a statistically significant difference between the group that went out to work and the group that did not (p=0.003). Wage differences were found between children/adolescents who go out to work [0.28 minimum wages] and those who only help out at home [0.05 minimum wages]. In both cases, they received less money than adults in the same conditions; the derisory amounts of U$ 2.34 and U$0.93/month evidence this, showing the exploitation they are submitted to at work. This fact may occur because they are unable to value their work yet and accept gratifications, although they should not work. Consequently, they would not receive money due to the illegal nature of child work in Brazil.

The problem of work and its insertion in children/adolescents' work is present, mainly in poorer families. These people's participation in the workforce is a social situation that continues as an unsolved problem, in developed as well as developing countries. Children start helping their parents at a very young age, both at home and externally, in order to contribute to family income. They spend little or no time to study, turning into cheap and unqualified labor⁽¹⁴⁾.

Brazilian families find it normal for children/adolescents to work in order to help with family income; they do not feel that they are breaking the law by exploiting child work and even use statements like asking is better than stealing, working is better than being out on the streets to try and justify this option⁽¹⁰⁾.

This study showed the following reasons to start going out to work: helping the parents to contribute to family income (12 cases - 33%) and making money (four cases - 11.1%), among others.

In the most recent ILO report⁽⁵⁾, the importance of investing in girls' education was highlighted as an efficient way to fight poverty. The chance of gaining higher salaries when adults is higher among girls, as well as chances of marrying latter, having children and having healthier children, besides the possibility of greater power in family decisions. Moreover, it is more probable for mothers who got an education to guarantee their own children's education, thus contributing to avoid child work in the future.

In short, the conditions of poverty and social exclusion, considered sources or facilitators of children's early insertion in work, are but contingencies in the course of capitalist development, in which the following factors contradictorily intermingle: robotics, market globalization, high levels of business competitiveness and increasing social misery. This combination can be detected in different production chains, which in some links make use of the overexploitation of informal work, even externalizing child labor⁽²⁰⁾.

Therefore, it is important for nursing to heed this reality, in which occupational health knowledge is even more necessary in nursing education today with a view to increasing the duration of professional life⁽²¹⁾, reducing the overexploitation of informal work and children's early insertion in work.

CONCLUSION

Among the 36 children/adolescents who informed going out to work, the mean age was 11.9 years, involving less socially valued activities. On average, they received 0.28 minimum wages per month. This salary was used to help to increase family income and for personal expenses.

As the parents'/family income increased, the presence of children/adolescents who go out to work decreased and vice-versa, showing a close relation between work and unsatisfactory family income, which makes these children/adolescents work to help with domestic expenses. Thus, in the future, these children/adolescents may turn into adults with low professional qualification levels, who may face difficulties to compete in the job market.

This research can contribute to further knowledge about the problem in the government, among educators and professionals in general. To respond to this reality, it is important to obtain adequate information about the situation child/adolescent workers experiences, with a view to more reliable national data.

Eradicating child and adolescent work demands short and medium-term reactions, including better social conditions for children and adolescents who are exploited at work, as well as long-term reactions, in a process of increasing awareness to break with current cultural barriers, in which society accepts this condition as something natural.

Acknowledgements

To the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) for funding the research.

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Correspondence addressed to:

Renata Cristina da P. Silveira

Rua Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400 - Chanadour

CEP 35501-296 – Divinópolis, MG, Brasil

*

Taken from the dissertation "Repercusiones del trabajo en el aprovechamiento escolar de niños y adolescentes: retrato de una realidad", Graduate Nursing Program, University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, 2009.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  07 May 2012
• Date of issue
  Apr 2012

History

• Received
  01 Apr 2010
• Accepted
  11 July 2011