MEDIDA INDIRETA DA PRESSÃO ARTERIAL: Revisão

Arcuri, Edna Apparecida Moura

doi:10.1590/0080-6234198902300100163

RESUMO

Trata-se de revisão concernente à medida indireta da pressão arterial, enfatizando-se as recomendações da American Heart Association e a princípio da esfigmomanometria. Aborda a relação existente entre a circunferência do braço e a largura da bolsa de borracha contida na braçadeira do esfigmomanômetro (manguito) e os erros provocados pela inadequação dessa relação. São discutidas diversas variáveis implicadas no procedimento da medida da pressão arterial.

Pressão arterial; Medida da pressão arterial

This study deeds with the indirect arterial blood pressure measurement, particularly the American Heart Association recommendations for sphygmomanometry References are made regarding the ratio arm circumference/cuff width and the errorseaused by inadequate cuff size. Several variables envolved in the procedure of arterial blood pressure measurement are discussed.

Blood pressure; Blood pressure measurement

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REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS

ALEXANDER, H.; COHEN, M.L.; STEINELD, L. Criteria in the choice of an occluding cuff for the indirect measurement of blood pressure. Med. biol. Eng. Comput., Stevenage, 15:2-10,1977.
AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION AND THE CARDIAC SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. Standardization of blood pressure readings. Am. Heart J. , St Louis, 18: 95-101, 1939.
ARCURI, E.A.M. Estudo comparativo da medida indireta de pressão arterial com o manguito de largura correta e com o manguito de largura padrão. São Paulo, 1985. 175p. (Tese de Doutorado - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas da USP).
ARCURI, E.A.M.; SANTOS, J.L.F.; ROCHA E SILVA, M. Pulse pressure as a function of cuff width. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res., Ribeirão Preto, 21:53-6,1988.
BARKER, W.F.; HEDIGER, M.L.; KATZ, S.H.; BOWERS, E.J. Concurrent validity studies of blood pressure instrumentation. Hypertension, Dallas, 6:85-91,1984.
BAZETT, H.C. & LAPLACE, L.B. Studies on the indirect measurement of blood pressure: I - Sources of error in the Riva Rocci Method. Am. J. Physiol. , Bethesda, 103:48-67, 1933.
BAZETT, H.C; LAPLACE, L.B.; SCOTT, U.C. The pressure changes induced in the vascular system as the result of compression of a limb and their effect on the indirect measurement of lateral pressures. An J. Physiol., Bethesda, 112:182-201,1935.
BECK, F.M.; WEAVER, J.M.; BLOZIS, G.G.; UNVERFERTH, D.V. Effect of arm position and arm support on indirect blood pressure measurements made in a dental chair. J. Am. Dent. Assoc., Chicago, 106:465-8,1983.
BERLINER, K.; FUJIY, H. LEE, D.; YILDIZ, M.; GARNIER, B. Accuracy of blood pressure determinations: comparison of direct and indirect measurements. Carfiologia, Basel, 37:118-28,1960.
BERLINER, K.; FUJIY, H.; LEE, D.; YILDIZ, M.; GARNIER, B. Blood pressure measurements in obese persons: comparison of intra-arterial and auscultatory measurements. Am. J. Cardiol., New York, 8:10-7,1961.
BERRY, M.R. The mechanism and prevention of impairment of auscultatory sounds of standing patients. Proc. Mayo Clin. Rochester, 15:699-702,1940.
BERRY, M. Influence of the positions of arm and body on blood pressure determined by auscultation. Proc. Mayo Clin., Rochester, 16:29-32,1940.
BEVAN, A.T.; HONOUR, AJ.; STOTT, F.M. Direct arterial pressure recording in unrestricted man. Clin. Sci., London, 36:329-44,1969.
BIRKENHÃGER, W.H.; Van ES, L.A.; HOUWING, A.; LAMERS, H J.; MULDER, A.H. Studies on the lability of hypertension in man. Clin. Sci., London, 35:445-56,1968.
BORDLEY III, J.; CONNOR, A.R.; HAMILTON, N.F.; KERR, W.J.; WIGGERS, C.J. Recommendations of human blood pressure determinations by sphygmomanometers. Circulation, Dallas, 4:503-9,1951.
BURCH, G.E. & SHEWEY, L. Sphymomanometric cuff size and blood pressure recordings. J. Am. Med. Assoc., Chicago, 225:1215-18. 1973.
CHUNGCHAROEN, D. Genesis of korotkoff sounds. Am. J. Physiol., Bethesda, 207:190-94,1964.
COHN, J.N. Blood pressure in shock: mechanisms of inaccuracy auscultatory and palpatory methods. J. Am. Med. Assoc., Chicago, 199:118-22,1967.
COMBES, B J.; PORCHET, M.; WAEBER, B.; BRUNNER, H.R. Ambulatory blood pressure recordings: reproducing and unpredictability. Hypertension, Dallas, 6:110-14,1984.
CONCEIÇÃO, S.; WARD, M.K.; KERR, D.N.S. Defects in sphygmomanometers: an important source of error in blood pressure recordings. Bri. Med. J., London, 1:886-8,1976.
ERLANGER, J. Movements in the artery under compression during Wood pressure determinations. Am. J. Physil., Bethesda, 55:84-158, 1921.
FORTMANN, S.P.; MARCUSON, R.; BITTER, P.H.; HASKELL, W.L. A comparison of the sphymetrics SR-2 automatic blood pressure recorder to the mercury sphygmomanometer in population studies. Am. J. Epidemil.. Baltimore, 114:836-44, 1981.
FREIS, L.D. & SAPPINGTON, J. Dynamic reactions produced by deflating a blood pressure cuff. Circulation, Dallas, 38:1085-93.
GARROW, J.S. Zero-Muddler for umprejudiced sphygnornanometric. Lancet, London, 2:1205, 1963.
GEDDES, L.A.; HOFF, H.E.; BADGER, A.S. Introduction of the auscultatory method of measuring blood pressure: including a translation of korotksets original paper. Cardiovasc. Res. Cent. Bull., Houston, 5:57-74,1966.
GEDDES, L.A. & TIVEY, R. The importance of cuff widht in measurement of blood pressure indirectly. Cardiovas. Res. Cnt. Bull., Houston, 14:69-79, 1976.
GEDDES, L.A. & WHISTLER, S.J. The error in indirect blood pressure measurement with the incorrect size of cuff. Am. Heart. J., St. Louis, 96:4-8, 1978.
HAMILTON, W.F.; BREWER, G.; BROTMAN, I. Pressure pulse contours in the intact animal: I. Analytical description of a high-frequency hypodermic manometer with illustrative curves of simultaneous arterial and intracardiac pressures. J. Am. Med. Assoc., Chicago, 107:853-6, 1936.
HASHIMOTO, F.; HUNT, W.C.; HARDY, L. Differences between right and left ar blood pressure in the elderly. West. J. Med., São Francisco, 141(2):189-92, 1984.
HOLLAND, W. W. & HUMERFELT, S. Measurement of blood pressure: comparison of intra-arterial and cuff values. Br. Med. J., London, 2:1241-3,1964.
IRVINE, R. D. H. The influence of arm girth and cuff size on the measurement of blood pressure. N.Z. Med. J., Dunedin, 67:279-83, 1968.
KARVONEN, M.J.; TELIVUO, L.U.; E.J.K. Sphygmomanometer cuff size and accuracy of indirect blood pressure measurement. Am. J. Cardiol., New York. 13:688-93,1964.
KING, G.E. Taking the blood pressure. J. Am. Med. Assoc., Chicago, 209:1902-4, 1969.
KIRKENDALL, W.M.; BUERTON, A.C.; EPSTEIN, F.H.; FREIS, E.D. Recomendations for human blood pressure determination by schygmomanometers. Circulation, Dallas, 36:980-8, 1967.
KIRKENDALL, W.M.; FEINLEIB, M.; FREIS, E.D.; MARK, A.L. Recomendations for human blood pressure determination by sphygmomanometers. Circulation, Dallas, 62:1146A-55A, 1980
KLEINERT, H.D.; HARSHFIELD, G.A.; PICKERING, T.G.; DEVEREUX, R.B.; SULLIVANM, P.A.; MARION, R.M.; MALLORY, W.K.; LARAGH, J.H. What is the value of home blood pressure measurements in patients with mild hypertension? Hypertension, Dallas, 6:574-78, 1984
KOROTKOFF, N.S. 1905 apud GEDDES, L.A.; HOFF, H.E.; BADGER, A.S. Introduction of the auscultatory method of measuring blood pressure - includind a translation of korotkoff s original paper. Cardiovasc. Res. Cent. Bull., Houston, 5:57-74, 1966.
KRISTENSEN, B.O. & KORNERUP, H.J. Wich arm to measure the blood pressure. Acta Med. Scand., Slockolm, 670(supl):69-73, 1982.
LONDON, S.B. & LONDON, R.E. Comparison of indirect pressure measurement (korotkoff) with simultanious direct braquial artery pressure distal to the cuff. Adv. Intern. Med., Chicago, 13:127-42, 1967.
McCUTCHEON, E.P. & RUSHMER, R.F. Korotkoff sounds: and experimental critique. Circ. Res., Dallas, 20:149-61, 1967.
MAISTRELLO, I. & MATSCHER, R. Measurement of systolic blood pressure of rats: comparison of intraarterial and cuff values. J. Appl. Physiol., Bethesda, 26:188-93,1969.
MANCIA, G. Methods for assessing blood pressure values in humans. Hypertension, Dallas, 5(Suppl. 111):5-13, 1983.
MANNING, D.M. Avoiding sphygmomanometers: cuff ghypertension. New Eng. J. Med., Massachusetts, 306:108-9,1982.
MANNING, D.M.; KUCHIRKA, C; KAMINSKI, J. Miscuffing innapropriate blood pressure cuff application. Circulation, Dallas, 68:763-66,1983.
MARTINS, D.M.R. Estudo da pressão arterial no primeiro ano de vida. São Paulo, 1978, 48p. (Dissertação de mestrado - Escola de Enfermagem da USP).
MAXWELL, M.H.; WAKS, A.V.; SCHROTH, P.C., KARAN, M.; DORNFELD, L.P. Error in blood pressure measurement due to incorrect cuff size in obese patients. Lancet, London, 2:33-5, 1982.
MITCHELL, P.L. & BLACKBURN, H. Effect of vertical displacement of the arm on indirect blood pressure measurement New Eng. J. Med., Massachusetts, 271:72-4,1964.
MOSS, AJ. & ADAMNS, F.H, Index of indirect estimation of diastolic blood pressure. Am. J. Dis. Child.. Chicago, 106:364-7.1963.
NIELSEN, P.E. & JANNICHE, H. The accuracy of auscultatory measurement of arm blood pressure in very obese subjects. Acta. Med. Scand., Stockholm, 195:493-9,1974.
NORTH, L.W. Accuracy of sphymomanometers. AORN J., Denver, 30fl2:956-1004, 1979.
NUKADA, A.; NAGATA, H.; KADOWAKI, I.; ISHIZAKI, U.; ISHINASHI, M. Cuff size and biood pressure readings. Nishin Igatu, Tokyo, 48:186,1961.
PICKERING, G.W.; ROBERTS, J.A.F.; SOWRY, G.S.C. The effect of correting for arm circunference on the growth rate of arterial pressure with age. Clin. Sci. London, 13:267-71,1954.
RAGAN, C. & BORDLEY III, J. The accuracy of clinical measurements of arterial blood pressure. Johns Ho. Hosp. Bull., Baltimore, 69:504-28,1941.
ROBINOW, M.; HAMILTON, W.P.; WOODBURY, R.A.; VOLPITO, P.P. Accuracy of clinical determinationi of blood preature in children. Am. J. Dis. Child. Chicago, 58:102-18,1939.
ROSE, G.A.; HOLLAND, W.W.; CROWLEY, E.A. A sphygmomanometer for epidemiologists. Lancet, London, 1:296-300,1964.
SCHNEIDER, R.A.; COSTILDE, J.P.; WOLF, S. Arterial pressures recorded in hospital and during ordinary daily activities: contrasting data in subjects with and without ischemic heart disease. J. Cronic. Dis. Oxford, 23:647-57,1971.
SIMPSON, J.A. JAMIESON, G.; DICKHAUS, G.D.W.; GROVER, R.F. Effect of size of cuff blader on accuracy of measurement of indirect blood pressure. Am. Heart J., St. Louis, 70:208-15,1965.
STEELE, J.M. The comparison of simultaneous indirect (auscultatory) and direct (intraarterial) measurement of arterial pressure in man. J. Mt. Sinal Hosp., New York, 8:1042,1942.
STEIN, I. The effect of change of position of the arm upon blood pressure. Am. Heart J., St Louis, 31:477-80,1946.
STEINFELD, L.; ALEXANDER, H.; COHEN, M.L. Updating sphygmomanometry: editorial. Am. J. Cardiol., New York, 33:107-10,1974.
TROUT, K.W.; BERTRAND, C.A.; WILLIANS, M.H. Measurement of blood pressure in obese persons. J. Am. Med. Assoc., blood pressure in obese persons. J. Am. Med. Assoc., Chicago, 162:970-1,1956.
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Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
Abr 1989

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

[1] ALEXANDER, H.; COHEN, M.L.; STEINELD, L. Criteria in the choice of an occluding cuff for the indirect measurement of blood pressure. Med. biol. Eng. Comput., Stevenage, 15:2-10,1977.

[2] AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION AND THE CARDIAC SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. Standardization of blood pressure readings. Am. Heart J. , St Louis, 18: 95-101, 1939.

[3] ARCURI, E.A.M. Estudo comparativo da medida indireta de pressão arterial com o manguito de largura correta e com o manguito de largura padrão. São Paulo, 1985. 175p. (Tese de Doutorado - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas da USP).

[4] ARCURI, E.A.M.; SANTOS, J.L.F.; ROCHA E SILVA, M. Pulse pressure as a function of cuff width. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res., Ribeirão Preto, 21:53-6,1988.

[5] BARKER, W.F.; HEDIGER, M.L.; KATZ, S.H.; BOWERS, E.J. Concurrent validity studies of blood pressure instrumentation. Hypertension, Dallas, 6:85-91,1984.

[6] BAZETT, H.C. & LAPLACE, L.B. Studies on the indirect measurement of blood pressure: I - Sources of error in the Riva Rocci Method. Am. J. Physiol. , Bethesda, 103:48-67, 1933.

[7] BAZETT, H.C; LAPLACE, L.B.; SCOTT, U.C. The pressure changes induced in the vascular system as the result of compression of a limb and their effect on the indirect measurement of lateral pressures. An J. Physiol., Bethesda, 112:182-201,1935.

[8] BECK, F.M.; WEAVER, J.M.; BLOZIS, G.G.; UNVERFERTH, D.V. Effect of arm position and arm support on indirect blood pressure measurements made in a dental chair. J. Am. Dent. Assoc., Chicago, 106:465-8,1983.

[9] BERLINER, K.; FUJIY, H. LEE, D.; YILDIZ, M.; GARNIER, B. Accuracy of blood pressure determinations: comparison of direct and indirect measurements. Carfiologia, Basel, 37:118-28,1960.

[10] BERLINER, K.; FUJIY, H.; LEE, D.; YILDIZ, M.; GARNIER, B. Blood pressure measurements in obese persons: comparison of intra-arterial and auscultatory measurements. Am. J. Cardiol., New York, 8:10-7,1961.

[11] BERRY, M.R. The mechanism and prevention of impairment of auscultatory sounds of standing patients. Proc. Mayo Clin. Rochester, 15:699-702,1940.

[12] BERRY, M. Influence of the positions of arm and body on blood pressure determined by auscultation. Proc. Mayo Clin., Rochester, 16:29-32,1940.

[13] BEVAN, A.T.; HONOUR, AJ.; STOTT, F.M. Direct arterial pressure recording in unrestricted man. Clin. Sci., London, 36:329-44,1969.

[14] BIRKENHÃGER, W.H.; Van ES, L.A.; HOUWING, A.; LAMERS, H J.; MULDER, A.H. Studies on the lability of hypertension in man. Clin. Sci., London, 35:445-56,1968.

[15] BORDLEY III, J.; CONNOR, A.R.; HAMILTON, N.F.; KERR, W.J.; WIGGERS, C.J. Recommendations of human blood pressure determinations by sphygmomanometers. Circulation, Dallas, 4:503-9,1951.

[16] BURCH, G.E. & SHEWEY, L. Sphymomanometric cuff size and blood pressure recordings. J. Am. Med. Assoc., Chicago, 225:1215-18. 1973.

[17] CHUNGCHAROEN, D. Genesis of korotkoff sounds. Am. J. Physiol., Bethesda, 207:190-94,1964.

[18] COHN, J.N. Blood pressure in shock: mechanisms of inaccuracy auscultatory and palpatory methods. J. Am. Med. Assoc., Chicago, 199:118-22,1967.

[19] COMBES, B J.; PORCHET, M.; WAEBER, B.; BRUNNER, H.R. Ambulatory blood pressure recordings: reproducing and unpredictability. Hypertension, Dallas, 6:110-14,1984.

[20] CONCEIÇÃO, S.; WARD, M.K.; KERR, D.N.S. Defects in sphygmomanometers: an important source of error in blood pressure recordings. Bri. Med. J., London, 1:886-8,1976.

[21] ERLANGER, J. Movements in the artery under compression during Wood pressure determinations. Am. J. Physil., Bethesda, 55:84-158, 1921.

[22] FORTMANN, S.P.; MARCUSON, R.; BITTER, P.H.; HASKELL, W.L. A comparison of the sphymetrics SR-2 automatic blood pressure recorder to the mercury sphygmomanometer in population studies. Am. J. Epidemil.. Baltimore, 114:836-44, 1981.

[23] FREIS, L.D. & SAPPINGTON, J. Dynamic reactions produced by deflating a blood pressure cuff. Circulation, Dallas, 38:1085-93.

[24] GARROW, J.S. Zero-Muddler for umprejudiced sphygnornanometric. Lancet, London, 2:1205, 1963.

[25] GEDDES, L.A.; HOFF, H.E.; BADGER, A.S. Introduction of the auscultatory method of measuring blood pressure: including a translation of korotksets original paper. Cardiovasc. Res. Cent. Bull., Houston, 5:57-74,1966.

[26] GEDDES, L.A. & TIVEY, R. The importance of cuff widht in measurement of blood pressure indirectly. Cardiovas. Res. Cnt. Bull., Houston, 14:69-79, 1976.

[27] GEDDES, L.A. & WHISTLER, S.J. The error in indirect blood pressure measurement with the incorrect size of cuff. Am. Heart. J., St. Louis, 96:4-8, 1978.

[28] HAMILTON, W.F.; BREWER, G.; BROTMAN, I. Pressure pulse contours in the intact animal: I. Analytical description of a high-frequency hypodermic manometer with illustrative curves of simultaneous arterial and intracardiac pressures. J. Am. Med. Assoc., Chicago, 107:853-6, 1936.

[29] HASHIMOTO, F.; HUNT, W.C.; HARDY, L. Differences between right and left ar blood pressure in the elderly. West. J. Med., São Francisco, 141(2):189-92, 1984.

[30] HOLLAND, W. W. & HUMERFELT, S. Measurement of blood pressure: comparison of intra-arterial and cuff values. Br. Med. J., London, 2:1241-3,1964.

[31] IRVINE, R. D. H. The influence of arm girth and cuff size on the measurement of blood pressure. N.Z. Med. J., Dunedin, 67:279-83, 1968.

[32] KARVONEN, M.J.; TELIVUO, L.U.; E.J.K. Sphygmomanometer cuff size and accuracy of indirect blood pressure measurement. Am. J. Cardiol., New York. 13:688-93,1964.

[33] KING, G.E. Taking the blood pressure. J. Am. Med. Assoc., Chicago, 209:1902-4, 1969.

[34] KIRKENDALL, W.M.; BUERTON, A.C.; EPSTEIN, F.H.; FREIS, E.D. Recomendations for human blood pressure determination by schygmomanometers. Circulation, Dallas, 36:980-8, 1967.

[35] KIRKENDALL, W.M.; FEINLEIB, M.; FREIS, E.D.; MARK, A.L. Recomendations for human blood pressure determination by sphygmomanometers. Circulation, Dallas, 62:1146A-55A, 1980

[36] KLEINERT, H.D.; HARSHFIELD, G.A.; PICKERING, T.G.; DEVEREUX, R.B.; SULLIVANM, P.A.; MARION, R.M.; MALLORY, W.K.; LARAGH, J.H. What is the value of home blood pressure measurements in patients with mild hypertension? Hypertension, Dallas, 6:574-78, 1984

[37] KOROTKOFF, N.S. 1905 apud GEDDES, L.A.; HOFF, H.E.; BADGER, A.S. Introduction of the auscultatory method of measuring blood pressure - includind a translation of korotkoff s original paper. Cardiovasc. Res. Cent. Bull., Houston, 5:57-74, 1966.

[38] KRISTENSEN, B.O. & KORNERUP, H.J. Wich arm to measure the blood pressure. Acta Med. Scand., Slockolm, 670(supl):69-73, 1982.

[39] LONDON, S.B. & LONDON, R.E. Comparison of indirect pressure measurement (korotkoff) with simultanious direct braquial artery pressure distal to the cuff. Adv. Intern. Med., Chicago, 13:127-42, 1967.

[40] McCUTCHEON, E.P. & RUSHMER, R.F. Korotkoff sounds: and experimental critique. Circ. Res., Dallas, 20:149-61, 1967.

[41] MAISTRELLO, I. & MATSCHER, R. Measurement of systolic blood pressure of rats: comparison of intraarterial and cuff values. J. Appl. Physiol., Bethesda, 26:188-93,1969.

[42] MANCIA, G. Methods for assessing blood pressure values in humans. Hypertension, Dallas, 5(Suppl. 111):5-13, 1983.

[43] MANNING, D.M. Avoiding sphygmomanometers: cuff ghypertension. New Eng. J. Med., Massachusetts, 306:108-9,1982.

[44] MANNING, D.M.; KUCHIRKA, C; KAMINSKI, J. Miscuffing innapropriate blood pressure cuff application. Circulation, Dallas, 68:763-66,1983.

[45] MARTINS, D.M.R. Estudo da pressão arterial no primeiro ano de vida. São Paulo, 1978, 48p. (Dissertação de mestrado - Escola de Enfermagem da USP).

[46] MAXWELL, M.H.; WAKS, A.V.; SCHROTH, P.C., KARAN, M.; DORNFELD, L.P. Error in blood pressure measurement due to incorrect cuff size in obese patients. Lancet, London, 2:33-5, 1982.

[47] MITCHELL, P.L. & BLACKBURN, H. Effect of vertical displacement of the arm on indirect blood pressure measurement New Eng. J. Med., Massachusetts, 271:72-4,1964.

[48] MOSS, AJ. & ADAMNS, F.H, Index of indirect estimation of diastolic blood pressure. Am. J. Dis. Child.. Chicago, 106:364-7.1963.

[49] NIELSEN, P.E. & JANNICHE, H. The accuracy of auscultatory measurement of arm blood pressure in very obese subjects. Acta. Med. Scand., Stockholm, 195:493-9,1974.

[50] NORTH, L.W. Accuracy of sphymomanometers. AORN J., Denver, 30fl2:956-1004, 1979.

[51] NUKADA, A.; NAGATA, H.; KADOWAKI, I.; ISHIZAKI, U.; ISHINASHI, M. Cuff size and biood pressure readings. Nishin Igatu, Tokyo, 48:186,1961.

[52] PICKERING, G.W.; ROBERTS, J.A.F.; SOWRY, G.S.C. The effect of correting for arm circunference on the growth rate of arterial pressure with age. Clin. Sci. London, 13:267-71,1954.

[53] RAGAN, C. & BORDLEY III, J. The accuracy of clinical measurements of arterial blood pressure. Johns Ho. Hosp. Bull., Baltimore, 69:504-28,1941.

[54] ROBINOW, M.; HAMILTON, W.P.; WOODBURY, R.A.; VOLPITO, P.P. Accuracy of clinical determinationi of blood preature in children. Am. J. Dis. Child. Chicago, 58:102-18,1939.

[55] ROSE, G.A.; HOLLAND, W.W.; CROWLEY, E.A. A sphygmomanometer for epidemiologists. Lancet, London, 1:296-300,1964.

[56] SCHNEIDER, R.A.; COSTILDE, J.P.; WOLF, S. Arterial pressures recorded in hospital and during ordinary daily activities: contrasting data in subjects with and without ischemic heart disease. J. Cronic. Dis. Oxford, 23:647-57,1971.

[57] SIMPSON, J.A. JAMIESON, G.; DICKHAUS, G.D.W.; GROVER, R.F. Effect of size of cuff blader on accuracy of measurement of indirect blood pressure. Am. Heart J., St. Louis, 70:208-15,1965.

[58] STEELE, J.M. The comparison of simultaneous indirect (auscultatory) and direct (intraarterial) measurement of arterial pressure in man. J. Mt. Sinal Hosp., New York, 8:1042,1942.

[59] STEIN, I. The effect of change of position of the arm upon blood pressure. Am. Heart J., St Louis, 31:477-80,1946.

[60] STEINFELD, L.; ALEXANDER, H.; COHEN, M.L. Updating sphygmomanometry: editorial. Am. J. Cardiol., New York, 33:107-10,1974.

[61] TROUT, K.W.; BERTRAND, C.A.; WILLIANS, M.H. Measurement of blood pressure in obese persons. J. Am. Med. Assoc., blood pressure in obese persons. J. Am. Med. Assoc., Chicago, 162:970-1,1956.

[62] Van BERGER, F.H.; WEATHERHEAD, D.S.; TREOLAR, A.E.; DOBKIN, A.B.; BUCKLEY, J.J. Comparision of indirect and direct methods of measuring arterial pressure. Circulation, Dallas, 10:481-90,1954.

[63] VIOL, G.W.; GOEBEL, M.; LORENZ, G.V.; JNG, T.S. Seating as a variable in clinical blood pressure measurement Am. Heart J., St Louis, 98:813-14,1979.

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MEDIDA INDIRETA DA PRESSÃO ARTERIAL: Revisão

Indirect arterial blood pressure measurement: review

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REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS

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