Theoretical, methodological and analytical aspects of ethnographic research in obstetric nursing: an integrative review

Corresponding author:
Jameson Moreira Belém Universidade Regional do Cariri, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem Rua Coronel Antônio Luiz, 1161, Pimenta CEP 63105-000 - Crato, CE, Brazil jam.ex@hotmail.com

Search strategies	SciELO	BDENF	LILACS	MEDLINE®	CINAHL	Total
“Obstetric nursing” AND “culture”	7	16	19	69	101	212
“Obstetric nursing” AND “anthropology”	2	9	10	4	4	29
“Obstetric nursing” AND “anthropology cultural”	1	9	-	4	3	17
“Obstetric nursing” AND “ethnography”	2	8	8	3	8	29
“Obstetric nursing” AND “ethnonursing”	1	2	-	-	3	6
“Nursing” AND “ethnonursing”	24	2	13	97	207	343
Total	37	46	50	177	326	636

Authorship	Location	Research scenarios and contexts	Immersion in the field	CASP
Bonadio^{(¹⁵15. Bonadio IC. Ser tratada como gente: a vivência de mulheres atendidas no serviço de pré-natal de uma instituição filantrópica. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 1998;32(l):9-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0080-62341998000100003 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0080-6234199800... )}	São Paulo city, Brazil	Prenatal Service of a Philanthropic Institution	Not cited	A
Woodward^{(¹⁶16. Woodward VM. Caring, patient autonomy and the stigma of paternalism. J Adv Nurs. 1998;28(5):1046-52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.1998.00741.x https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.1998... )}	Not informed	Hospital and maternity hospital of a national health service	12 visits	A
Berry^{(¹⁷17. Berry AB. Mexican American women's expressions of the meaning of culturally congruent prenatal care. J Transcult Nurs. 1999;10(3):203-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104365969901000311 https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659699010003... )}	Southwestern United States	Prenatal public health clinic, a hospital and households	11 months	A
Nahas and Amasheh^{(¹⁸18. Nahas V, Nawal A. Culture care meanings and experiences of postpartum depression among Jordanian Australian women: a transcultural study. J Transcult Nurs. 1999;10(1):37-45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104365969901000113 https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659699010001... )}	Western Sydney Area, Australia	Community	Not cited	A
Morin et al.^{(¹⁹19. Morin KH, Patterson BJ, Kurtz B, Brzowski B. Mothers' responses to care given by male nursing students during and after Birth. Image J Nurs Scholarsh. 1999;31(1):83-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1999.tb00426.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1999... )}	United States Middle Atlantic Region	Maternal and child unit of a small community hospital	12 months	A
Angus et al.^{(²⁰20. Angus J, Hodnett E, O Brien-Pallas L. Implementing evidence-based nursing practice: a tale of two intrapartum nursing units. Nurs Inq. 2003;10(4):218-28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1800.2003.00193.x https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1800.2003... )}	Uninformed	Four community hospitals	20 days	A
Praça^{(²¹21. Praça NS. Pesquisa qualitativa, ensino e assistência de enfermagem: interação que favorece o cuidado cultural. Cienc Enferm. 2003;9(2):67-75. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95532003000200007 https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-9553200300... )}	West zone of the municipality of São Paulo, Brazil	Community center and slum households	19 months	A
Hoga^{(²²22. Hoga LA. Casa de parto: simbologia e princípios assistenciais. Rev Bras Enferm. 2004;57(5):537-40. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-71672004000500004 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-7167200400... )}	São Paulo, Brazil	Child birth center	5 months	A
Jeneral and Hoga^{(²³23. Jeneral RB, Hoga LA. A incerteza do futuro: a vivência da gravidez em uma comunidade brasileira de baixa renda. REME Rev Min Enferm Internet. 2004 citado 2019 jan. 8;8(2):268-74. Disponível em: http://www.reme.org.br/artigo/detalhes/735 http://www.reme.org.br/artigo/detalhes/7... )}	Sorocaba city, interior of São Paulo state, Brazil	Low income community	Not cited	A
Medves and Davies^{(²⁴24. Medves JM, Davies BL. Sustaining rural maternity care--don't forget the RNs. Can J Rural Med. 2005;10(1):29-35.)}	Ontario, Canada	Rural maternity hospital	Not cited	A
Bezerra and Cardoso^{(²⁵25. Bezerra MG, Cardoso MV. Fatores interferentes no comportamento das parturientes: enfoque na etnoenfermagem. Rev Bras Enferm. 2005;58(6):698-702. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-71672005000600013 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-7167200500... )}	Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil	Inpatient unit and obstetric center of public maternity and households	3 months	A
Monticelli and Elsen^{(²⁶26. Monticelli M, Elsen I. When the narrative period lasts longer than clinical period: a method for post-natal nursing care. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2005;14(2):167-76. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-07072005000200003 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-0707200500... )}	South region of Brazil	Collective unit of public maternity joint housing	12 months	A
Monticelli and Elsen^{(²⁷27. Monticelli M, Elsen I. Culture as an obstacle: perceptons in nursing towards care for the family in multiple-patient rooms. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2006;15(1):26-34. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-07072006000100003 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-0707200600... )}	South region of Brazil	Collective unit of public maternity joint housing	12 months	A
Bezerra and Cardoso^{(²⁸28. Bezerra MG, Cardoso MV. Fatores culturais que interferem nas experiências das mulheres durante o trabalho de parto e parto. Rev Latinoam Enferm. 2006;14(3):414-21. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-11692006000300016 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-1169200600... )}	Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil	Inpatient unit and public maternity obstetric center	3 months	A
Foster et al.^{(²⁹29. Foster J, Regueira Y, Heath A. Decision making by auxiliary nurses to assess postpartum bleeding in a Dominican Republic maternity ward. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2006;35(6):728-34. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2006.00096.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2006... )}	Dominican Republic	Reference hospital and maternity hospital	Not cited	A
El-Nemer et al.^{(³⁰30. El-Nemer A, Downe S, Small N. 'She would help me from the heart': an ethnography of Egyptian women in labour. Soc Sci Med. 2006;62:81-92. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.05.016 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005... )}	Egypt	Hospital and maternity	3 months	A
Kennedy and Lyndon^{(³¹31. Kennedy HP, Lyndon A. Tensions and teamwork in nursing and midwifery relationships. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2008;37(4):426-35. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2008.00256.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2008... )}	Northern California, United States	Northern California Urban Teaching Hospital	24 months	A
Leal and Rodríguez^{(³²32. Leal DP, Rodríguez LM. La condición materna y el ejercicio en la gestación favorecen el bienestar del hijo y el parto. Av Enferm Internet. 2008 citado 2019 jan. 8;26(2):51-8. Disponible en: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/avenferm/article/view/12898/13658 https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/a... )}	Girardot City, Colombia	Hospital Prenatal Care Program	3 months	A
Bernal-Roldán et al.^{(³³33. Bernal-Roldán MC, Rodríguez LM, Cárdenas CH. Significado del cuidado de si y de su hijo por nacer en gestantes desplazadas. Aquichan Internet. 2009 citado 2019 jan. 28;8(1):97-115. Disponible en: http://aquichan.unisabana.edu.co/index.php/aquichan/article/view/127/255 http://aquichan.unisabana.edu.co/index.p... )}	Suba and Ciudad Bolivar Localities, Bogota City, Colombia	Households	Not cited	A
MacKinnon^{(³⁴34. MacKinnon K. Rural nurses' safeguarding work reembodying patient safety. Adv Nurs Sci. 2011;34(2):119-29. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ANS.0b013e3182186b86 https://doi.org/10.1097/ANS.0b013e318218... )}	Cranbrook city, Western Province of British Columbia, Canada	Rural Regional Hospital	48 months	A
MacKinnon^{(³⁵35. MacKinnon K. We cannot staff for 'what ifs': the social organization of rural nurses' safeguarding work. Nurs Inq. 2012;19(3):259-69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1800.2011.00574.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1800.2011... )}	Cranbrook city, Western Province of British Columbia, Canada	Rural Regional Hospital	48 months	A
Maia and Silva^{(³⁶36. Maia SM, Silva LR. Saberes e práticas de mães ribeirinhas e o cuidado dos filhos recém-nascidos: contribuição para a enfermagem. Rev Enf Ref. 2012;7(3):131-8. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12707/RIII11130 https://doi.org/10.12707/RIII11130... )}	Benjamin Constant City, Amazonas, Brazil	Ribeirinha community	2 months	A
Prieto and Ruiz^{(³⁷37. Prieto BB, Ruiz CH. Significados durante el puerperio: a partir de prácticas y creencias culturales. Aquichan Internet. 2013 citado 2019 jan. 8;13(1):7-16. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/aqui/v13n1/v13n1a02.pdf http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/aqui/v13n1/... )}	Tunja City, Boyaca Department, Colombia	Households	Not cited	A
Tasçı-Duran and Sevil^{(³⁸38. Tasçi-Duran E, Sevil U. A Comparison of the prenatal health behaviors of women from four cultural groups in Turkey: an ethnonursing study. Nurs Sci Q 2013;26(3):257-66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318413489180 https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318413489180... )}	Bornova, İzmir Province Metropolitan District, Turkey	Family Health Center	10 months	A
Feyer et al.^{(³⁹39. Feyer IS, Monticelli M, Boehs AE, Santos EK. Rituais de cuidado realizados pelas fa mílias na preparação para a vivência do parto domiciliar planejado. Rev Bras Enferm. 2013;66(6):879-86. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-71672013000600011 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-7167201300... )}	Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil	Households	8 months	A
Lessa et al.^{(⁴⁰40. Lessa HF, Tyrell RM, Alves VH, Rodrigues DP. Social relations and the option for planned home birth: an institutional ethnographic study. Online Braz J Nurs Internet. 2014 cited 2019 Jan 9;13(2):239-49. Available from: http://www.objnursing.uff.br/index.php/nursing/article/view/4163/html_121 http://www.objnursing.uff.br/index.php/n... )}	Rio de Janeiro City, Brazil	Households	6 months	A
Lessa et al.^{(⁴¹41. Lessa HF, Tyrrell MA, Alves VH, Rodrigues DP. Information for the option of planned home birth: women's right to choose. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2014;23(3):665-72. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-07072014000930013 https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-07072014000... )}	Rio de Janeiro City, Brazil	Households	6 months	A
Junges et al.^{(⁴²42. Junges CF, Ressel LB, Monticelli M. Amongst wishes and possibilities: eating habits of pregnant women from an urban community in Southern Brazil. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2014;23(2):382-90. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-07072014000210013 https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-07072014000... )}	North Region of Santa Maria City, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil	Urban community	3 months	A
Alves et al.^{(⁴³43. Alves CN, Wilhelm LA, Barreto CN, Santos CC, Meincke SM, Ressel LB. Cuidado pré-natal e cultura: uma interface na atuação da enfermagem. Esc Anna Nery Rev Enferm. 2015;19(2):265-71. DOI: 10.5935/1414-8145.20150035 https://doi.org/10.5935/1414-8145.201500... )}	Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil	Basic Health Units in a low income community	6 months	A
Grassley et al.^{(⁴⁴44. Grassley JS, Clark M, Schleis J. An institutional ethnography of nurses' support of breastfeeding on the night shift. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2015;44(5):567-77. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1552-6909.12728 https://doi.org/10.1111/1552-6909.12728... )}	Mountain West, United States	Tertiary hospital with joint housing	Not cited	A

Aspects		Elements found in the studies
Theoretical	Interpretative Paradigm, Constructivist Epistemology and Inductive Logic	Theoretical formulations or concepts in light of the Theory of Diversity and Universality of Cultural Care ^{(17-18,23,25,28,32,36-39)}
		Cultural anthropology^{(¹⁵15. Bonadio IC. Ser tratada como gente: a vivência de mulheres atendidas no serviço de pré-natal de uma instituição filantrópica. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 1998;32(l):9-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0080-62341998000100003 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0080-6234199800... ,²¹21. Praça NS. Pesquisa qualitativa, ensino e assistência de enfermagem: interação que favorece o cuidado cultural. Cienc Enferm. 2003;9(2):67-75. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95532003000200007 https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-9553200300... )}, of health and symbolic^{(²⁷27. Monticelli M, Elsen I. Culture as an obstacle: perceptons in nursing towards care for the family in multiple-patient rooms. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2006;15(1):26-34. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-07072006000100003 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-0707200600... )}
		Pedagogical principles of education for social change in the concept of nursing practice as a partnership to transform health behaviors^{(²⁹29. Foster J, Regueira Y, Heath A. Decision making by auxiliary nurses to assess postpartum bleeding in a Dominican Republic maternity ward. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2006;35(6):728-34. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2006.00096.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2006... )}
		Approach to the four fundamental principles of health ethics^{(¹⁶16. Woodward VM. Caring, patient autonomy and the stigma of paternalism. J Adv Nurs. 1998;28(5):1046-52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.1998.00741.x https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.1998... )}
		Conceptual models of Critical Success Factors and Critical Success Factors and the Model for the Evaluation of Rural Sustainability^{(²⁴24. Medves JM, Davies BL. Sustaining rural maternity care--don't forget the RNs. Can J Rural Med. 2005;10(1):29-35.)}
		Analytical framework of habitus, capital and the field^{(²⁰20. Angus J, Hodnett E, O Brien-Pallas L. Implementing evidence-based nursing practice: a tale of two intrapartum nursing units. Nurs Inq. 2003;10(4):218-28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1800.2003.00193.x https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1800.2003... )}
		Therapeutic Narratives^{(²⁶26. Monticelli M, Elsen I. When the narrative period lasts longer than clinical period: a method for post-natal nursing care. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2005;14(2):167-76. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-07072005000200003 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-0707200500... )}
Methodological	Referentials	Ethnography^{(15-16,21-22,29,31,39)}, focused ethnography^{(¹⁹19. Morin KH, Patterson BJ, Kurtz B, Brzowski B. Mothers' responses to care given by male nursing students during and after Birth. Image J Nurs Scholarsh. 1999;31(1):83-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1999.tb00426.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1999... -²⁰20. Angus J, Hodnett E, O Brien-Pallas L. Implementing evidence-based nursing practice: a tale of two intrapartum nursing units. Nurs Inq. 2003;10(4):218-28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1800.2003.00193.x https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1800.2003... ,³¹31. Kennedy HP, Lyndon A. Tensions and teamwork in nursing and midwifery relationships. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2008;37(4):426-35. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2008.00256.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2008... )}, institutional ethnography^{(24,34-35,40-41,44)} and ethnonursing^{(17-18,23,25-28,32-33,36-38,42-43)}
	Informants	Mid-level nursing workers^{(¹⁶16. Woodward VM. Caring, patient autonomy and the stigma of paternalism. J Adv Nurs. 1998;28(5):1046-52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.1998.00741.x https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.1998... ,²⁶26. Monticelli M, Elsen I. When the narrative period lasts longer than clinical period: a method for post-natal nursing care. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2005;14(2):167-76. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-07072005000200003 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-0707200500... -²⁷27. Monticelli M, Elsen I. Culture as an obstacle: perceptons in nursing towards care for the family in multiple-patient rooms. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2006;15(1):26-34. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-07072006000100003 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-0707200600... ,²⁹29. Foster J, Regueira Y, Heath A. Decision making by auxiliary nurses to assess postpartum bleeding in a Dominican Republic maternity ward. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2006;35(6):728-34. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2006.00096.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2006... ),} teaching nurses, managers and/or care nurses^{(16,20,22,24,31,34-35,37,43-44),} doctors^{(²⁴24. Medves JM, Davies BL. Sustaining rural maternity care--don't forget the RNs. Can J Rural Med. 2005;10(1):29-35.)}, midwives^{(¹⁶16. Woodward VM. Caring, patient autonomy and the stigma of paternalism. J Adv Nurs. 1998;28(5):1046-52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.1998.00741.x https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.1998... ,³¹31. Kennedy HP, Lyndon A. Tensions and teamwork in nursing and midwifery relationships. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2008;37(4):426-35. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2008.00256.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2008... ),} administrators^{(²⁴24. Medves JM, Davies BL. Sustaining rural maternity care--don't forget the RNs. Can J Rural Med. 2005;10(1):29-35.)}, and other staff^{(¹⁷17. Berry AB. Mexican American women's expressions of the meaning of culturally congruent prenatal care. J Transcult Nurs. 1999;10(3):203-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104365969901000311 https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659699010003... )}
	Informants	Pregnant women^{(15,17,21,23,32-33,42)}, parturients^{(²⁵25. Bezerra MG, Cardoso MV. Fatores interferentes no comportamento das parturientes: enfoque na etnoenfermagem. Rev Bras Enferm. 2005;58(6):698-702. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-71672005000600013 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-7167200500... ,²⁸28. Bezerra MG, Cardoso MV. Fatores culturais que interferem nas experiências das mulheres durante o trabalho de parto e parto. Rev Latinoam Enferm. 2006;14(3):414-21. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-11692006000300016 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-1169200600... ,³⁰30. El-Nemer A, Downe S, Small N. 'She would help me from the heart': an ethnography of Egyptian women in labour. Soc Sci Med. 2006;62:81-92. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.05.016 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005... )}, puerperal women^{(¹⁸18. Nahas V, Nawal A. Culture care meanings and experiences of postpartum depression among Jordanian Australian women: a transcultural study. J Transcult Nurs. 1999;10(1):37-45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104365969901000113 https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659699010001... -¹⁹19. Morin KH, Patterson BJ, Kurtz B, Brzowski B. Mothers' responses to care given by male nursing students during and after Birth. Image J Nurs Scholarsh. 1999;31(1):83-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1999.tb00426.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1999... ,³⁷37. Prieto BB, Ruiz CH. Significados durante el puerperio: a partir de prácticas y creencias culturales. Aquichan Internet. 2013 citado 2019 jan. 8;13(1):7-16. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/aqui/v13n1/v13n1a02.pdf http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/aqui/v13n1/... )}, mothers^{(³⁶36. Maia SM, Silva LR. Saberes e práticas de mães ribeirinhas e o cuidado dos filhos recém-nascidos: contribuição para a enfermagem. Rev Enf Ref. 2012;7(3):131-8. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12707/RIII11130 https://doi.org/10.12707/RIII11130... ,⁴⁰40. Lessa HF, Tyrell RM, Alves VH, Rodrigues DP. Social relations and the option for planned home birth: an institutional ethnographic study. Online Braz J Nurs Internet. 2014 cited 2019 Jan 9;13(2):239-49. Available from: http://www.objnursing.uff.br/index.php/nursing/article/view/4163/html_121 http://www.objnursing.uff.br/index.php/n... -⁴¹41. Lessa HF, Tyrrell MA, Alves VH, Rodrigues DP. Information for the option of planned home birth: women's right to choose. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2014;23(3):665-72. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-07072014000930013 https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-07072014000... )}, family members^{(¹⁷17. Berry AB. Mexican American women's expressions of the meaning of culturally congruent prenatal care. J Transcult Nurs. 1999;10(3):203-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104365969901000311 https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659699010003... ,²⁵25. Bezerra MG, Cardoso MV. Fatores interferentes no comportamento das parturientes: enfoque na etnoenfermagem. Rev Bras Enferm. 2005;58(6):698-702. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-71672005000600013 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-7167200500... -²⁶26. Monticelli M, Elsen I. When the narrative period lasts longer than clinical period: a method for post-natal nursing care. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2005;14(2):167-76. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-07072005000200003 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-0707200500... ,³⁷37. Prieto BB, Ruiz CH. Significados durante el puerperio: a partir de prácticas y creencias culturales. Aquichan Internet. 2013 citado 2019 jan. 8;13(1):7-16. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/aqui/v13n1/v13n1a02.pdf http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/aqui/v13n1/... ,³⁹39. Feyer IS, Monticelli M, Boehs AE, Santos EK. Rituais de cuidado realizados pelas fa mílias na preparação para a vivência do parto domiciliar planejado. Rev Bras Enferm. 2013;66(6):879-86. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-71672013000600011 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-7167201300... )}, friends^{(¹⁷17. Berry AB. Mexican American women's expressions of the meaning of culturally congruent prenatal care. J Transcult Nurs. 1999;10(3):203-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104365969901000311 https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659699010003... ,²⁵25. Bezerra MG, Cardoso MV. Fatores interferentes no comportamento das parturientes: enfoque na etnoenfermagem. Rev Bras Enferm. 2005;58(6):698-702. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-71672005000600013 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-7167200500... )}, companions^{(²⁵25. Bezerra MG, Cardoso MV. Fatores interferentes no comportamento das parturientes: enfoque na etnoenfermagem. Rev Bras Enferm. 2005;58(6):698-702. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-71672005000600013 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-7167200500... )} and community^{(¹⁷17. Berry AB. Mexican American women's expressions of the meaning of culturally congruent prenatal care. J Transcult Nurs. 1999;10(3):203-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104365969901000311 https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659699010003... )}
	Scenarios	Hospitals, Maternities, Nursing Homes, Clinics and Family Health Centers^{(15-17,19-20,22,24-32,34-35,38,44)}
	Scenarios	Households^{(17,21,33,37,39-41)} and communities^{(¹⁸18. Nahas V, Nawal A. Culture care meanings and experiences of postpartum depression among Jordanian Australian women: a transcultural study. J Transcult Nurs. 1999;10(1):37-45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104365969901000113 https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659699010001... ,²¹21. Praça NS. Pesquisa qualitativa, ensino e assistência de enfermagem: interação que favorece o cuidado cultural. Cienc Enferm. 2003;9(2):67-75. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95532003000200007 https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-9553200300... ,²³23. Jeneral RB, Hoga LA. A incerteza do futuro: a vivência da gravidez em uma comunidade brasileira de baixa renda. REME Rev Min Enferm Internet. 2004 citado 2019 jan. 8;8(2):268-74. Disponível em: http://www.reme.org.br/artigo/detalhes/735 http://www.reme.org.br/artigo/detalhes/7... ,³⁶36. Maia SM, Silva LR. Saberes e práticas de mães ribeirinhas e o cuidado dos filhos recém-nascidos: contribuição para a enfermagem. Rev Enf Ref. 2012;7(3):131-8. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12707/RIII11130 https://doi.org/10.12707/RIII11130... ,⁴²42. Junges CF, Ressel LB, Monticelli M. Amongst wishes and possibilities: eating habits of pregnant women from an urban community in Southern Brazil. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2014;23(2):382-90. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-07072014000210013 https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-07072014000... )}
	Obstetric events	Childbirth^{(16,19-20,22,24-25,28,30-31,34-35,39-41)}, pregnancy^{(15,17,21,23,32-33,38,42-43)} and post-partum^{(18-19,26-27,29,36-37,44)}
	Data collection techniques	Participant^{(15,21-22,26-27,29,31-32,37,39)} and non- participant^{(¹⁶16. Woodward VM. Caring, patient autonomy and the stigma of paternalism. J Adv Nurs. 1998;28(5):1046-52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.1998.00741.x https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.1998... ,³⁰30. El-Nemer A, Downe S, Small N. 'She would help me from the heart': an ethnography of Egyptian women in labour. Soc Sci Med. 2006;62:81-92. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.05.016 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005... )} observation^{(²⁰20. Angus J, Hodnett E, O Brien-Pallas L. Implementing evidence-based nursing practice: a tale of two intrapartum nursing units. Nurs Inq. 2003;10(4):218-28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1800.2003.00193.x https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1800.2003... ,³³33. Bernal-Roldán MC, Rodríguez LM, Cárdenas CH. Significado del cuidado de si y de su hijo por nacer en gestantes desplazadas. Aquichan Internet. 2009 citado 2019 jan. 28;8(1):97-115. Disponible en: http://aquichan.unisabana.edu.co/index.php/aquichan/article/view/127/255 http://aquichan.unisabana.edu.co/index.p... 34. MacKinnon K. Rural nurses' safeguarding work reembodying patient safety. Adv Nurs Sci. 2011;34(2):119-29. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ANS.0b013e3182186b86 https://doi.org/10.1097/ANS.0b013e318218... -³⁵35. MacKinnon K. We cannot staff for 'what ifs': the social organization of rural nurses' safeguarding work. Nurs Inq. 2012;19(3):259-69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1800.2011.00574.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1800.2011... ,³⁸38. Tasçi-Duran E, Sevil U. A Comparison of the prenatal health behaviors of women from four cultural groups in Turkey: an ethnonursing study. Nurs Sci Q 2013;26(3):257-66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318413489180 https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318413489180... ,⁴⁴44. Grassley JS, Clark M, Schleis J. An institutional ethnography of nurses' support of breastfeeding on the night shift. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2015;44(5):567-77. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1552-6909.12728 https://doi.org/10.1111/1552-6909.12728... )}; structured^{(⁴³43. Alves CN, Wilhelm LA, Barreto CN, Santos CC, Meincke SM, Ressel LB. Cuidado pré-natal e cultura: uma interface na atuação da enfermagem. Esc Anna Nery Rev Enferm. 2015;19(2):265-71. DOI: 10.5935/1414-8145.20150035 https://doi.org/10.5935/1414-8145.201500... )} and non-structured^{(²⁷27. Monticelli M, Elsen I. Culture as an obstacle: perceptons in nursing towards care for the family in multiple-patient rooms. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2006;15(1):26-34. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-07072006000100003 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-0707200600... )} observation
		The Observation-Participation-Reflection Model^{(17-18,23,25,28,42-43)}, the Stranger-Friend Model^{(¹⁷17. Berry AB. Mexican American women's expressions of the meaning of culturally congruent prenatal care. J Transcult Nurs. 1999;10(3):203-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104365969901000311 https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659699010003... -¹⁸18. Nahas V, Nawal A. Culture care meanings and experiences of postpartum depression among Jordanian Australian women: a transcultural study. J Transcult Nurs. 1999;10(1):37-45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104365969901000113 https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659699010001... ,²⁵25. Bezerra MG, Cardoso MV. Fatores interferentes no comportamento das parturientes: enfoque na etnoenfermagem. Rev Bras Enferm. 2005;58(6):698-702. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-71672005000600013 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-7167200500... ,²⁸28. Bezerra MG, Cardoso MV. Fatores culturais que interferem nas experiências das mulheres durante o trabalho de parto e parto. Rev Latinoam Enferm. 2006;14(3):414-21. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-11692006000300016 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-1169200600... )}, acculturation^{(¹⁸18. Nahas V, Nawal A. Culture care meanings and experiences of postpartum depression among Jordanian Australian women: a transcultural study. J Transcult Nurs. 1999;10(1):37-45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104365969901000113 https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659699010001... )} and the Sunrise Model^{(¹⁷17. Berry AB. Mexican American women's expressions of the meaning of culturally congruent prenatal care. J Transcult Nurs. 1999;10(3):203-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104365969901000311 https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659699010003... -¹⁸18. Nahas V, Nawal A. Culture care meanings and experiences of postpartum depression among Jordanian Australian women: a transcultural study. J Transcult Nurs. 1999;10(1):37-45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104365969901000113 https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659699010001... ,³⁷37. Prieto BB, Ruiz CH. Significados durante el puerperio: a partir de prácticas y creencias culturales. Aquichan Internet. 2013 citado 2019 jan. 8;13(1):7-16. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/aqui/v13n1/v13n1a02.pdf http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/aqui/v13n1/... -³⁸38. Tasçi-Duran E, Sevil U. A Comparison of the prenatal health behaviors of women from four cultural groups in Turkey: an ethnonursing study. Nurs Sci Q 2013;26(3):257-66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318413489180 https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318413489180... )}
		Non-structured^{(¹⁵15. Bonadio IC. Ser tratada como gente: a vivência de mulheres atendidas no serviço de pré-natal de uma instituição filantrópica. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 1998;32(l):9-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0080-62341998000100003 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0080-6234199800... ,²⁶26. Monticelli M, Elsen I. When the narrative period lasts longer than clinical period: a method for post-natal nursing care. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2005;14(2):167-76. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-07072005000200003 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-0707200500... ,³⁰30. El-Nemer A, Downe S, Small N. 'She would help me from the heart': an ethnography of Egyptian women in labour. Soc Sci Med. 2006;62:81-92. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.05.016 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005... 31. Kennedy HP, Lyndon A. Tensions and teamwork in nursing and midwifery relationships. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2008;37(4):426-35. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2008.00256.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2008... 32. Leal DP, Rodríguez LM. La condición materna y el ejercicio en la gestación favorecen el bienestar del hijo y el parto. Av Enferm Internet. 2008 citado 2019 jan. 8;26(2):51-8. Disponible en: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/avenferm/article/view/12898/13658 https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/a... -³³33. Bernal-Roldán MC, Rodríguez LM, Cárdenas CH. Significado del cuidado de si y de su hijo por nacer en gestantes desplazadas. Aquichan Internet. 2009 citado 2019 jan. 28;8(1):97-115. Disponible en: http://aquichan.unisabana.edu.co/index.php/aquichan/article/view/127/255 http://aquichan.unisabana.edu.co/index.p... ,³⁷37. Prieto BB, Ruiz CH. Significados durante el puerperio: a partir de prácticas y creencias culturales. Aquichan Internet. 2013 citado 2019 jan. 8;13(1):7-16. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/aqui/v13n1/v13n1a02.pdf http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/aqui/v13n1/... )}, semi-structured^{(16,19-20,22-23,25,27-29,38,40-41,43)} and structured^{(³¹31. Kennedy HP, Lyndon A. Tensions and teamwork in nursing and midwifery relationships. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2008;37(4):426-35. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2008.00256.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2008... ,³⁶36. Maia SM, Silva LR. Saberes e práticas de mães ribeirinhas e o cuidado dos filhos recém-nascidos: contribuição para a enfermagem. Rev Enf Ref. 2012;7(3):131-8. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12707/RIII11130 https://doi.org/10.12707/RIII11130... ,⁴²42. Junges CF, Ressel LB, Monticelli M. Amongst wishes and possibilities: eating habits of pregnant women from an urban community in Southern Brazil. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2014;23(2):382-90. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-07072014000210013 https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-07072014000... ,⁴⁴44. Grassley JS, Clark M, Schleis J. An institutional ethnography of nurses' support of breastfeeding on the night shift. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2015;44(5):567-77. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1552-6909.12728 https://doi.org/10.1111/1552-6909.12728... )} individual^{(¹⁵15. Bonadio IC. Ser tratada como gente: a vivência de mulheres atendidas no serviço de pré-natal de uma instituição filantrópica. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 1998;32(l):9-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0080-62341998000100003 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0080-6234199800... 16. Woodward VM. Caring, patient autonomy and the stigma of paternalism. J Adv Nurs. 1998;28(5):1046-52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.1998.00741.x https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.1998... 17. Berry AB. Mexican American women's expressions of the meaning of culturally congruent prenatal care. J Transcult Nurs. 1999;10(3):203-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104365969901000311 https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659699010003... 18. Nahas V, Nawal A. Culture care meanings and experiences of postpartum depression among Jordanian Australian women: a transcultural study. J Transcult Nurs. 1999;10(1):37-45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104365969901000113 https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659699010001... 19. Morin KH, Patterson BJ, Kurtz B, Brzowski B. Mothers' responses to care given by male nursing students during and after Birth. Image J Nurs Scholarsh. 1999;31(1):83-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1999.tb00426.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1999... 20. Angus J, Hodnett E, O Brien-Pallas L. Implementing evidence-based nursing practice: a tale of two intrapartum nursing units. Nurs Inq. 2003;10(4):218-28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1800.2003.00193.x https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1800.2003... 21. Praça NS. Pesquisa qualitativa, ensino e assistência de enfermagem: interação que favorece o cuidado cultural. Cienc Enferm. 2003;9(2):67-75. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95532003000200007 https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-9553200300... 22. Hoga LA. Casa de parto: simbologia e princípios assistenciais. Rev Bras Enferm. 2004;57(5):537-40. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-71672004000500004 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-7167200400... 23. Jeneral RB, Hoga LA. A incerteza do futuro: a vivência da gravidez em uma comunidade brasileira de baixa renda. REME Rev Min Enferm Internet. 2004 citado 2019 jan. 8;8(2):268-74. Disponível em: http://www.reme.org.br/artigo/detalhes/735 http://www.reme.org.br/artigo/detalhes/7... 24. Medves JM, Davies BL. Sustaining rural maternity care--don't forget the RNs. Can J Rural Med. 2005;10(1):29-35. 25. Bezerra MG, Cardoso MV. Fatores interferentes no comportamento das parturientes: enfoque na etnoenfermagem. Rev Bras Enferm. 2005;58(6):698-702. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-71672005000600013 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-7167200500... 26. Monticelli M, Elsen I. When the narrative period lasts longer than clinical period: a method for post-natal nursing care. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2005;14(2):167-76. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-07072005000200003 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-0707200500... 27. Monticelli M, Elsen I. Culture as an obstacle: perceptons in nursing towards care for the family in multiple-patient rooms. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2006;15(1):26-34. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-07072006000100003 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-0707200600... 28. Bezerra MG, Cardoso MV. Fatores culturais que interferem nas experiências das mulheres durante o trabalho de parto e parto. Rev Latinoam Enferm. 2006;14(3):414-21. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-11692006000300016 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-1169200600... 29. Foster J, Regueira Y, Heath A. Decision making by auxiliary nurses to assess postpartum bleeding in a Dominican Republic maternity ward. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2006;35(6):728-34. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2006.00096.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2006... 30. El-Nemer A, Downe S, Small N. 'She would help me from the heart': an ethnography of Egyptian women in labour. Soc Sci Med. 2006;62:81-92. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.05.016 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005... 31. Kennedy HP, Lyndon A. Tensions and teamwork in nursing and midwifery relationships. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2008;37(4):426-35. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2008.00256.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2008... 32. Leal DP, Rodríguez LM. La condición materna y el ejercicio en la gestación favorecen el bienestar del hijo y el parto. Av Enferm Internet. 2008 citado 2019 jan. 8;26(2):51-8. Disponible en: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/avenferm/article/view/12898/13658 https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/a... 33. Bernal-Roldán MC, Rodríguez LM, Cárdenas CH. Significado del cuidado de si y de su hijo por nacer en gestantes desplazadas. Aquichan Internet. 2009 citado 2019 jan. 28;8(1):97-115. Disponible en: http://aquichan.unisabana.edu.co/index.php/aquichan/article/view/127/255 http://aquichan.unisabana.edu.co/index.p... 34. MacKinnon K. Rural nurses' safeguarding work reembodying patient safety. Adv Nurs Sci. 2011;34(2):119-29. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ANS.0b013e3182186b86 https://doi.org/10.1097/ANS.0b013e318218... 35. MacKinnon K. We cannot staff for 'what ifs': the social organization of rural nurses' safeguarding work. Nurs Inq. 2012;19(3):259-69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1800.2011.00574.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1800.2011... 36. Maia SM, Silva LR. Saberes e práticas de mães ribeirinhas e o cuidado dos filhos recém-nascidos: contribuição para a enfermagem. Rev Enf Ref. 2012;7(3):131-8. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12707/RIII11130 https://doi.org/10.12707/RIII11130... 37. Prieto BB, Ruiz CH. Significados durante el puerperio: a partir de prácticas y creencias culturales. Aquichan Internet. 2013 citado 2019 jan. 8;13(1):7-16. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/aqui/v13n1/v13n1a02.pdf http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/aqui/v13n1/... 38. Tasçi-Duran E, Sevil U. A Comparison of the prenatal health behaviors of women from four cultural groups in Turkey: an ethnonursing study. Nurs Sci Q 2013;26(3):257-66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318413489180 https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318413489180... 39. Feyer IS, Monticelli M, Boehs AE, Santos EK. Rituais de cuidado realizados pelas fa mílias na preparação para a vivência do parto domiciliar planejado. Rev Bras Enferm. 2013;66(6):879-86. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-71672013000600011 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-7167201300... 40. Lessa HF, Tyrell RM, Alves VH, Rodrigues DP. Social relations and the option for planned home birth: an institutional ethnographic study. Online Braz J Nurs Internet. 2014 cited 2019 Jan 9;13(2):239-49. Available from: http://www.objnursing.uff.br/index.php/nursing/article/view/4163/html_121 http://www.objnursing.uff.br/index.php/n... 41. Lessa HF, Tyrrell MA, Alves VH, Rodrigues DP. Information for the option of planned home birth: women's right to choose. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2014;23(3):665-72. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-07072014000930013 https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-07072014000... 42. Junges CF, Ressel LB, Monticelli M. Amongst wishes and possibilities: eating habits of pregnant women from an urban community in Southern Brazil. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2014;23(2):382-90. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-07072014000210013 https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-07072014000... 43. Alves CN, Wilhelm LA, Barreto CN, Santos CC, Meincke SM, Ressel LB. Cuidado pré-natal e cultura: uma interface na atuação da enfermagem. Esc Anna Nery Rev Enferm. 2015;19(2):265-71. DOI: 10.5935/1414-8145.20150035 https://doi.org/10.5935/1414-8145.201500... -⁴⁴44. Grassley JS, Clark M, Schleis J. An institutional ethnography of nurses' support of breastfeeding on the night shift. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2015;44(5):567-77. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1552-6909.12728 https://doi.org/10.1111/1552-6909.12728... )} interviews, non-structured^{(³¹31. Kennedy HP, Lyndon A. Tensions and teamwork in nursing and midwifery relationships. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2008;37(4):426-35. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2008.00256.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2008... )} and structured^{(⁴⁴44. Grassley JS, Clark M, Schleis J. An institutional ethnography of nurses' support of breastfeeding on the night shift. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2015;44(5):567-77. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1552-6909.12728 https://doi.org/10.1111/1552-6909.12728... )} group^{(²⁴24. Medves JM, Davies BL. Sustaining rural maternity care--don't forget the RNs. Can J Rural Med. 2005;10(1):29-35.,³¹31. Kennedy HP, Lyndon A. Tensions and teamwork in nursing and midwifery relationships. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2008;37(4):426-35. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2008.00256.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2008... ,³³33. Bernal-Roldán MC, Rodríguez LM, Cárdenas CH. Significado del cuidado de si y de su hijo por nacer en gestantes desplazadas. Aquichan Internet. 2009 citado 2019 jan. 28;8(1):97-115. Disponible en: http://aquichan.unisabana.edu.co/index.php/aquichan/article/view/127/255 http://aquichan.unisabana.edu.co/index.p... ,⁴⁴44. Grassley JS, Clark M, Schleis J. An institutional ethnography of nurses' support of breastfeeding on the night shift. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2015;44(5):567-77. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1552-6909.12728 https://doi.org/10.1111/1552-6909.12728... )} interviews and focus groups^{(²⁴24. Medves JM, Davies BL. Sustaining rural maternity care--don't forget the RNs. Can J Rural Med. 2005;10(1):29-35.,³³33. Bernal-Roldán MC, Rodríguez LM, Cárdenas CH. Significado del cuidado de si y de su hijo por nacer en gestantes desplazadas. Aquichan Internet. 2009 citado 2019 jan. 28;8(1):97-115. Disponible en: http://aquichan.unisabana.edu.co/index.php/aquichan/article/view/127/255 http://aquichan.unisabana.edu.co/index.p... ,⁴⁴44. Grassley JS, Clark M, Schleis J. An institutional ethnography of nurses' support of breastfeeding on the night shift. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2015;44(5):567-77. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1552-6909.12728 https://doi.org/10.1111/1552-6909.12728... )}
		Questionnaires^{(²⁹29. Foster J, Regueira Y, Heath A. Decision making by auxiliary nurses to assess postpartum bleeding in a Dominican Republic maternity ward. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2006;35(6):728-34. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2006.00096.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2006... ,³⁶36. Maia SM, Silva LR. Saberes e práticas de mães ribeirinhas e o cuidado dos filhos recém-nascidos: contribuição para a enfermagem. Rev Enf Ref. 2012;7(3):131-8. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12707/RIII11130 https://doi.org/10.12707/RIII11130... )} and photos^{(²¹21. Praça NS. Pesquisa qualitativa, ensino e assistência de enfermagem: interação que favorece o cuidado cultural. Cienc Enferm. 2003;9(2):67-75. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95532003000200007 https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-9553200300... )}, studies and documents provided by the institution^{(¹⁵15. Bonadio IC. Ser tratada como gente: a vivência de mulheres atendidas no serviço de pré-natal de uma instituição filantrópica. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 1998;32(l):9-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0080-62341998000100003 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0080-6234199800... ,³⁴34. MacKinnon K. Rural nurses' safeguarding work reembodying patient safety. Adv Nurs Sci. 2011;34(2):119-29. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ANS.0b013e3182186b86 https://doi.org/10.1097/ANS.0b013e318218... -³⁵35. MacKinnon K. We cannot staff for 'what ifs': the social organization of rural nurses' safeguarding work. Nurs Inq. 2012;19(3):259-69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1800.2011.00574.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1800.2011... )}, records^{(²¹21. Praça NS. Pesquisa qualitativa, ensino e assistência de enfermagem: interação que favorece o cuidado cultural. Cienc Enferm. 2003;9(2):67-75. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95532003000200007 https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-9553200300... )} and protocols^{(⁴⁴44. Grassley JS, Clark M, Schleis J. An institutional ethnography of nurses' support of breastfeeding on the night shift. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2015;44(5):567-77. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1552-6909.12728 https://doi.org/10.1111/1552-6909.12728... )}
	Data organization and processing	Topics^{(15,17-18,21,23,30-33,37-38,44)} and subtopics^{(²¹21. Praça NS. Pesquisa qualitativa, ensino e assistência de enfermagem: interação que favorece o cuidado cultural. Cienc Enferm. 2003;9(2):67-75. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95532003000200007 https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-9553200300... ,³²32. Leal DP, Rodríguez LM. La condición materna y el ejercicio en la gestación favorecen el bienestar del hijo y el parto. Av Enferm Internet. 2008 citado 2019 jan. 8;26(2):51-8. Disponible en: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/avenferm/article/view/12898/13658 https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/a... ,³⁸38. Tasçi-Duran E, Sevil U. A Comparison of the prenatal health behaviors of women from four cultural groups in Turkey: an ethnonursing study. Nurs Sci Q 2013;26(3):257-66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318413489180 https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318413489180... )}, denominated cultural^{(²³23. Jeneral RB, Hoga LA. A incerteza do futuro: a vivência da gravidez em uma comunidade brasileira de baixa renda. REME Rev Min Enferm Internet. 2004 citado 2019 jan. 8;8(2):268-74. Disponível em: http://www.reme.org.br/artigo/detalhes/735 http://www.reme.org.br/artigo/detalhes/7... )}, central cultural^{(¹⁵15. Bonadio IC. Ser tratada como gente: a vivência de mulheres atendidas no serviço de pré-natal de uma instituição filantrópica. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 1998;32(l):9-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0080-62341998000100003 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0080-6234199800... ,¹⁸18. Nahas V, Nawal A. Culture care meanings and experiences of postpartum depression among Jordanian Australian women: a transcultural study. J Transcult Nurs. 1999;10(1):37-45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104365969901000113 https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659699010001... ,³³33. Bernal-Roldán MC, Rodríguez LM, Cárdenas CH. Significado del cuidado de si y de su hijo por nacer en gestantes desplazadas. Aquichan Internet. 2009 citado 2019 jan. 28;8(1):97-115. Disponible en: http://aquichan.unisabana.edu.co/index.php/aquichan/article/view/127/255 http://aquichan.unisabana.edu.co/index.p... ,³⁷37. Prieto BB, Ruiz CH. Significados durante el puerperio: a partir de prácticas y creencias culturales. Aquichan Internet. 2013 citado 2019 jan. 8;13(1):7-16. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/aqui/v13n1/v13n1a02.pdf http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/aqui/v13n1/... )}, main cultural^{(³⁸38. Tasçi-Duran E, Sevil U. A Comparison of the prenatal health behaviors of women from four cultural groups in Turkey: an ethnonursing study. Nurs Sci Q 2013;26(3):257-66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318413489180 https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318413489180... )}, universal^{(¹⁷17. Berry AB. Mexican American women's expressions of the meaning of culturally congruent prenatal care. J Transcult Nurs. 1999;10(3):203-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104365969901000311 https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659699010003... )} and cultural descriptors^{(²³23. Jeneral RB, Hoga LA. A incerteza do futuro: a vivência da gravidez em uma comunidade brasileira de baixa renda. REME Rev Min Enferm Internet. 2004 citado 2019 jan. 8;8(2):268-74. Disponível em: http://www.reme.org.br/artigo/detalhes/735 http://www.reme.org.br/artigo/detalhes/7... )}
		Categories^{(16,21-22,25-28,36,39-41)} and subcategories^{(²⁵25. Bezerra MG, Cardoso MV. Fatores interferentes no comportamento das parturientes: enfoque na etnoenfermagem. Rev Bras Enferm. 2005;58(6):698-702. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-71672005000600013 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-7167200500... ,²⁸28. Bezerra MG, Cardoso MV. Fatores culturais que interferem nas experiências das mulheres durante o trabalho de parto e parto. Rev Latinoam Enferm. 2006;14(3):414-21. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-11692006000300016 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-1169200600... ,³⁹39. Feyer IS, Monticelli M, Boehs AE, Santos EK. Rituais de cuidado realizados pelas fa mílias na preparação para a vivência do parto domiciliar planejado. Rev Bras Enferm. 2013;66(6):879-86. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-71672013000600011 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-7167201300... 40. Lessa HF, Tyrell RM, Alves VH, Rodrigues DP. Social relations and the option for planned home birth: an institutional ethnographic study. Online Braz J Nurs Internet. 2014 cited 2019 Jan 9;13(2):239-49. Available from: http://www.objnursing.uff.br/index.php/nursing/article/view/4163/html_121 http://www.objnursing.uff.br/index.php/n... -⁴¹41. Lessa HF, Tyrrell MA, Alves VH, Rodrigues DP. Information for the option of planned home birth: women's right to choose. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2014;23(3):665-72. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-07072014000930013 https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-07072014000... )}, classified into analytics^{(²¹21. Praça NS. Pesquisa qualitativa, ensino e assistência de enfermagem: interação que favorece o cuidado cultural. Cienc Enferm. 2003;9(2):67-75. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95532003000200007 https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-9553200300... ,³⁶36. Maia SM, Silva LR. Saberes e práticas de mães ribeirinhas e o cuidado dos filhos recém-nascidos: contribuição para a enfermagem. Rev Enf Ref. 2012;7(3):131-8. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12707/RIII11130 https://doi.org/10.12707/RIII11130... )} and thematics^{(¹⁵15. Bonadio IC. Ser tratada como gente: a vivência de mulheres atendidas no serviço de pré-natal de uma instituição filantrópica. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 1998;32(l):9-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0080-62341998000100003 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0080-6234199800... ,⁴⁰40. Lessa HF, Tyrell RM, Alves VH, Rodrigues DP. Social relations and the option for planned home birth: an institutional ethnographic study. Online Braz J Nurs Internet. 2014 cited 2019 Jan 9;13(2):239-49. Available from: http://www.objnursing.uff.br/index.php/nursing/article/view/4163/html_121 http://www.objnursing.uff.br/index.php/n... -⁴¹41. Lessa HF, Tyrrell MA, Alves VH, Rodrigues DP. Information for the option of planned home birth: women's right to choose. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2014;23(3):665-72. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-07072014000930013 https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-07072014000... )}
		Descriptively from the empirically emerging patterns^{(19-20,24,29,34-35,43)}
		Leininger-Templin-Thompson Ethno Script Qualitative Software^{®(¹⁷17. Berry AB. Mexican American women's expressions of the meaning of culturally congruent prenatal care. J Transcult Nurs. 1999;10(3):203-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104365969901000311 https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659699010003... )}, Ethnograph^{®(¹⁸18. Nahas V, Nawal A. Culture care meanings and experiences of postpartum depression among Jordanian Australian women: a transcultural study. J Transcult Nurs. 1999;10(1):37-45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104365969901000113 https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659699010001... )}, Nudist^{®(¹⁹19. Morin KH, Patterson BJ, Kurtz B, Brzowski B. Mothers' responses to care given by male nursing students during and after Birth. Image J Nurs Scholarsh. 1999;31(1):83-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1999.tb00426.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1999... )} and Atlas.ti^{®(³¹31. Kennedy HP, Lyndon A. Tensions and teamwork in nursing and midwifery relationships. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2008;37(4):426-35. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2008.00256.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2008... )} programs
	Data analysis	Ethnonursing^{(17-18,25-28,36-38,42-43)}, Componential ethnographic analysis^{(¹⁵15. Bonadio IC. Ser tratada como gente: a vivência de mulheres atendidas no serviço de pré-natal de uma instituição filantrópica. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 1998;32(l):9-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0080-62341998000100003 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0080-6234199800... ,³²32. Leal DP, Rodríguez LM. La condición materna y el ejercicio en la gestación favorecen el bienestar del hijo y el parto. Av Enferm Internet. 2008 citado 2019 jan. 8;26(2):51-8. Disponible en: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/avenferm/article/view/12898/13658 https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/a... -³³33. Bernal-Roldán MC, Rodríguez LM, Cárdenas CH. Significado del cuidado de si y de su hijo por nacer en gestantes desplazadas. Aquichan Internet. 2009 citado 2019 jan. 28;8(1):97-115. Disponible en: http://aquichan.unisabana.edu.co/index.php/aquichan/article/view/127/255 http://aquichan.unisabana.edu.co/index.p... )}, Content analysis^{(16,21,30-31,40-41,44)}, Framework habitus, capital and the field^{(²⁰20. Angus J, Hodnett E, O Brien-Pallas L. Implementing evidence-based nursing practice: a tale of two intrapartum nursing units. Nurs Inq. 2003;10(4):218-28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1800.2003.00193.x https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1800.2003... )}, modeling of the ethnographic decision tree^{(²⁹29. Foster J, Regueira Y, Heath A. Decision making by auxiliary nurses to assess postpartum bleeding in a Dominican Republic maternity ward. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2006;35(6):728-34. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2006.00096.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2006... )}, analytical method in institutional ethnography^{(³⁴34. MacKinnon K. Rural nurses' safeguarding work reembodying patient safety. Adv Nurs Sci. 2011;34(2):119-29. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ANS.0b013e3182186b86 https://doi.org/10.1097/ANS.0b013e318218... -³⁵35. MacKinnon K. We cannot staff for 'what ifs': the social organization of rural nurses' safeguarding work. Nurs Inq. 2012;19(3):259-69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1800.2011.00574.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1800.2011... )}, narrative analysis^{(²²22. Hoga LA. Casa de parto: simbologia e princípios assistenciais. Rev Bras Enferm. 2004;57(5):537-40. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-71672004000500004 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-7167200400... -²³23. Jeneral RB, Hoga LA. A incerteza do futuro: a vivência da gravidez em uma comunidade brasileira de baixa renda. REME Rev Min Enferm Internet. 2004 citado 2019 jan. 8;8(2):268-74. Disponível em: http://www.reme.org.br/artigo/detalhes/735 http://www.reme.org.br/artigo/detalhes/7... )}, grounded theory^{(³⁰30. El-Nemer A, Downe S, Small N. 'She would help me from the heart': an ethnography of Egyptian women in labour. Soc Sci Med. 2006;62:81-92. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.05.016 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005... )}, convergent-care analysis^{(³⁹39. Feyer IS, Monticelli M, Boehs AE, Santos EK. Rituais de cuidado realizados pelas fa mílias na preparação para a vivência do parto domiciliar planejado. Rev Bras Enferm. 2013;66(6):879-86. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-71672013000600011 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-7167201300... )}, conceptual models of Critical Success Factors and Critical Success Factors and the Model for the Evaluation of Rural Sustainability^{(²⁴24. Medves JM, Davies BL. Sustaining rural maternity care--don't forget the RNs. Can J Rural Med. 2005;10(1):29-35.)} and document analysis^{(¹⁵15. Bonadio IC. Ser tratada como gente: a vivência de mulheres atendidas no serviço de pré-natal de uma instituição filantrópica. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 1998;32(l):9-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0080-62341998000100003 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0080-6234199800... ,²¹21. Praça NS. Pesquisa qualitativa, ensino e assistência de enfermagem: interação que favorece o cuidado cultural. Cienc Enferm. 2003;9(2):67-75. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95532003000200007 https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-9553200300... )}
	Ethical aspects and methodological rigor	Ethnonursing criteria: credibility, verifiability, recurring patterns, meaning in context, saturation and transferability^{(¹⁷17. Berry AB. Mexican American women's expressions of the meaning of culturally congruent prenatal care. J Transcult Nurs. 1999;10(3):203-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104365969901000311 https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659699010003... -¹⁸18. Nahas V, Nawal A. Culture care meanings and experiences of postpartum depression among Jordanian Australian women: a transcultural study. J Transcult Nurs. 1999;10(1):37-45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104365969901000113 https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659699010001... ,²⁶26. Monticelli M, Elsen I. When the narrative period lasts longer than clinical period: a method for post-natal nursing care. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2005;14(2):167-76. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-07072005000200003 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-0707200500... )}, as well as verification and validation of information collected from informants^{(¹⁹19. Morin KH, Patterson BJ, Kurtz B, Brzowski B. Mothers' responses to care given by male nursing students during and after Birth. Image J Nurs Scholarsh. 1999;31(1):83-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1999.tb00426.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1999... ,²¹21. Praça NS. Pesquisa qualitativa, ensino e assistência de enfermagem: interação que favorece o cuidado cultural. Cienc Enferm. 2003;9(2):67-75. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95532003000200007 https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-9553200300... 22. Hoga LA. Casa de parto: simbologia e princípios assistenciais. Rev Bras Enferm. 2004;57(5):537-40. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-71672004000500004 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-7167200400... -²³23. Jeneral RB, Hoga LA. A incerteza do futuro: a vivência da gravidez em uma comunidade brasileira de baixa renda. REME Rev Min Enferm Internet. 2004 citado 2019 jan. 8;8(2):268-74. Disponível em: http://www.reme.org.br/artigo/detalhes/735 http://www.reme.org.br/artigo/detalhes/7... ,²⁹29. Foster J, Regueira Y, Heath A. Decision making by auxiliary nurses to assess postpartum bleeding in a Dominican Republic maternity ward. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2006;35(6):728-34. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2006.00096.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2006... ,³¹31. Kennedy HP, Lyndon A. Tensions and teamwork in nursing and midwifery relationships. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2008;37(4):426-35. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2008.00256.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2008... )}, credibility^{(¹⁹19. Morin KH, Patterson BJ, Kurtz B, Brzowski B. Mothers' responses to care given by male nursing students during and after Birth. Image J Nurs Scholarsh. 1999;31(1):83-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1999.tb00426.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1999... ,²²22. Hoga LA. Casa de parto: simbologia e princípios assistenciais. Rev Bras Enferm. 2004;57(5):537-40. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-71672004000500004 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-7167200400... )} and reliability^{(²⁹29. Foster J, Regueira Y, Heath A. Decision making by auxiliary nurses to assess postpartum bleeding in a Dominican Republic maternity ward. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2006;35(6):728-34. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2006.00096.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2006... )}
	Ethical aspects and methodological rigor	Approval by Research Ethics Committees^{(16,19,21-22,24-29,31-36,38-44)} and signing the Informed Consent Form^{(16-17,19-20,22-33,36-39,41-42,44)}

[1] Corresponding author:
Jameson Moreira Belém Universidade Regional do Cariri, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem Rua Coronel Antônio Luiz, 1161, Pimenta CEP 63105-000 - Crato, CE, Brazil jam.ex@hotmail.com

Brasil

Brasil

Aspectos teóricos, metodológicos y analíticos de investigaciones etnográficas en enfermería obstétrica: revisión integrativa

Abstract

Objective:

Method:

Results:

Conclusion: