Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Autocuidado digital no manejo de distúrbios musculoesqueléticos de coluna: revisão sistemática e metanálise

Objetivo:

analisar a efetividade do autocuidado digital no manejo da dor e incapacidade funcional em pessoas com distúrbios musculoesqueléticos de coluna.

Método:

revisão sistemática da literatura, desenvolvida com o checklist PRISMA, de ensaios clínicos randomizados de pessoas com distúrbios musculoesqueléticos de coluna e intervenções digitais acessadas por computador, smartphones ou outro dispositivo portátil. Bases pesquisadas: National Library of Medicine, Excerpta Médica dataBASE, SciVerse Scopus, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde, Science Citation Indexes, Cummulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature e Physiotherapy Evidence Database. Síntese dos resultados descritiva e por metanálises (modelo de efeitos fixos) com o software Review Manager. Qualidade metodológica avaliada pela escala Physiotherapy Evidence Database.

Resultados:

selecionaram-se 25 ensaios (5142 participantes) que revelaram melhoras estatisticamente significativas (p<0,05) em 54% (12/22) nos níveis de dor e 47% (10/21) na incapacidade funcional no grupo intervenção. As metanálises mostraram efeitos moderados na intensidade da dor e pequenos na incapacidade funcional. Houve predominância de estudos de média qualidade.

Conclusão:

intervenções de cuidados digitais mostraram resultado benéfico na intensidade da dor e na incapacidade funcional principalmente para dor lombar crônica. Evidenciam-se os cuidados digitais como promissores para apoiar o autogerenciamento das condições musculoesqueléticas de coluna. Registro PROSPERO CRD42021282102.

Descritores:
Dor Lombar; Dor Cervical; Dor nas Costas; Autogestão; Manejo da Dor; Internet


Objetivo:

analizar la efectividad del autocuidado digital en el manejo del dolor y la discapacidad funcional en personas con trastornos musculoesqueléticos espinales.

Método:

revisión sistemática de la literatura, desarrollada con la checklist PRISMA, de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados sobre personas con trastornos musculoesqueléticos de columna e intervenciones digitales a las que se accede por computadora, smartphones u otro dispositivo portátil. Bases de datos consultadas: National Library of Medicine, Excerpta Médica dataBASE, SciVerse Scopus, Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud, Science Citation Indexes, Cummulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature y Physiotherapy Evidence Database. Síntesis de resultados descriptiva y por metanálisis (modelo de efectos fijos) realizada con el software Review Manager. Calidad metodológica evaluada mediante la escala Physiotherapy Evidence Database.

Resultados:

se seleccionaron 25 ensayos (5142 participantes) que mostraron mejoras estadísticamente significativas (p<0,05) del 54% (12/22) en los niveles de dolor y del 47% (10/21) en la discapacidad funcional en el grupo intervención. Los metanálisis mostraron efectos moderados sobre la intensidad del dolor y efectos pequeños sobre la discapacidad funcional. Predominaron los estudios de calidad media.

Conclusión:

las intervenciones de atención digital demostraron resultados beneficiosos para la intensidad del dolor y la discapacidad funcional, principalmente para el dolor lumbar crónico. Se ha demostrado que la atención digital es promisoria para favorecer el automanejo de las afecciones musculoesqueléticas de columna. Registro PROSPERO CRD42021282102.

Descriptores:
Dolor de la Región Lumbar; Dolor de Cuello; Dolor de Espalda; Automanejo; Manejo del Dolor; Internet


Objective:

to analyze the effectiveness of digital self-care in the management of pain and functional disability among people with spine musculoskeletal disorders.

Method:

a systematic literature review, developed with the PRISMA checklist, of randomized clinical trials of people with spine musculoskeletal disorders and digital interventions accessed by means of computers, smartphones or other portable devices. Databases researched: National Library of Medicine, Excerpta Médica dataBASE, SciVerse Scopus, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde, Science Citation Indexes, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature and Physiotherapy Evidence Database. The descriptive synthesis of the results and by means of meta-analyses (fixed-effects model) was performed with the Review Manager software. The methodological quality was evaluated with the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale.

Results:

a total of 25 trials were selected (5,142 participants), which showed statistically significant improvements (p <0.05) in 54% (12/22) in the pain levels and 47% (10/21) in functional disability in the Intervention Group. The meta-analyses showed moderate effects on pain intensity and small effects on functional disability. There was a predominance of medium quality studies.

Conclusion:

the digital care interventions showed a beneficial result in pain intensity and in functional disability, mainly for chronic low back pain. Digital care emerges as promising to support self-management of the spine musculoskeletal conditions. PROSPERO registry number CRD42021282102.

Descriptors:
Low Back Pain; Neck Pain; Back Pain; Self-Management; Pain Management; Internet


Destaques:

(1) As intervenções digitais não foram inferiores aos cuidados presenciais.

(2) Cuidados digitais são promissores para apoiar o autogerenciamento.

(3) Há necessidade de padronizar o relato de resultados em ensaios clínicos.

(4) Faltam estudos de maior qualidade.

(5) Atentar às estratégias de apoio a aceitação e adesão do usuário.

Introdução

Os distúrbios musculoesqueléticos de coluna são considerados como importante problema de saúde pública devido à sua alta prevalência, atingindo todas as faixas etárias e níveis socioeconômicos. Seu manejo ainda é um desafio devido às diferentes causas e fatores desencadeantes. Seu controle se justifica pelo impacto que causa no indivíduo e no aumento dos custos com assistência médica, absenteísmos e atestados médicos ( 1Cargnin ZA, Schneider DG, Schneider IJC. Prevalence and factors associated with nonspecific low back pain in nursing workers. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2021 Jan;29:e20180311. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-265X-TCE-2018-0311
https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-265X-TCE-20...
) . Envolvem uma mescla de influências multidimensionais tanto físicas, quanto psicológicas e sociais. Devido a esse caráter biopsicossocial, são recomendados programas multidisciplinares de tratamento com estratégias físicas, psicológicas e educacionais ( 2Toelle TR, Utpadel-Fischler DA, Haas KK, Priebe JA. App-based multidisciplinary back pain treatment versus combined physiotherapy plus online education: a randomized controlled trial. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 May 3 [cited 2022 Feb 19];2:34. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-019-0109-x#author-information
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
) . Assim, uma opção ao seu manejo é o modelo de autocuidado que propõe colaborações mútuas e interativas entre profissionais e pacientes. Nesta perspectiva, o indivíduo faz um gerenciamento dos sintomas decorrentes de uma condição crônica, ou seja, tem autonomia para monitorar e gerenciar sua própria saúde nas dimensões físicas, emocionais e sociais ( 3Fritsch CG, Ferreira PH, Prior JL, Vesentini G, Schlotfeldt P, Eyles J, et al. TEXT4myBACK – the development process of a self-management intervention delivered via text message for low back pain. Arch Rehabil Res Clin Transl. 2021 Apr 27;3(2):100128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arrct.2021.100128
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arrct.2021.100...
) . As tecnologias digitais podem facilitar a educação, prevenção, promoção e gerenciamento da saúde ( 4Du S, Liu W, Cai S, Hu Y, Dong J. The efficacy of e-health in the self-management of chronic low back pain: a meta analysis. Int J Nurs Stud. 2020 Jun; 106: 103507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.103507
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019....
) .

A área da saúde, em seu processo de trabalho, tem demandado ações que se adaptem às transformações tecnológicas, no entanto, elas ainda são insuficientes e pouco exploradas. As inovações que fornecem respostas, sejam elas operacionais, gerenciais ou de apoio à decisão, contribuem para o processo educativo e de cuidado ( 5Gama LN, Tavares CMM. Development and valuation of mobile application for the prevention of musculoskeletal risks in nursing work. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2019; 28: e20180214. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-265X-TCE-2018-0214
https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-265X-TCE-20...
) . Em plena era da informação, programas baseados em tecnologias de informação, e-health (ferramentas e soluções digitais) são promissores para a melhoria de processos clínicos, para prevenir, tratar, promover e manter a saúde ( 2Toelle TR, Utpadel-Fischler DA, Haas KK, Priebe JA. App-based multidisciplinary back pain treatment versus combined physiotherapy plus online education: a randomized controlled trial. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 May 3 [cited 2022 Feb 19];2:34. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-019-0109-x#author-information
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
, 4Du S, Liu W, Cai S, Hu Y, Dong J. The efficacy of e-health in the self-management of chronic low back pain: a meta analysis. Int J Nurs Stud. 2020 Jun; 106: 103507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.103507
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019....
, 6Shebib R, Bailey JF, Smittenaar P, Perez DA, Mecklenburg G, Hunter S. Randomized controlled trial of a 12-week digital care program in improving low back pain. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 Jan 7 [cited 2022 May 2];2(1):1-8. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-018-0076-7
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
) . Possuem vantagens como fácil acessibilidade, disponibilidade, conveniência de uso em qualquer lugar, capacidade de personalizar e possibilidade de comunicação com os profissionais ( 4Du S, Liu W, Cai S, Hu Y, Dong J. The efficacy of e-health in the self-management of chronic low back pain: a meta analysis. Int J Nurs Stud. 2020 Jun; 106: 103507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.103507
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019....
) . Além disso, tratamentos presenciais envolvem transporte ao sistema de cuidados em horários específicos a um ou mais profissionais e estes não têm como monitorar diariamente o envolvimento e o bem-estar do paciente ( 6Shebib R, Bailey JF, Smittenaar P, Perez DA, Mecklenburg G, Hunter S. Randomized controlled trial of a 12-week digital care program in improving low back pain. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 Jan 7 [cited 2022 May 2];2(1):1-8. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-018-0076-7
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
) .

Os estudos necessitam medir com maior eficácia esse autogerenciamento. Nesse sentido, a e-health pode ser uma estratégia promissora na melhoria dos processos clínicos e desfechos. No entanto, carece de evidências científicas quanto ao conteúdo e implementação e, dessa forma, necessita de melhor avaliação ( 7Suman A, Schaafsma FG, van Dongen JM, Elders PJM, Buchbinder R, van Tulder MW, et al. Effectiveness and cost-utility of a multifaceted eHealth strategy to improve back pain beliefs of patients with non-specific low back pain: a cluster randomised trial. BMJ Open. 2019 Dec 5;9(12):e030879. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030879
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030...
) . Ainda faltam sites, programas e aplicativos ( app) contendo informações que sejam fidedignas e atendam às necessidades dos consumidores. Mais pesquisas são necessárias para avaliar se os conhecimentos melhoram os resultados e os comportamentos ( 8Hodges PW, Hall L, Setchell J, French S, Kasza J, Bennell K, et al. Effect of a consumer-focused website for low back pain on health literacy, treatment choices, and clinical outcomes: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Jun 15;23(6):e27860. https://doi.org/10.2196/27860
https://doi.org/10.2196/27860...
) .

Ao considerar que os distúrbios musculoesqueléticos de coluna têm alta prevalência e contribuem para a incapacidade funcional, são necessárias intervenções estratégicas com modelos acessíveis para influenciar as medidas de resultados. Nesse sentido, objetiva-se analisar a efetividade do autocuidado digital no manejo da dor e da incapacidade funcional em pessoas com distúrbios musculoesqueléticos de coluna.

Método

Tipo de estudo

Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática (RS) da literatura, sob registro na plataforma International Prospective Register of Ongoing Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (Número de registro CRD42021282102) em 19 de novembro de 2021), desenvolvida de acordo com as recomendações do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses PRISMA Checklist ( 9Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann T, Mulrow CD, et al. Mapping of reporting guidance for systematic reviews and meta-analyses generated a comprehensive item bank for future reporting guidelines. J Clin Epidemiol. 2020 Feb;118:60-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2019.11.010
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2019....
) . O desenvolvimento da revisão foi baseado no Manual Cochrane para revisões sistemáticas, versão 6.3 de 2022 ( 10Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al., editors. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 6.3 (updated February 2022). 2022 [cited 2022 Aug 6]. Available from: http://www.training.cochrane.org/handbook
http://www.training.cochrane.org/handboo...
) .

Estratégia de busca

A pergunta da revisão foi: As intervenções de autocuidado digital são efetivas para o manejo da dor e da incapacidade funcional em pessoas com distúrbios musculoesqueléticos de coluna? Utilizou-se o modelo definido pelo acrônimo PICO: População/Condição: pessoas com distúrbios musculoesqueléticos de coluna. Intervenção: autocuidado digital. Comparação: intervenção de cuidados habituais não digitais; intervenção digital não interativa; lista de espera. Resultado: manejo da dor, autocuidado. A construção do mecanismo de busca contou com o auxílio de duas bibliotecárias.

Os descritores controlados foram obtidos através dos Descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DeCS) e termos do Medical Subject Headings (MESH). Uma bibliotecária construiu a estratégia de busca e a outra validou a estratégia baseada na ferramenta Peer Review of Electronic Search Strategies PRESS - lista de verificação para estratégias de pesquisa para validação da estratégia de busca ( 11Masterson D, Martínez-Silveira MS. Application of Peer Review of Electronic Search Strategies (PRESS) to assess the quality of systematic reviews search strategies. Em Questão. 2022 July;28(3):117865. https://doi.org/10.19132/1808-5245283.117865
https://doi.org/10.19132/1808-5245283.11...
) . As seguintes bases de dados foram pesquisadas: US National Library of Medicine (PubMed), Excerpta Médica dataBASE (Embase), SciVerse Scopus (Scopus) e Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), Science Citation Indexes ( Web of Science), Cummulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) e Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), além da busca manual nas referências dos estudos ( Figura 1).

Figura 1 -
Estratégias de busca. Florianópolis, SC, Brasil, 2022

Período de busca

A busca ocorreu de setembro de 2021 a fevereiro de 2022 com artigos em qualquer idioma sem delimitação de tempo para acompanhar os avanços tecnológicos nas últimas décadas. O software EndNote foi usado para o gerenciamento das referências.

Critérios de seleção

Critérios de inclusão: pessoas com idade superior a 18 anos com distúrbios musculoesqueléticos de coluna (cervicalgia, dorsalgia ou dor lombar); intervenções digitais acessadas por computador, smartphone ou outro dispositivo portátil; componentes das intervenções isolados ou associados com educação em saúde, terapia cognitiva comportamental (TCC), terapia física e/ou orientações ergonômica. Intervenções em outras regiões além da coluna foram analisadas caso a caso. A condição musculoesquelética foi diagnosticada clinicamente ou definida como relato de dor persistente com duração de mais de três meses (crônica), menos de seis semanas (aguda) e seis a 12 semanas (subaguda). Essa revisão considerou todos os contextos de pesquisa seja domiciliar, comunitário ou outros e se limitou a ensaios clínicos randomizados (ECR).

Critérios de exclusão: situações em que se recebe orientações diretamente de um profissional de saúde; estudos com pessoas com condições específicas de coluna como estenose espinhal, pós-cirurgia, tumores, fraturas, distúrbios inflamatórios; grávidas; intervenções com tratamentos médicos e/ou cirúrgicos ou dor crônica não especificada.

Processo de seleção

A seleção dos estudos ocorreu em três etapas: análise dos títulos e resumos; leitura dos textos na íntegra e, por último, a inclusão dos estudos selecionados na revisão. Dois revisores independentes selecionaram os estudos de acordo com os critérios de elegibilidade com reconciliação das divergências e um terceiro revisor esteve disponível caso houvesse alguma diferença de interpretação. O coeficiente de concordância entre avaliadores Kappa foi classificado em 0,0-0,20, leve concordância; 0,21-0,40, concordância regular; 0,41-0,60, concordância moderada; 0,61-0,80, concordância substancial; 0,81-1,00, concordância quase perfeita ( 12Barros BS, Imoto AM, O’Neil J, Duquette-Laplante F, Perrier MF, Dorion M, et al. The management of lower back pain using pilates method: assessment of content exercise reporting in RCTs. Disabil Rehabil. 2022 Jun:44(11):2428-36. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2020.1836269
https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2020.18...
) .

Coleta de dados

A extração dos dados foi conduzida de forma independente pelos pesquisadores e depois comparados com o auxílio de software Atlas Ti, versão 22 adquirida por meio de uma licença para estudante por seis meses que acelerou o processo inferencial através do gerenciamento dos arquivos, da codificação e marcação de frações de texto importantes para conduzir e dar base a discussão. Posteriormente, os resultados principais de cada estudo foram organizados em uma planilha de Excel 2016.

Variáveis do estudo

As variáveis independentes, analisadas de forma descritiva, elencadas neste estudo foram as informações sobre a população (idade, sexo e Índice de Massa Corpórea) e dados sobre os estudos (tipo de estudo, ano de publicação, país, tamanho da amostra, tipo de intervenção e características, base teórica, região da coluna, instrumentos, adesão, monitoramento, eventos adversos, desfechos, seguimento). As variáveis dependentes foram a intensidade da dor e incapacidade funcional (numéricas contínuas) analisadas quantitativamente através das metanálises.

Desfechos e instrumentos de medida

A intensidade da dor foi medida por escalas como a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), Brief Pain Inventory ou outro método indireto como questionários. A capacidade funcional foi medida principalmente pelo Questionário Roland-Morris (RM) e o Oswestry Disability Index (ODI).

Tratamento e análise de dados

Os dados foram analisados descritivamente e apresentados em figuras. Metanálises foram conduzidas com o software Review Manager 5.4.1 (não previsto no protocolo). Foram extraídos os dados numéricos contínuos dos desfechos intensidade da dor e incapacidade funcional com tamanho amostral, pontuações médias e desvios padrão (DP). Quando os DP não estavam disponíveis, foram estimados a partir dos intervalos de confiança, erros padrão ou extraídos a partir de gráficos disponíveis nos artigos. A heterogeneidade estatística para as variáveis intensidade da dor e incapacidade funcional foi calculada pelos testes qui-quadrado e I 2. Modelo de efeito aleatório foi aplicado na vigência de alta heterogeneidade (I 2>50%). Se I 2 < 50% e p > 0,10, foi usado um modelo de efeito fixo. Quanto ao tamanho do efeito, foram consideradas as diferenças médias padronizadas (SMD) agrupadas e valores menores que 0,2 consideraram-se efeito pequeno, 0,2-0,5 moderado e > 0,5 grande ( 4Du S, Liu W, Cai S, Hu Y, Dong J. The efficacy of e-health in the self-management of chronic low back pain: a meta analysis. Int J Nurs Stud. 2020 Jun; 106: 103507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.103507
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019....
) . Foram considerados intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC 95%). Análises de sensibilidade foram realizadas para avaliar a estabilidade dos resultados e detectar a fonte potencial de heterogeneidade.

Valores negativos da estimativa da diferença média representam um efeito a favor do grupo intervenção. Foram realizadas análises de subgrupos considerados combináveis e homogêneos em relação ao período, região da coluna, medida de desfecho e tecnologia empregada. Para ECR com três braços, extraíram-se os dados do grupo intervenção e grupo controle. Utilizou-se a diferença padronizada quando usadas diferentes escalas para um mesmo desfecho. A apresentação dos resultados foi através de gráficos de floresta ( Forest Plot) e gráficos de funil.

Avaliação de qualidade

A qualidade metodológica foi avaliada através da escala PEDro (não prevista no protocolo) por ter um sistema de escore para avaliação geral do estudo. Contêm onze itens, sendo que 10 itens são pontuados por um ponto (1) e indica a presença do indicador de qualidade e zero (0) não contém a informação ou não cumpre a condição do indicador de qualidade. Os critérios 2-9 (alocação aleatória, alocação oculta, comparabilidade da linha de base, indivíduos, terapeutas e avaliadores mascarados, acompanhamento adequado, análise de intenção de tratar) referem-se à validade interna e os critérios 10-11 (comparações entre grupos e estimativas pontuais e variabilidade) referem-se às informações estatísticas. O item 1 não é considerado para a pontuação final porque avalia a validade externa do estudo. Essa escala é baseada na lista Delphi desenvolvida na Holanda e elaborada pela base PEDro que avalia a qualidade metodológica de todos os ensaios clínicos para orientar a tomada de decisões clínicas. Além disso, os estudos são enumerados em ordem de importância metodológica para facilitar o acesso rápido à evidência científica mais válida possível ao realizar a busca na base. Possui uma moderada confiabilidade entre examinadores ( 13Cashin AG, McAuley JH. Clinimetrics: Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) Scale. J Physiother. 2020 Jan;66(1):59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphys.2019.08.005
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphys.2019.08....
) .

Resultados

Foram identificados 2014 artigos nas bases de dados e, após a exclusão das duplicatas, selecionou-se 923 publicações potencialmente elegíveis para inclusão nesta revisão. Ao final do processo, foram selecionados 25 estudos. O fluxo da seleção dos artigos e a razão de exclusão estão no diagrama do PRISMA ( Figura 2). O teste de Kappa mostrou que houve confiabilidade moderada entre os observadores (k=0,423; p<0,000; concordância=75%), mas houve reconciliação das divergências.

Figura 2 -
Fluxograma dos estudos selecionados. Florianópolis, SC, Brasil, 2022

Os estudos selecionados, tamanho da amostra, instrumentos, resultados e avaliação de qualidade estão apresentados na Figura 3.

Figura 3 -
Resultados da intensidade da dor e incapacidade funcional, tamanho da amostra, escore PEDro e classificação de qualidade(25). Florianópolis, SC, Brasil, 2022

Avaliação de qualidade dos estudos

A validade interna e qualidade metodológica pela escala PEDro mostrou predominância de 21 (84%) estudos de média qualidade (escore 5 a 7) e 4 (16%), de alta qualidade (escore 8 a 10). O escore médio foi de 6,4 (DP, 1,04) de um total de 10 pontos ( Figura 3). Com exceção do manuscrito ( 14Moessner M, Schiltenwolf M, Neubauer E. Internet-based aftercare for patients with back pain - a pilot study. Telemed J E Health. 2012 Jul-Aug;18(6):413-9. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2011.0221
https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2011.0221...
) , avaliado de forma independente pelos pesquisadores, os escores foram extraídos diretamente da base PEDro. Os critérios menos atendidos foram os itens: alocação oculta dos participantes, participantes mascarados, terapeuta mascarado, acompanhamento adequado e análise por intenção de tratar. Somente 10 estudos conseguiram mascarar os avaliadores.

Descrição da população, intervenções e desfechos

Os participantes tinham 18 anos ou mais, pertenciam à faixa etária de 18 a 65 anos ou tinham 85 anos com limite superior não especificado. Alguns consideraram idades intermediárias de 28 a 48 anos ( 15Abadiyan F, Hadadnezhad M, Khosrokiani Z, Letafatkar A, Akhshik H. Adding a smartphone app to global postural re-education to improve neck pain, posture, quality of life, and endurance in people with nonspecific neck pain: a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2021 Apr 12;22(1):274. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05214-8
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05214...
) e 30 a 55 ( 16Almhdawi KA, Obeidat DS, Kanaan SF, Oteir AO, Mansour ZM, Alrabbaei H. Efficacy of an innovative smartphone application for office workers with chronic non-specific low back pain: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2020 Oct;34(10):1282-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757
https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757...
) , 30 a 67 ( 17Lara-Palomo IC, Antequera-Soler E, Matarán-Peñarrocha GA, Fernández-Sánchez M, García-López H, Castro-Sánchez AM, et al. Comparison of the effectiveness of an e-health program versus a home rehabilitation program in patients with chronic low back pain: a double blind randomized controlled trial. Digit Health [Internet]. 2022 Jan 28 [cited 2022 Feb 27];8:20552076221074482. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332...
) e um estudo incluiu participantes com mais de 55 anos ( 18Zadro JR, Shirley D, Simic M, Mousavi SJ, Ceprnja D, Maka K, et al. Video-game–based exercises for older people with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlledtable trial (GAMEBACK). Phys Ther. 2019 Jan 1;99(1):14-27. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112
https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112...
) . A média de idade dos participantes foi de 45,9 anos. A média de idade do grupo intervenção foi de 49,1 (DP 7,4). Em relação ao sexo houve uma porcentagem 57,9% de mulheres, mas 20,8% não relataram a porcentagem de mulheres nos estudos. Dos 25 estudos, onze relataram o Índice de Massa Corpórea (IMC) dos participantes com valores médios entre 23,2 kg/m 2 e 30,6 kg/m 2 no grupo de intervenção, com uma média global de 26,89 (DP2,09).

Quanto ao delineamento dos estudos, todos foram ECRs, publicados entre 2002 e 2022 com predominância nos anos de 2019, 6 (24%) ( 2Toelle TR, Utpadel-Fischler DA, Haas KK, Priebe JA. App-based multidisciplinary back pain treatment versus combined physiotherapy plus online education: a randomized controlled trial. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 May 3 [cited 2022 Feb 19];2:34. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-019-0109-x#author-information
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
, 6Shebib R, Bailey JF, Smittenaar P, Perez DA, Mecklenburg G, Hunter S. Randomized controlled trial of a 12-week digital care program in improving low back pain. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 Jan 7 [cited 2022 May 2];2(1):1-8. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-018-0076-7
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
- 7Suman A, Schaafsma FG, van Dongen JM, Elders PJM, Buchbinder R, van Tulder MW, et al. Effectiveness and cost-utility of a multifaceted eHealth strategy to improve back pain beliefs of patients with non-specific low back pain: a cluster randomised trial. BMJ Open. 2019 Dec 5;9(12):e030879. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030879
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030...
, 18Zadro JR, Shirley D, Simic M, Mousavi SJ, Ceprnja D, Maka K, et al. Video-game–based exercises for older people with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlledtable trial (GAMEBACK). Phys Ther. 2019 Jan 1;99(1):14-27. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112
https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112...
; 19Amorim AB, Pappas E, Simic M, Ferreira ML, Jennings M, Tiedemann A, et al. Integrating Mobile-health, health coaching, and physical activity to reduce the burden of chronic low back pain trial (IMPACT): a pilot randomised controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2019 Feb 11 [cited 2022 Apr 24];20(1):71. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-y
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-...
- 20Petrozzi MJ, Leaver A, Ferreira PH, Rubinstein SM, Jones MK, Mackey MG. Addition of MoodGYM to physical treatments for chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Chiropr Man Therap. 2019 Oct 25;27(1):54. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12998-019-0277-4
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12998-019-0277-...
) , e 2021, 4 (16%) ( 8Hodges PW, Hall L, Setchell J, French S, Kasza J, Bennell K, et al. Effect of a consumer-focused website for low back pain on health literacy, treatment choices, and clinical outcomes: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Jun 15;23(6):e27860. https://doi.org/10.2196/27860
https://doi.org/10.2196/27860...
, 21Garcia LM, Birckhead BJ, Krishnamurthy P, Sackman J, Mackey IG, Louis RG, et al. An 8-week self-administered at-home behavioral skills-based virtual reality program for chronic low back pain: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted during COVID-19. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Feb 22;23(2):e26292. https://doi.org/10.2196/26292
https://doi.org/10.2196/26292...
- 22Sandal LF, Bach K, Øverås CK, Svendsen MJ, Dalager T, Jensen JSD, et al. Effectiveness of app-delivered, tailored self-management support for adults with lower back pain–related disability. JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Oct 1;181(10):1288-96. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.4097
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
) . Dos 25 estudos, 9 (36%) foram realizados nos Estados Unidos da América ( 6Shebib R, Bailey JF, Smittenaar P, Perez DA, Mecklenburg G, Hunter S. Randomized controlled trial of a 12-week digital care program in improving low back pain. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 Jan 7 [cited 2022 May 2];2(1):1-8. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-018-0076-7
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
, 21Garcia LM, Birckhead BJ, Krishnamurthy P, Sackman J, Mackey IG, Louis RG, et al. An 8-week self-administered at-home behavioral skills-based virtual reality program for chronic low back pain: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted during COVID-19. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Feb 22;23(2):e26292. https://doi.org/10.2196/26292
https://doi.org/10.2196/26292...
, 23Carpenter KM, Stoner SA, Mundt JM, Stoelb B. An online self-help cbt intervention for chronic lower back pain. Clin J Pain. 2012 Jan;28(1):14-22. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e31822363db
https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e318223...
; 24Chiauzzi E, Pujol LA, Wood M, Bond K, Black R, Yiu E, et al. painACTION-back pain: a self-management website for people with chronic back pain. Pain Med. 2010 Jul;11(7):1044-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00879.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010...
; 25Heapy AA, Higgins DM, Goulet JL, LaChappelle KM, Driscoll MA, Czlapinski RA, et al. interactive voice response–based self-management for chronic back pain: the COPES noninferiority randomized trial. JAMA Inter Med. 2017 Jun 1;177(6):765-73. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.0223
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
; 26Irvine AB, Russell H, Manocchia M, Mino DE, Glassen TC, Morgan R, et al. Mobile-web app to self-manage low back pain: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res [Internet]. 2015 Jan 2 [cited 2022 Feb 19];17(1):e3130. Available from: https://www.jmir.org/2015/1/e1/
https://www.jmir.org/2015/1/e1/...
; 27Krein SL, Kadri R, Hughes M, Kerr EA, Piette JD, Holleman R, et al. Pedometer-based internet-mediated intervention for adults with chronic low back pain: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2013 Aug 19;15(8):e2605. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605...
; 28Licciardone JC, Pandya V. Feasibility trial of an ehealth intervention for health-related quality of life: implications for managing patients with chronic pain during the COVID-19 pandemic. Healthcare. 2020 Oct 1;8(4):381. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8040381
https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare804038...
- 29Lorig KR, Laurent DD, Deyo RA, Marnell ME, Minor MA, Ritter PL. Can a back pain e-mail discussion group improve health status and lower health care costs? Arch Intern Med. 2002 Apr 8;162(7):792-6. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.7.792
https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.7.7...
) , 5 (20%) na Austrália ( 8Hodges PW, Hall L, Setchell J, French S, Kasza J, Bennell K, et al. Effect of a consumer-focused website for low back pain on health literacy, treatment choices, and clinical outcomes: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Jun 15;23(6):e27860. https://doi.org/10.2196/27860
https://doi.org/10.2196/27860...
, 18Zadro JR, Shirley D, Simic M, Mousavi SJ, Ceprnja D, Maka K, et al. Video-game–based exercises for older people with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlledtable trial (GAMEBACK). Phys Ther. 2019 Jan 1;99(1):14-27. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112
https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112...
);b19-( 20Petrozzi MJ, Leaver A, Ferreira PH, Rubinstein SM, Jones MK, Mackey MG. Addition of MoodGYM to physical treatments for chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Chiropr Man Therap. 2019 Oct 25;27(1):54. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12998-019-0277-4
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12998-019-0277-...
, 30Iles R, Taylor NF, Davidson M, O’Halloran P. Telephone coaching can increase activity levels for people with non-chronic low back pain: a randomised trial. J Physiother [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2022 Feb 3];57(4):231-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22093121
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2209...
) , 3 (12%) na Alemanha ( 2Toelle TR, Utpadel-Fischler DA, Haas KK, Priebe JA. App-based multidisciplinary back pain treatment versus combined physiotherapy plus online education: a randomized controlled trial. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 May 3 [cited 2022 Feb 19];2:34. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-019-0109-x#author-information
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
, 14Moessner M, Schiltenwolf M, Neubauer E. Internet-based aftercare for patients with back pain - a pilot study. Telemed J E Health. 2012 Jul-Aug;18(6):413-9. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2011.0221
https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2011.0221...
, 31Pach D, Blödt S, Wang J, Keller T, Bergmann B, Rogge AA, et al. App-based relaxation exercises for patients with chronic neck pain: pragmatic randomized trial. JMIR MHealth UHealth. 2022 Jan 7;10(1):e31482. https://doi.org/10.2196/31482
https://doi.org/10.2196/31482...
) , 2 (8%) na Espanha ( 17Lara-Palomo IC, Antequera-Soler E, Matarán-Peñarrocha GA, Fernández-Sánchez M, García-López H, Castro-Sánchez AM, et al. Comparison of the effectiveness of an e-health program versus a home rehabilitation program in patients with chronic low back pain: a double blind randomized controlled trial. Digit Health [Internet]. 2022 Jan 28 [cited 2022 Feb 27];8:20552076221074482. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332...
)( 32del Pozo-Cruz B, Parraca JA, del Pozo-Cruz J, Adsuar JC, Hill J, Gusi N. An occupational, internet-based intervention to prevent chronicity in subacute lower back pain: a randomised controlled trial. J Rehabil Med [Internet]. 2012 Jun 1 [cited 2021 Dec 1];44(7):581-7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22674240/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22674240...
) , 1 (4%), em vários países como Índia ( 33Chhabra HS, Sharma S, Verma S. Smartphone app in self-management of chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Spine J. 2018 Oct 15;27(11):2862-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5788-5
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5788-...
) , Holanda ( 7Suman A, Schaafsma FG, van Dongen JM, Elders PJM, Buchbinder R, van Tulder MW, et al. Effectiveness and cost-utility of a multifaceted eHealth strategy to improve back pain beliefs of patients with non-specific low back pain: a cluster randomised trial. BMJ Open. 2019 Dec 5;9(12):e030879. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030879
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030...
) , Irã ( 15Abadiyan F, Hadadnezhad M, Khosrokiani Z, Letafatkar A, Akhshik H. Adding a smartphone app to global postural re-education to improve neck pain, posture, quality of life, and endurance in people with nonspecific neck pain: a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2021 Apr 12;22(1):274. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05214-8
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05214...
) , Jordânia ( 16Almhdawi KA, Obeidat DS, Kanaan SF, Oteir AO, Mansour ZM, Alrabbaei H. Efficacy of an innovative smartphone application for office workers with chronic non-specific low back pain: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2020 Oct;34(10):1282-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757
https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757...
) , Itália ( 34Gialanella B, Ettori T, Faustini S, Baratti D, Bernocchi P, Comini L, et al. Home-based telemedicine in patients with chronic neck pain. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2017 May;96(5):327-32. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0000000000000610
https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.000000000000...
) , Dinamarca e Noruega ( 22Sandal LF, Bach K, Øverås CK, Svendsen MJ, Dalager T, Jensen JSD, et al. Effectiveness of app-delivered, tailored self-management support for adults with lower back pain–related disability. JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Oct 1;181(10):1288-96. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.4097
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
) . O total geral foi de 5142 participantes, variando de 30 a 779 participantes em cada estudo, 9 (36%) estudos tinham tamanho de amostra menor que 100 participantes ( 2Toelle TR, Utpadel-Fischler DA, Haas KK, Priebe JA. App-based multidisciplinary back pain treatment versus combined physiotherapy plus online education: a randomized controlled trial. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 May 3 [cited 2022 Feb 19];2:34. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-019-0109-x#author-information
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
, 14Moessner M, Schiltenwolf M, Neubauer E. Internet-based aftercare for patients with back pain - a pilot study. Telemed J E Health. 2012 Jul-Aug;18(6):413-9. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2011.0221
https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2011.0221...
; 15Abadiyan F, Hadadnezhad M, Khosrokiani Z, Letafatkar A, Akhshik H. Adding a smartphone app to global postural re-education to improve neck pain, posture, quality of life, and endurance in people with nonspecific neck pain: a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2021 Apr 12;22(1):274. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05214-8
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05214...
; 16Almhdawi KA, Obeidat DS, Kanaan SF, Oteir AO, Mansour ZM, Alrabbaei H. Efficacy of an innovative smartphone application for office workers with chronic non-specific low back pain: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2020 Oct;34(10):1282-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757
https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757...
; 17Lara-Palomo IC, Antequera-Soler E, Matarán-Peñarrocha GA, Fernández-Sánchez M, García-López H, Castro-Sánchez AM, et al. Comparison of the effectiveness of an e-health program versus a home rehabilitation program in patients with chronic low back pain: a double blind randomized controlled trial. Digit Health [Internet]. 2022 Jan 28 [cited 2022 Feb 27];8:20552076221074482. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332...
; 18Zadro JR, Shirley D, Simic M, Mousavi SJ, Ceprnja D, Maka K, et al. Video-game–based exercises for older people with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlledtable trial (GAMEBACK). Phys Ther. 2019 Jan 1;99(1):14-27. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112
https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112...
- 19Amorim AB, Pappas E, Simic M, Ferreira ML, Jennings M, Tiedemann A, et al. Integrating Mobile-health, health coaching, and physical activity to reduce the burden of chronic low back pain trial (IMPACT): a pilot randomised controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2019 Feb 11 [cited 2022 Apr 24];20(1):71. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-y
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-...
, 30Iles R, Taylor NF, Davidson M, O’Halloran P. Telephone coaching can increase activity levels for people with non-chronic low back pain: a randomised trial. J Physiother [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2022 Feb 3];57(4):231-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22093121
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2209...
, 33Chhabra HS, Sharma S, Verma S. Smartphone app in self-management of chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Spine J. 2018 Oct 15;27(11):2862-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5788-5
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5788-...
) .

Em relação às tecnologias terapêuticas digitais, 9 (36%) utilizaram aplicativos de smartphones ( 2Toelle TR, Utpadel-Fischler DA, Haas KK, Priebe JA. App-based multidisciplinary back pain treatment versus combined physiotherapy plus online education: a randomized controlled trial. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 May 3 [cited 2022 Feb 19];2:34. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-019-0109-x#author-information
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
, 6Shebib R, Bailey JF, Smittenaar P, Perez DA, Mecklenburg G, Hunter S. Randomized controlled trial of a 12-week digital care program in improving low back pain. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 Jan 7 [cited 2022 May 2];2(1):1-8. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-018-0076-7
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
, 15Abadiyan F, Hadadnezhad M, Khosrokiani Z, Letafatkar A, Akhshik H. Adding a smartphone app to global postural re-education to improve neck pain, posture, quality of life, and endurance in people with nonspecific neck pain: a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2021 Apr 12;22(1):274. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05214-8
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05214...
- 16Almhdawi KA, Obeidat DS, Kanaan SF, Oteir AO, Mansour ZM, Alrabbaei H. Efficacy of an innovative smartphone application for office workers with chronic non-specific low back pain: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2020 Oct;34(10):1282-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757
https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757...
, 19Amorim AB, Pappas E, Simic M, Ferreira ML, Jennings M, Tiedemann A, et al. Integrating Mobile-health, health coaching, and physical activity to reduce the burden of chronic low back pain trial (IMPACT): a pilot randomised controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2019 Feb 11 [cited 2022 Apr 24];20(1):71. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-y
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-...
, 22Sandal LF, Bach K, Øverås CK, Svendsen MJ, Dalager T, Jensen JSD, et al. Effectiveness of app-delivered, tailored self-management support for adults with lower back pain–related disability. JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Oct 1;181(10):1288-96. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.4097
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
, 26Irvine AB, Russell H, Manocchia M, Mino DE, Glassen TC, Morgan R, et al. Mobile-web app to self-manage low back pain: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res [Internet]. 2015 Jan 2 [cited 2022 Feb 19];17(1):e3130. Available from: https://www.jmir.org/2015/1/e1/
https://www.jmir.org/2015/1/e1/...
, 31Pach D, Blödt S, Wang J, Keller T, Bergmann B, Rogge AA, et al. App-based relaxation exercises for patients with chronic neck pain: pragmatic randomized trial. JMIR MHealth UHealth. 2022 Jan 7;10(1):e31482. https://doi.org/10.2196/31482
https://doi.org/10.2196/31482...
, 33Chhabra HS, Sharma S, Verma S. Smartphone app in self-management of chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Spine J. 2018 Oct 15;27(11):2862-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5788-5
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5788-...
) , 9 (36%) sites e programas online ( 7Suman A, Schaafsma FG, van Dongen JM, Elders PJM, Buchbinder R, van Tulder MW, et al. Effectiveness and cost-utility of a multifaceted eHealth strategy to improve back pain beliefs of patients with non-specific low back pain: a cluster randomised trial. BMJ Open. 2019 Dec 5;9(12):e030879. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030879
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030...
- 9Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann T, Mulrow CD, et al. Mapping of reporting guidance for systematic reviews and meta-analyses generated a comprehensive item bank for future reporting guidelines. J Clin Epidemiol. 2020 Feb;118:60-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2019.11.010
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2019....
, 17Lara-Palomo IC, Antequera-Soler E, Matarán-Peñarrocha GA, Fernández-Sánchez M, García-López H, Castro-Sánchez AM, et al. Comparison of the effectiveness of an e-health program versus a home rehabilitation program in patients with chronic low back pain: a double blind randomized controlled trial. Digit Health [Internet]. 2022 Jan 28 [cited 2022 Feb 27];8:20552076221074482. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332...
, 20Petrozzi MJ, Leaver A, Ferreira PH, Rubinstein SM, Jones MK, Mackey MG. Addition of MoodGYM to physical treatments for chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Chiropr Man Therap. 2019 Oct 25;27(1):54. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12998-019-0277-4
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12998-019-0277-...
, 23Carpenter KM, Stoner SA, Mundt JM, Stoelb B. An online self-help cbt intervention for chronic lower back pain. Clin J Pain. 2012 Jan;28(1):14-22. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e31822363db
https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e318223...
- 24Chiauzzi E, Pujol LA, Wood M, Bond K, Black R, Yiu E, et al. painACTION-back pain: a self-management website for people with chronic back pain. Pain Med. 2010 Jul;11(7):1044-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00879.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010...
, 27Krein SL, Kadri R, Hughes M, Kerr EA, Piette JD, Holleman R, et al. Pedometer-based internet-mediated intervention for adults with chronic low back pain: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2013 Aug 19;15(8):e2605. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605...
- 28Licciardone JC, Pandya V. Feasibility trial of an ehealth intervention for health-related quality of life: implications for managing patients with chronic pain during the COVID-19 pandemic. Healthcare. 2020 Oct 1;8(4):381. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8040381
https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare804038...
, 32del Pozo-Cruz B, Parraca JA, del Pozo-Cruz J, Adsuar JC, Hill J, Gusi N. An occupational, internet-based intervention to prevent chronicity in subacute lower back pain: a randomised controlled trial. J Rehabil Med [Internet]. 2012 Jun 1 [cited 2021 Dec 1];44(7):581-7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22674240/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22674240...
) , 2 (8%) telefone ( 25Heapy AA, Higgins DM, Goulet JL, LaChappelle KM, Driscoll MA, Czlapinski RA, et al. interactive voice response–based self-management for chronic back pain: the COPES noninferiority randomized trial. JAMA Inter Med. 2017 Jun 1;177(6):765-73. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.0223
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
, 30Iles R, Taylor NF, Davidson M, O’Halloran P. Telephone coaching can increase activity levels for people with non-chronic low back pain: a randomised trial. J Physiother [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2022 Feb 3];57(4):231-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22093121
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2209...
) , 1 (4%) discussão em chat ( 14Moessner M, Schiltenwolf M, Neubauer E. Internet-based aftercare for patients with back pain - a pilot study. Telemed J E Health. 2012 Jul-Aug;18(6):413-9. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2011.0221
https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2011.0221...
) , 1 (4%) e-mail ( 29Lorig KR, Laurent DD, Deyo RA, Marnell ME, Minor MA, Ritter PL. Can a back pain e-mail discussion group improve health status and lower health care costs? Arch Intern Med. 2002 Apr 8;162(7):792-6. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.7.792
https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.7.7...
) , 1 (4%) realidade virtual ( 21Garcia LM, Birckhead BJ, Krishnamurthy P, Sackman J, Mackey IG, Louis RG, et al. An 8-week self-administered at-home behavioral skills-based virtual reality program for chronic low back pain: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted during COVID-19. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Feb 22;23(2):e26292. https://doi.org/10.2196/26292
https://doi.org/10.2196/26292...
) , 1 (4%) telemedicina ( 34Gialanella B, Ettori T, Faustini S, Baratti D, Bernocchi P, Comini L, et al. Home-based telemedicine in patients with chronic neck pain. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2017 May;96(5):327-32. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0000000000000610
https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.000000000000...
) ,1 (4%) videogame ( 18Zadro JR, Shirley D, Simic M, Mousavi SJ, Ceprnja D, Maka K, et al. Video-game–based exercises for older people with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlledtable trial (GAMEBACK). Phys Ther. 2019 Jan 1;99(1):14-27. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112
https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112...
) . Geralmente, as intervenções envolviam exercícios ( 2Toelle TR, Utpadel-Fischler DA, Haas KK, Priebe JA. App-based multidisciplinary back pain treatment versus combined physiotherapy plus online education: a randomized controlled trial. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 May 3 [cited 2022 Feb 19];2:34. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-019-0109-x#author-information
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
, 6Shebib R, Bailey JF, Smittenaar P, Perez DA, Mecklenburg G, Hunter S. Randomized controlled trial of a 12-week digital care program in improving low back pain. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 Jan 7 [cited 2022 May 2];2(1):1-8. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-018-0076-7
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
- 7Suman A, Schaafsma FG, van Dongen JM, Elders PJM, Buchbinder R, van Tulder MW, et al. Effectiveness and cost-utility of a multifaceted eHealth strategy to improve back pain beliefs of patients with non-specific low back pain: a cluster randomised trial. BMJ Open. 2019 Dec 5;9(12):e030879. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030879
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030...
, 15Abadiyan F, Hadadnezhad M, Khosrokiani Z, Letafatkar A, Akhshik H. Adding a smartphone app to global postural re-education to improve neck pain, posture, quality of life, and endurance in people with nonspecific neck pain: a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2021 Apr 12;22(1):274. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05214-8
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05214...
; 16Almhdawi KA, Obeidat DS, Kanaan SF, Oteir AO, Mansour ZM, Alrabbaei H. Efficacy of an innovative smartphone application for office workers with chronic non-specific low back pain: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2020 Oct;34(10):1282-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757
https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757...
; 17Lara-Palomo IC, Antequera-Soler E, Matarán-Peñarrocha GA, Fernández-Sánchez M, García-López H, Castro-Sánchez AM, et al. Comparison of the effectiveness of an e-health program versus a home rehabilitation program in patients with chronic low back pain: a double blind randomized controlled trial. Digit Health [Internet]. 2022 Jan 28 [cited 2022 Feb 27];8:20552076221074482. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332...
; 18Zadro JR, Shirley D, Simic M, Mousavi SJ, Ceprnja D, Maka K, et al. Video-game–based exercises for older people with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlledtable trial (GAMEBACK). Phys Ther. 2019 Jan 1;99(1):14-27. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112
https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112...
- 19Amorim AB, Pappas E, Simic M, Ferreira ML, Jennings M, Tiedemann A, et al. Integrating Mobile-health, health coaching, and physical activity to reduce the burden of chronic low back pain trial (IMPACT): a pilot randomised controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2019 Feb 11 [cited 2022 Apr 24];20(1):71. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-y
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-...
, 22Sandal LF, Bach K, Øverås CK, Svendsen MJ, Dalager T, Jensen JSD, et al. Effectiveness of app-delivered, tailored self-management support for adults with lower back pain–related disability. JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Oct 1;181(10):1288-96. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.4097
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
, 27Krein SL, Kadri R, Hughes M, Kerr EA, Piette JD, Holleman R, et al. Pedometer-based internet-mediated intervention for adults with chronic low back pain: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2013 Aug 19;15(8):e2605. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605...
, 31Pach D, Blödt S, Wang J, Keller T, Bergmann B, Rogge AA, et al. App-based relaxation exercises for patients with chronic neck pain: pragmatic randomized trial. JMIR MHealth UHealth. 2022 Jan 7;10(1):e31482. https://doi.org/10.2196/31482
https://doi.org/10.2196/31482...
; 32del Pozo-Cruz B, Parraca JA, del Pozo-Cruz J, Adsuar JC, Hill J, Gusi N. An occupational, internet-based intervention to prevent chronicity in subacute lower back pain: a randomised controlled trial. J Rehabil Med [Internet]. 2012 Jun 1 [cited 2021 Dec 1];44(7):581-7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22674240/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22674240...
; 33Chhabra HS, Sharma S, Verma S. Smartphone app in self-management of chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Spine J. 2018 Oct 15;27(11):2862-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5788-5
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5788-...
- 34Gialanella B, Ettori T, Faustini S, Baratti D, Bernocchi P, Comini L, et al. Home-based telemedicine in patients with chronic neck pain. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2017 May;96(5):327-32. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0000000000000610
https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.000000000000...
) , educação ( 2Toelle TR, Utpadel-Fischler DA, Haas KK, Priebe JA. App-based multidisciplinary back pain treatment versus combined physiotherapy plus online education: a randomized controlled trial. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 May 3 [cited 2022 Feb 19];2:34. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-019-0109-x#author-information
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
, 6Shebib R, Bailey JF, Smittenaar P, Perez DA, Mecklenburg G, Hunter S. Randomized controlled trial of a 12-week digital care program in improving low back pain. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 Jan 7 [cited 2022 May 2];2(1):1-8. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-018-0076-7
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
; 7Suman A, Schaafsma FG, van Dongen JM, Elders PJM, Buchbinder R, van Tulder MW, et al. Effectiveness and cost-utility of a multifaceted eHealth strategy to improve back pain beliefs of patients with non-specific low back pain: a cluster randomised trial. BMJ Open. 2019 Dec 5;9(12):e030879. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030879
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030...
- 8Hodges PW, Hall L, Setchell J, French S, Kasza J, Bennell K, et al. Effect of a consumer-focused website for low back pain on health literacy, treatment choices, and clinical outcomes: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Jun 15;23(6):e27860. https://doi.org/10.2196/27860
https://doi.org/10.2196/27860...
, 21Garcia LM, Birckhead BJ, Krishnamurthy P, Sackman J, Mackey IG, Louis RG, et al. An 8-week self-administered at-home behavioral skills-based virtual reality program for chronic low back pain: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted during COVID-19. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Feb 22;23(2):e26292. https://doi.org/10.2196/26292
https://doi.org/10.2196/26292...
; 22Sandal LF, Bach K, Øverås CK, Svendsen MJ, Dalager T, Jensen JSD, et al. Effectiveness of app-delivered, tailored self-management support for adults with lower back pain–related disability. JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Oct 1;181(10):1288-96. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.4097
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
- 23Carpenter KM, Stoner SA, Mundt JM, Stoelb B. An online self-help cbt intervention for chronic lower back pain. Clin J Pain. 2012 Jan;28(1):14-22. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e31822363db
https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e318223...
, 26Irvine AB, Russell H, Manocchia M, Mino DE, Glassen TC, Morgan R, et al. Mobile-web app to self-manage low back pain: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res [Internet]. 2015 Jan 2 [cited 2022 Feb 19];17(1):e3130. Available from: https://www.jmir.org/2015/1/e1/
https://www.jmir.org/2015/1/e1/...
- 27Krein SL, Kadri R, Hughes M, Kerr EA, Piette JD, Holleman R, et al. Pedometer-based internet-mediated intervention for adults with chronic low back pain: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2013 Aug 19;15(8):e2605. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605...
, 29Lorig KR, Laurent DD, Deyo RA, Marnell ME, Minor MA, Ritter PL. Can a back pain e-mail discussion group improve health status and lower health care costs? Arch Intern Med. 2002 Apr 8;162(7):792-6. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.7.792
https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.7.7...
, 32del Pozo-Cruz B, Parraca JA, del Pozo-Cruz J, Adsuar JC, Hill J, Gusi N. An occupational, internet-based intervention to prevent chronicity in subacute lower back pain: a randomised controlled trial. J Rehabil Med [Internet]. 2012 Jun 1 [cited 2021 Dec 1];44(7):581-7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22674240/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22674240...
) e TCC ( 6Shebib R, Bailey JF, Smittenaar P, Perez DA, Mecklenburg G, Hunter S. Randomized controlled trial of a 12-week digital care program in improving low back pain. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 Jan 7 [cited 2022 May 2];2(1):1-8. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-018-0076-7
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
, 20Petrozzi MJ, Leaver A, Ferreira PH, Rubinstein SM, Jones MK, Mackey MG. Addition of MoodGYM to physical treatments for chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Chiropr Man Therap. 2019 Oct 25;27(1):54. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12998-019-0277-4
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12998-019-0277-...
- 21Garcia LM, Birckhead BJ, Krishnamurthy P, Sackman J, Mackey IG, Louis RG, et al. An 8-week self-administered at-home behavioral skills-based virtual reality program for chronic low back pain: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted during COVID-19. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Feb 22;23(2):e26292. https://doi.org/10.2196/26292
https://doi.org/10.2196/26292...
, 23Carpenter KM, Stoner SA, Mundt JM, Stoelb B. An online self-help cbt intervention for chronic lower back pain. Clin J Pain. 2012 Jan;28(1):14-22. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e31822363db
https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e318223...
; 24Chiauzzi E, Pujol LA, Wood M, Bond K, Black R, Yiu E, et al. painACTION-back pain: a self-management website for people with chronic back pain. Pain Med. 2010 Jul;11(7):1044-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00879.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010...
; 25Heapy AA, Higgins DM, Goulet JL, LaChappelle KM, Driscoll MA, Czlapinski RA, et al. interactive voice response–based self-management for chronic back pain: the COPES noninferiority randomized trial. JAMA Inter Med. 2017 Jun 1;177(6):765-73. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.0223
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
- 26Irvine AB, Russell H, Manocchia M, Mino DE, Glassen TC, Morgan R, et al. Mobile-web app to self-manage low back pain: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res [Internet]. 2015 Jan 2 [cited 2022 Feb 19];17(1):e3130. Available from: https://www.jmir.org/2015/1/e1/
https://www.jmir.org/2015/1/e1/...
, 30Iles R, Taylor NF, Davidson M, O’Halloran P. Telephone coaching can increase activity levels for people with non-chronic low back pain: a randomised trial. J Physiother [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2022 Feb 3];57(4):231-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22093121
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2209...
) . Os exercícios foram fornecidos no formato de vídeos, áudios ou instruções baseadas em imagem e podiam ter ou não um feedback de desempenho. Além disso, houve tecnologia com sensores para avaliar as atividades ( 33Chhabra HS, Sharma S, Verma S. Smartphone app in self-management of chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Spine J. 2018 Oct 15;27(11):2862-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5788-5
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5788-...
) , exercícios com sensores vestíveis ( 6Shebib R, Bailey JF, Smittenaar P, Perez DA, Mecklenburg G, Hunter S. Randomized controlled trial of a 12-week digital care program in improving low back pain. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 Jan 7 [cited 2022 May 2];2(1):1-8. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-018-0076-7
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
) , uso de um pedômetro ( 27Krein SL, Kadri R, Hughes M, Kerr EA, Piette JD, Holleman R, et al. Pedometer-based internet-mediated intervention for adults with chronic low back pain: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2013 Aug 19;15(8):e2605. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605...
) e rastreador de atividades ( 19Amorim AB, Pappas E, Simic M, Ferreira ML, Jennings M, Tiedemann A, et al. Integrating Mobile-health, health coaching, and physical activity to reduce the burden of chronic low back pain trial (IMPACT): a pilot randomised controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2019 Feb 11 [cited 2022 Apr 24];20(1):71. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-y
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-...
) . O material educacional referia-se à dor relacionada à coluna e um estudo baseou-se na neurociência da dor ( 21Garcia LM, Birckhead BJ, Krishnamurthy P, Sackman J, Mackey IG, Louis RG, et al. An 8-week self-administered at-home behavioral skills-based virtual reality program for chronic low back pain: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted during COVID-19. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Feb 22;23(2):e26292. https://doi.org/10.2196/26292
https://doi.org/10.2196/26292...
) . As intervenções psicossociais, geralmente, eram baseadas na TCC e incluíam estratégias comportamentais, reestruturação cognitiva, gerenciamento do stress, relaxamento, atenção plena e práticas de enfrentamento. Em relação à base teórica das intervenções, 12 (48%) implementaram os tratamentos com princípios baseados em evidências.

Em relação à região da coluna atingida, 22 (88%) estudos investigaram a dor na região lombar com prevalência de 90,9% de dor crônica; 1 (4,5%), avaliou dor lombar não específica subaguda ( 32del Pozo-Cruz B, Parraca JA, del Pozo-Cruz J, Adsuar JC, Hill J, Gusi N. An occupational, internet-based intervention to prevent chronicity in subacute lower back pain: a randomised controlled trial. J Rehabil Med [Internet]. 2012 Jun 1 [cited 2021 Dec 1];44(7):581-7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22674240/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22674240...
) , 1 (4,5%), dor lombar de qualquer duração ( 8Hodges PW, Hall L, Setchell J, French S, Kasza J, Bennell K, et al. Effect of a consumer-focused website for low back pain on health literacy, treatment choices, and clinical outcomes: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Jun 15;23(6):e27860. https://doi.org/10.2196/27860
https://doi.org/10.2196/27860...
) e 3 (12%), a dor era na região cervical ( 15Abadiyan F, Hadadnezhad M, Khosrokiani Z, Letafatkar A, Akhshik H. Adding a smartphone app to global postural re-education to improve neck pain, posture, quality of life, and endurance in people with nonspecific neck pain: a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2021 Apr 12;22(1):274. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05214-8
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05214...
, 31Pach D, Blödt S, Wang J, Keller T, Bergmann B, Rogge AA, et al. App-based relaxation exercises for patients with chronic neck pain: pragmatic randomized trial. JMIR MHealth UHealth. 2022 Jan 7;10(1):e31482. https://doi.org/10.2196/31482
https://doi.org/10.2196/31482...
, 34Gialanella B, Ettori T, Faustini S, Baratti D, Bernocchi P, Comini L, et al. Home-based telemedicine in patients with chronic neck pain. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2017 May;96(5):327-32. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0000000000000610
https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.000000000000...
) . Apesar de ter sido considerada como lombalgia crônica nesta revisão, os estudos ( 7Suman A, Schaafsma FG, van Dongen JM, Elders PJM, Buchbinder R, van Tulder MW, et al. Effectiveness and cost-utility of a multifaceted eHealth strategy to improve back pain beliefs of patients with non-specific low back pain: a cluster randomised trial. BMJ Open. 2019 Dec 5;9(12):e030879. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030879
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030...
, 22Sandal LF, Bach K, Øverås CK, Svendsen MJ, Dalager T, Jensen JSD, et al. Effectiveness of app-delivered, tailored self-management support for adults with lower back pain–related disability. JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Oct 1;181(10):1288-96. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.4097
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
) não deixaram claro se todos os participantes tinham lombalgia inespecífica crônica. Os instrumentos mais comuns para dor foram a VAS e NRS. Um estudo relatou o uso do Brief Pain Inventory ( 24Chiauzzi E, Pujol LA, Wood M, Bond K, Black R, Yiu E, et al. painACTION-back pain: a self-management website for people with chronic back pain. Pain Med. 2010 Jul;11(7):1044-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00879.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010...
) e outro utilizou um questionário com a frequência, intensidade e duração da dor ( 26Irvine AB, Russell H, Manocchia M, Mino DE, Glassen TC, Morgan R, et al. Mobile-web app to self-manage low back pain: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res [Internet]. 2015 Jan 2 [cited 2022 Feb 19];17(1):e3130. Available from: https://www.jmir.org/2015/1/e1/
https://www.jmir.org/2015/1/e1/...
) . O questionário mais utilizado para avaliar a incapacidade funcional foi o Questionário de Incapacidade de Roland Morris seguido pelo Índice de Incapacidade de Oswestry.

As intervenções, para facilitar mudanças de comportamento e dar melhor orientação, eram suportadas por estratégias para aumentar a adesão e monitoramento como definição de metas ( 6Shebib R, Bailey JF, Smittenaar P, Perez DA, Mecklenburg G, Hunter S. Randomized controlled trial of a 12-week digital care program in improving low back pain. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 Jan 7 [cited 2022 May 2];2(1):1-8. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-018-0076-7
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
, 22Sandal LF, Bach K, Øverås CK, Svendsen MJ, Dalager T, Jensen JSD, et al. Effectiveness of app-delivered, tailored self-management support for adults with lower back pain–related disability. JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Oct 1;181(10):1288-96. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.4097
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
, 24Chiauzzi E, Pujol LA, Wood M, Bond K, Black R, Yiu E, et al. painACTION-back pain: a self-management website for people with chronic back pain. Pain Med. 2010 Jul;11(7):1044-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00879.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010...
, 27Krein SL, Kadri R, Hughes M, Kerr EA, Piette JD, Holleman R, et al. Pedometer-based internet-mediated intervention for adults with chronic low back pain: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2013 Aug 19;15(8):e2605. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605...
, 30Iles R, Taylor NF, Davidson M, O’Halloran P. Telephone coaching can increase activity levels for people with non-chronic low back pain: a randomised trial. J Physiother [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2022 Feb 3];57(4):231-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22093121
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2209...
, 33Chhabra HS, Sharma S, Verma S. Smartphone app in self-management of chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Spine J. 2018 Oct 15;27(11):2862-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5788-5
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5788-...
) , plataformas de rede social para apoio social ( 2Toelle TR, Utpadel-Fischler DA, Haas KK, Priebe JA. App-based multidisciplinary back pain treatment versus combined physiotherapy plus online education: a randomized controlled trial. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 May 3 [cited 2022 Feb 19];2:34. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-019-0109-x#author-information
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
, 7Suman A, Schaafsma FG, van Dongen JM, Elders PJM, Buchbinder R, van Tulder MW, et al. Effectiveness and cost-utility of a multifaceted eHealth strategy to improve back pain beliefs of patients with non-specific low back pain: a cluster randomised trial. BMJ Open. 2019 Dec 5;9(12):e030879. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030879
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030...
) , mensagens educativas ( 16Almhdawi KA, Obeidat DS, Kanaan SF, Oteir AO, Mansour ZM, Alrabbaei H. Efficacy of an innovative smartphone application for office workers with chronic non-specific low back pain: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2020 Oct;34(10):1282-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757
https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757...
, 22Sandal LF, Bach K, Øverås CK, Svendsen MJ, Dalager T, Jensen JSD, et al. Effectiveness of app-delivered, tailored self-management support for adults with lower back pain–related disability. JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Oct 1;181(10):1288-96. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.4097
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
) , registro de níveis de atividades ( 2Toelle TR, Utpadel-Fischler DA, Haas KK, Priebe JA. App-based multidisciplinary back pain treatment versus combined physiotherapy plus online education: a randomized controlled trial. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 May 3 [cited 2022 Feb 19];2:34. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-019-0109-x#author-information
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
, 18Zadro JR, Shirley D, Simic M, Mousavi SJ, Ceprnja D, Maka K, et al. Video-game–based exercises for older people with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlledtable trial (GAMEBACK). Phys Ther. 2019 Jan 1;99(1):14-27. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112
https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112...
) , lembretes para realizar exercícios ( 16Almhdawi KA, Obeidat DS, Kanaan SF, Oteir AO, Mansour ZM, Alrabbaei H. Efficacy of an innovative smartphone application for office workers with chronic non-specific low back pain: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2020 Oct;34(10):1282-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757
https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757...
, 22Sandal LF, Bach K, Øverås CK, Svendsen MJ, Dalager T, Jensen JSD, et al. Effectiveness of app-delivered, tailored self-management support for adults with lower back pain–related disability. JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Oct 1;181(10):1288-96. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.4097
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
, 31Pach D, Blödt S, Wang J, Keller T, Bergmann B, Rogge AA, et al. App-based relaxation exercises for patients with chronic neck pain: pragmatic randomized trial. JMIR MHealth UHealth. 2022 Jan 7;10(1):e31482. https://doi.org/10.2196/31482
https://doi.org/10.2196/31482...
, 33Chhabra HS, Sharma S, Verma S. Smartphone app in self-management of chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Spine J. 2018 Oct 15;27(11):2862-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5788-5
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5788-...
) , recomendações personalizadas de exercícios ( 2Toelle TR, Utpadel-Fischler DA, Haas KK, Priebe JA. App-based multidisciplinary back pain treatment versus combined physiotherapy plus online education: a randomized controlled trial. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 May 3 [cited 2022 Feb 19];2:34. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-019-0109-x#author-information
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
, 17Lara-Palomo IC, Antequera-Soler E, Matarán-Peñarrocha GA, Fernández-Sánchez M, García-López H, Castro-Sánchez AM, et al. Comparison of the effectiveness of an e-health program versus a home rehabilitation program in patients with chronic low back pain: a double blind randomized controlled trial. Digit Health [Internet]. 2022 Jan 28 [cited 2022 Feb 27];8:20552076221074482. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332...
, 19Amorim AB, Pappas E, Simic M, Ferreira ML, Jennings M, Tiedemann A, et al. Integrating Mobile-health, health coaching, and physical activity to reduce the burden of chronic low back pain trial (IMPACT): a pilot randomised controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2019 Feb 11 [cited 2022 Apr 24];20(1):71. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-y
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-...
, 27Krein SL, Kadri R, Hughes M, Kerr EA, Piette JD, Holleman R, et al. Pedometer-based internet-mediated intervention for adults with chronic low back pain: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2013 Aug 19;15(8):e2605. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605...
) , mensagens motivacionais ( 8Hodges PW, Hall L, Setchell J, French S, Kasza J, Bennell K, et al. Effect of a consumer-focused website for low back pain on health literacy, treatment choices, and clinical outcomes: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Jun 15;23(6):e27860. https://doi.org/10.2196/27860
https://doi.org/10.2196/27860...
, 27Krein SL, Kadri R, Hughes M, Kerr EA, Piette JD, Holleman R, et al. Pedometer-based internet-mediated intervention for adults with chronic low back pain: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2013 Aug 19;15(8):e2605. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605...
) , monitoramento de sintomas ( 6Shebib R, Bailey JF, Smittenaar P, Perez DA, Mecklenburg G, Hunter S. Randomized controlled trial of a 12-week digital care program in improving low back pain. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 Jan 7 [cited 2022 May 2];2(1):1-8. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-018-0076-7
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
, 14Moessner M, Schiltenwolf M, Neubauer E. Internet-based aftercare for patients with back pain - a pilot study. Telemed J E Health. 2012 Jul-Aug;18(6):413-9. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2011.0221
https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2011.0221...
- 15Abadiyan F, Hadadnezhad M, Khosrokiani Z, Letafatkar A, Akhshik H. Adding a smartphone app to global postural re-education to improve neck pain, posture, quality of life, and endurance in people with nonspecific neck pain: a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2021 Apr 12;22(1):274. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05214-8
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05214...
, 19Amorim AB, Pappas E, Simic M, Ferreira ML, Jennings M, Tiedemann A, et al. Integrating Mobile-health, health coaching, and physical activity to reduce the burden of chronic low back pain trial (IMPACT): a pilot randomised controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2019 Feb 11 [cited 2022 Apr 24];20(1):71. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-y
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-...
, 24Chiauzzi E, Pujol LA, Wood M, Bond K, Black R, Yiu E, et al. painACTION-back pain: a self-management website for people with chronic back pain. Pain Med. 2010 Jul;11(7):1044-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00879.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010...
; 25Heapy AA, Higgins DM, Goulet JL, LaChappelle KM, Driscoll MA, Czlapinski RA, et al. interactive voice response–based self-management for chronic back pain: the COPES noninferiority randomized trial. JAMA Inter Med. 2017 Jun 1;177(6):765-73. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.0223
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
- 26Irvine AB, Russell H, Manocchia M, Mino DE, Glassen TC, Morgan R, et al. Mobile-web app to self-manage low back pain: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res [Internet]. 2015 Jan 2 [cited 2022 Feb 19];17(1):e3130. Available from: https://www.jmir.org/2015/1/e1/
https://www.jmir.org/2015/1/e1/...
) , lembretes de postura correta ( 15Abadiyan F, Hadadnezhad M, Khosrokiani Z, Letafatkar A, Akhshik H. Adding a smartphone app to global postural re-education to improve neck pain, posture, quality of life, and endurance in people with nonspecific neck pain: a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2021 Apr 12;22(1):274. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05214-8
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05214...
- 16Almhdawi KA, Obeidat DS, Kanaan SF, Oteir AO, Mansour ZM, Alrabbaei H. Efficacy of an innovative smartphone application for office workers with chronic non-specific low back pain: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2020 Oct;34(10):1282-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757
https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757...
, 20Petrozzi MJ, Leaver A, Ferreira PH, Rubinstein SM, Jones MK, Mackey MG. Addition of MoodGYM to physical treatments for chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Chiropr Man Therap. 2019 Oct 25;27(1):54. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12998-019-0277-4
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12998-019-0277-...
, 24Chiauzzi E, Pujol LA, Wood M, Bond K, Black R, Yiu E, et al. painACTION-back pain: a self-management website for people with chronic back pain. Pain Med. 2010 Jul;11(7):1044-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00879.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010...
, 32del Pozo-Cruz B, Parraca JA, del Pozo-Cruz J, Adsuar JC, Hill J, Gusi N. An occupational, internet-based intervention to prevent chronicity in subacute lower back pain: a randomised controlled trial. J Rehabil Med [Internet]. 2012 Jun 1 [cited 2021 Dec 1];44(7):581-7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22674240/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22674240...
) , exercícios com animação e áudio ( 21Garcia LM, Birckhead BJ, Krishnamurthy P, Sackman J, Mackey IG, Louis RG, et al. An 8-week self-administered at-home behavioral skills-based virtual reality program for chronic low back pain: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted during COVID-19. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Feb 22;23(2):e26292. https://doi.org/10.2196/26292
https://doi.org/10.2196/26292...
, 23Carpenter KM, Stoner SA, Mundt JM, Stoelb B. An online self-help cbt intervention for chronic lower back pain. Clin J Pain. 2012 Jan;28(1):14-22. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e31822363db
https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e318223...
, 29Lorig KR, Laurent DD, Deyo RA, Marnell ME, Minor MA, Ritter PL. Can a back pain e-mail discussion group improve health status and lower health care costs? Arch Intern Med. 2002 Apr 8;162(7):792-6. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.7.792
https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.7.7...
) e sistemas de recompensas ( 22Sandal LF, Bach K, Øverås CK, Svendsen MJ, Dalager T, Jensen JSD, et al. Effectiveness of app-delivered, tailored self-management support for adults with lower back pain–related disability. JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Oct 1;181(10):1288-96. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.4097
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
, 23Carpenter KM, Stoner SA, Mundt JM, Stoelb B. An online self-help cbt intervention for chronic lower back pain. Clin J Pain. 2012 Jan;28(1):14-22. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e31822363db
https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e318223...
) . Nem todos os artigos mencionaram os níveis de engajamento e tinham intervenções de apoio à decisão,

Quanto aos eventos adversos, a maioria das intervenções não apresentou efeitos adversos ou não foram relatados por seus autores. Em sua maioria foram relacionados ao aumento da dor com o exercício ( 25Heapy AA, Higgins DM, Goulet JL, LaChappelle KM, Driscoll MA, Czlapinski RA, et al. interactive voice response–based self-management for chronic back pain: the COPES noninferiority randomized trial. JAMA Inter Med. 2017 Jun 1;177(6):765-73. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.0223
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
, 27Krein SL, Kadri R, Hughes M, Kerr EA, Piette JD, Holleman R, et al. Pedometer-based internet-mediated intervention for adults with chronic low back pain: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2013 Aug 19;15(8):e2605. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605...
) . Mais eventos musculoesqueléticos do que eventos cardiovasculares foram relatados, sem evidências de danos excessivos ( 27Krein SL, Kadri R, Hughes M, Kerr EA, Piette JD, Holleman R, et al. Pedometer-based internet-mediated intervention for adults with chronic low back pain: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2013 Aug 19;15(8):e2605. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605...
) . Alguns participantes relataram dor leve ou moderada de curto prazo associada ao exercício ( 20Petrozzi MJ, Leaver A, Ferreira PH, Rubinstein SM, Jones MK, Mackey MG. Addition of MoodGYM to physical treatments for chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Chiropr Man Therap. 2019 Oct 25;27(1):54. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12998-019-0277-4
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12998-019-0277-...
) .

A dor e a incapacidade foram medidas simultaneamente em 19 estudos ( 2Toelle TR, Utpadel-Fischler DA, Haas KK, Priebe JA. App-based multidisciplinary back pain treatment versus combined physiotherapy plus online education: a randomized controlled trial. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 May 3 [cited 2022 Feb 19];2:34. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-019-0109-x#author-information
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
, 6Shebib R, Bailey JF, Smittenaar P, Perez DA, Mecklenburg G, Hunter S. Randomized controlled trial of a 12-week digital care program in improving low back pain. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 Jan 7 [cited 2022 May 2];2(1):1-8. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-018-0076-7
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
, 8Hodges PW, Hall L, Setchell J, French S, Kasza J, Bennell K, et al. Effect of a consumer-focused website for low back pain on health literacy, treatment choices, and clinical outcomes: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Jun 15;23(6):e27860. https://doi.org/10.2196/27860
https://doi.org/10.2196/27860...
, 14Moessner M, Schiltenwolf M, Neubauer E. Internet-based aftercare for patients with back pain - a pilot study. Telemed J E Health. 2012 Jul-Aug;18(6):413-9. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2011.0221
https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2011.0221...
; 15Abadiyan F, Hadadnezhad M, Khosrokiani Z, Letafatkar A, Akhshik H. Adding a smartphone app to global postural re-education to improve neck pain, posture, quality of life, and endurance in people with nonspecific neck pain: a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2021 Apr 12;22(1):274. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05214-8
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05214...
; 16Almhdawi KA, Obeidat DS, Kanaan SF, Oteir AO, Mansour ZM, Alrabbaei H. Efficacy of an innovative smartphone application for office workers with chronic non-specific low back pain: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2020 Oct;34(10):1282-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757
https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757...
- 17Lara-Palomo IC, Antequera-Soler E, Matarán-Peñarrocha GA, Fernández-Sánchez M, García-López H, Castro-Sánchez AM, et al. Comparison of the effectiveness of an e-health program versus a home rehabilitation program in patients with chronic low back pain: a double blind randomized controlled trial. Digit Health [Internet]. 2022 Jan 28 [cited 2022 Feb 27];8:20552076221074482. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332...
, 19Amorim AB, Pappas E, Simic M, Ferreira ML, Jennings M, Tiedemann A, et al. Integrating Mobile-health, health coaching, and physical activity to reduce the burden of chronic low back pain trial (IMPACT): a pilot randomised controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2019 Feb 11 [cited 2022 Apr 24];20(1):71. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-y
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-...
- 20Petrozzi MJ, Leaver A, Ferreira PH, Rubinstein SM, Jones MK, Mackey MG. Addition of MoodGYM to physical treatments for chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Chiropr Man Therap. 2019 Oct 25;27(1):54. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12998-019-0277-4
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12998-019-0277-...
, 22Sandal LF, Bach K, Øverås CK, Svendsen MJ, Dalager T, Jensen JSD, et al. Effectiveness of app-delivered, tailored self-management support for adults with lower back pain–related disability. JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Oct 1;181(10):1288-96. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.4097
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
; 23Carpenter KM, Stoner SA, Mundt JM, Stoelb B. An online self-help cbt intervention for chronic lower back pain. Clin J Pain. 2012 Jan;28(1):14-22. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e31822363db
https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e318223...
; 24Chiauzzi E, Pujol LA, Wood M, Bond K, Black R, Yiu E, et al. painACTION-back pain: a self-management website for people with chronic back pain. Pain Med. 2010 Jul;11(7):1044-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00879.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010...
; 25Heapy AA, Higgins DM, Goulet JL, LaChappelle KM, Driscoll MA, Czlapinski RA, et al. interactive voice response–based self-management for chronic back pain: the COPES noninferiority randomized trial. JAMA Inter Med. 2017 Jun 1;177(6):765-73. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.0223
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
; 26Irvine AB, Russell H, Manocchia M, Mino DE, Glassen TC, Morgan R, et al. Mobile-web app to self-manage low back pain: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res [Internet]. 2015 Jan 2 [cited 2022 Feb 19];17(1):e3130. Available from: https://www.jmir.org/2015/1/e1/
https://www.jmir.org/2015/1/e1/...
; 27Krein SL, Kadri R, Hughes M, Kerr EA, Piette JD, Holleman R, et al. Pedometer-based internet-mediated intervention for adults with chronic low back pain: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2013 Aug 19;15(8):e2605. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605...
; 28Licciardone JC, Pandya V. Feasibility trial of an ehealth intervention for health-related quality of life: implications for managing patients with chronic pain during the COVID-19 pandemic. Healthcare. 2020 Oct 1;8(4):381. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8040381
https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare804038...
- 29Lorig KR, Laurent DD, Deyo RA, Marnell ME, Minor MA, Ritter PL. Can a back pain e-mail discussion group improve health status and lower health care costs? Arch Intern Med. 2002 Apr 8;162(7):792-6. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.7.792
https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.7.7...
, 33Chhabra HS, Sharma S, Verma S. Smartphone app in self-management of chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Spine J. 2018 Oct 15;27(11):2862-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5788-5
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5788-...
- 34Gialanella B, Ettori T, Faustini S, Baratti D, Bernocchi P, Comini L, et al. Home-based telemedicine in patients with chronic neck pain. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2017 May;96(5):327-32. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0000000000000610
https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.000000000000...
) , 2 avaliaram somente a intensidade da dor ( 21Garcia LM, Birckhead BJ, Krishnamurthy P, Sackman J, Mackey IG, Louis RG, et al. An 8-week self-administered at-home behavioral skills-based virtual reality program for chronic low back pain: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted during COVID-19. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Feb 22;23(2):e26292. https://doi.org/10.2196/26292
https://doi.org/10.2196/26292...
, 31Pach D, Blödt S, Wang J, Keller T, Bergmann B, Rogge AA, et al. App-based relaxation exercises for patients with chronic neck pain: pragmatic randomized trial. JMIR MHealth UHealth. 2022 Jan 7;10(1):e31482. https://doi.org/10.2196/31482
https://doi.org/10.2196/31482...
) e 3, a incapacidade funcional ( 7Suman A, Schaafsma FG, van Dongen JM, Elders PJM, Buchbinder R, van Tulder MW, et al. Effectiveness and cost-utility of a multifaceted eHealth strategy to improve back pain beliefs of patients with non-specific low back pain: a cluster randomised trial. BMJ Open. 2019 Dec 5;9(12):e030879. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030879
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030...
, 30Iles R, Taylor NF, Davidson M, O’Halloran P. Telephone coaching can increase activity levels for people with non-chronic low back pain: a randomised trial. J Physiother [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2022 Feb 3];57(4):231-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22093121
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2209...
, 32del Pozo-Cruz B, Parraca JA, del Pozo-Cruz J, Adsuar JC, Hill J, Gusi N. An occupational, internet-based intervention to prevent chronicity in subacute lower back pain: a randomised controlled trial. J Rehabil Med [Internet]. 2012 Jun 1 [cited 2021 Dec 1];44(7):581-7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22674240/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22674240...
) . Em alguns estudos, esses não foram os desfechos primários. Outras medidas de resultados também foram avaliadas como a autoeficácia ( 18Zadro JR, Shirley D, Simic M, Mousavi SJ, Ceprnja D, Maka K, et al. Video-game–based exercises for older people with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlledtable trial (GAMEBACK). Phys Ther. 2019 Jan 1;99(1):14-27. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112
https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112...
, 20Petrozzi MJ, Leaver A, Ferreira PH, Rubinstein SM, Jones MK, Mackey MG. Addition of MoodGYM to physical treatments for chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Chiropr Man Therap. 2019 Oct 25;27(1):54. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12998-019-0277-4
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12998-019-0277-...
; 21Garcia LM, Birckhead BJ, Krishnamurthy P, Sackman J, Mackey IG, Louis RG, et al. An 8-week self-administered at-home behavioral skills-based virtual reality program for chronic low back pain: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted during COVID-19. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Feb 22;23(2):e26292. https://doi.org/10.2196/26292
https://doi.org/10.2196/26292...
; 22Sandal LF, Bach K, Øverås CK, Svendsen MJ, Dalager T, Jensen JSD, et al. Effectiveness of app-delivered, tailored self-management support for adults with lower back pain–related disability. JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Oct 1;181(10):1288-96. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.4097
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
; 23Carpenter KM, Stoner SA, Mundt JM, Stoelb B. An online self-help cbt intervention for chronic lower back pain. Clin J Pain. 2012 Jan;28(1):14-22. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e31822363db
https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e318223...
- 24Chiauzzi E, Pujol LA, Wood M, Bond K, Black R, Yiu E, et al. painACTION-back pain: a self-management website for people with chronic back pain. Pain Med. 2010 Jul;11(7):1044-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00879.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010...
, 26Irvine AB, Russell H, Manocchia M, Mino DE, Glassen TC, Morgan R, et al. Mobile-web app to self-manage low back pain: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res [Internet]. 2015 Jan 2 [cited 2022 Feb 19];17(1):e3130. Available from: https://www.jmir.org/2015/1/e1/
https://www.jmir.org/2015/1/e1/...
- 27Krein SL, Kadri R, Hughes M, Kerr EA, Piette JD, Holleman R, et al. Pedometer-based internet-mediated intervention for adults with chronic low back pain: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2013 Aug 19;15(8):e2605. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605...
, 29Lorig KR, Laurent DD, Deyo RA, Marnell ME, Minor MA, Ritter PL. Can a back pain e-mail discussion group improve health status and lower health care costs? Arch Intern Med. 2002 Apr 8;162(7):792-6. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.7.792
https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.7.7...
- 30Iles R, Taylor NF, Davidson M, O’Halloran P. Telephone coaching can increase activity levels for people with non-chronic low back pain: a randomised trial. J Physiother [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2022 Feb 3];57(4):231-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22093121
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2209...
) , qualidade de vida ( 2Toelle TR, Utpadel-Fischler DA, Haas KK, Priebe JA. App-based multidisciplinary back pain treatment versus combined physiotherapy plus online education: a randomized controlled trial. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 May 3 [cited 2022 Feb 19];2:34. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-019-0109-x#author-information
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
, 7Suman A, Schaafsma FG, van Dongen JM, Elders PJM, Buchbinder R, van Tulder MW, et al. Effectiveness and cost-utility of a multifaceted eHealth strategy to improve back pain beliefs of patients with non-specific low back pain: a cluster randomised trial. BMJ Open. 2019 Dec 5;9(12):e030879. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030879
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030...
- 8Hodges PW, Hall L, Setchell J, French S, Kasza J, Bennell K, et al. Effect of a consumer-focused website for low back pain on health literacy, treatment choices, and clinical outcomes: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Jun 15;23(6):e27860. https://doi.org/10.2196/27860
https://doi.org/10.2196/27860...
, 15Abadiyan F, Hadadnezhad M, Khosrokiani Z, Letafatkar A, Akhshik H. Adding a smartphone app to global postural re-education to improve neck pain, posture, quality of life, and endurance in people with nonspecific neck pain: a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2021 Apr 12;22(1):274. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05214-8
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05214...
; 16Almhdawi KA, Obeidat DS, Kanaan SF, Oteir AO, Mansour ZM, Alrabbaei H. Efficacy of an innovative smartphone application for office workers with chronic non-specific low back pain: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2020 Oct;34(10):1282-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757
https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757...
- 17Lara-Palomo IC, Antequera-Soler E, Matarán-Peñarrocha GA, Fernández-Sánchez M, García-López H, Castro-Sánchez AM, et al. Comparison of the effectiveness of an e-health program versus a home rehabilitation program in patients with chronic low back pain: a double blind randomized controlled trial. Digit Health [Internet]. 2022 Jan 28 [cited 2022 Feb 27];8:20552076221074482. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332...
, 22Sandal LF, Bach K, Øverås CK, Svendsen MJ, Dalager T, Jensen JSD, et al. Effectiveness of app-delivered, tailored self-management support for adults with lower back pain–related disability. JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Oct 1;181(10):1288-96. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.4097
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
, 25Heapy AA, Higgins DM, Goulet JL, LaChappelle KM, Driscoll MA, Czlapinski RA, et al. interactive voice response–based self-management for chronic back pain: the COPES noninferiority randomized trial. JAMA Inter Med. 2017 Jun 1;177(6):765-73. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.0223
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
- 26Irvine AB, Russell H, Manocchia M, Mino DE, Glassen TC, Morgan R, et al. Mobile-web app to self-manage low back pain: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res [Internet]. 2015 Jan 2 [cited 2022 Feb 19];17(1):e3130. Available from: https://www.jmir.org/2015/1/e1/
https://www.jmir.org/2015/1/e1/...
, 32del Pozo-Cruz B, Parraca JA, del Pozo-Cruz J, Adsuar JC, Hill J, Gusi N. An occupational, internet-based intervention to prevent chronicity in subacute lower back pain: a randomised controlled trial. J Rehabil Med [Internet]. 2012 Jun 1 [cited 2021 Dec 1];44(7):581-7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22674240/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22674240...
) , procura de cuidados ( 18Zadro JR, Shirley D, Simic M, Mousavi SJ, Ceprnja D, Maka K, et al. Video-game–based exercises for older people with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlledtable trial (GAMEBACK). Phys Ther. 2019 Jan 1;99(1):14-27. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112
https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112...
- 19Amorim AB, Pappas E, Simic M, Ferreira ML, Jennings M, Tiedemann A, et al. Integrating Mobile-health, health coaching, and physical activity to reduce the burden of chronic low back pain trial (IMPACT): a pilot randomised controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2019 Feb 11 [cited 2022 Apr 24];20(1):71. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-y
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-...
, 29Lorig KR, Laurent DD, Deyo RA, Marnell ME, Minor MA, Ritter PL. Can a back pain e-mail discussion group improve health status and lower health care costs? Arch Intern Med. 2002 Apr 8;162(7):792-6. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.7.792
https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.7.7...
) e as crenças de dor ( 7Suman A, Schaafsma FG, van Dongen JM, Elders PJM, Buchbinder R, van Tulder MW, et al. Effectiveness and cost-utility of a multifaceted eHealth strategy to improve back pain beliefs of patients with non-specific low back pain: a cluster randomised trial. BMJ Open. 2019 Dec 5;9(12):e030879. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030879
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030...
, 24Chiauzzi E, Pujol LA, Wood M, Bond K, Black R, Yiu E, et al. painACTION-back pain: a self-management website for people with chronic back pain. Pain Med. 2010 Jul;11(7):1044-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00879.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010...
) . O acompanhamento variou de 1 a 12 meses.

Em relação aos desfechos intensidade da dor e incapacidade funcional, a comparação entre os grupos mostrou melhoras estatisticamente significativas (p<0,05) em 54% (12/22) nos níveis de dor e 47% (10/21) na capacidade funcional do grupo intervenção. Ocorreram também resultados adicionais que apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os grupos a favor do grupo intervenção como na atividade física ( 19Amorim AB, Pappas E, Simic M, Ferreira ML, Jennings M, Tiedemann A, et al. Integrating Mobile-health, health coaching, and physical activity to reduce the burden of chronic low back pain trial (IMPACT): a pilot randomised controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2019 Feb 11 [cited 2022 Apr 24];20(1):71. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-y
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-...
, 33Chhabra HS, Sharma S, Verma S. Smartphone app in self-management of chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Spine J. 2018 Oct 15;27(11):2862-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5788-5
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5788-...
) , bem-estar e qualidade de vida ( 16Almhdawi KA, Obeidat DS, Kanaan SF, Oteir AO, Mansour ZM, Alrabbaei H. Efficacy of an innovative smartphone application for office workers with chronic non-specific low back pain: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2020 Oct;34(10):1282-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757
https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757...
- 17Lara-Palomo IC, Antequera-Soler E, Matarán-Peñarrocha GA, Fernández-Sánchez M, García-López H, Castro-Sánchez AM, et al. Comparison of the effectiveness of an e-health program versus a home rehabilitation program in patients with chronic low back pain: a double blind randomized controlled trial. Digit Health [Internet]. 2022 Jan 28 [cited 2022 Feb 27];8:20552076221074482. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332...
, 21Garcia LM, Birckhead BJ, Krishnamurthy P, Sackman J, Mackey IG, Louis RG, et al. An 8-week self-administered at-home behavioral skills-based virtual reality program for chronic low back pain: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted during COVID-19. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Feb 22;23(2):e26292. https://doi.org/10.2196/26292
https://doi.org/10.2196/26292...
, 26Irvine AB, Russell H, Manocchia M, Mino DE, Glassen TC, Morgan R, et al. Mobile-web app to self-manage low back pain: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res [Internet]. 2015 Jan 2 [cited 2022 Feb 19];17(1):e3130. Available from: https://www.jmir.org/2015/1/e1/
https://www.jmir.org/2015/1/e1/...
) , autoeficácia ( 18Zadro JR, Shirley D, Simic M, Mousavi SJ, Ceprnja D, Maka K, et al. Video-game–based exercises for older people with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlledtable trial (GAMEBACK). Phys Ther. 2019 Jan 1;99(1):14-27. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112
https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112...
, 22Sandal LF, Bach K, Øverås CK, Svendsen MJ, Dalager T, Jensen JSD, et al. Effectiveness of app-delivered, tailored self-management support for adults with lower back pain–related disability. JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Oct 1;181(10):1288-96. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.4097
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
, 29Lorig KR, Laurent DD, Deyo RA, Marnell ME, Minor MA, Ritter PL. Can a back pain e-mail discussion group improve health status and lower health care costs? Arch Intern Med. 2002 Apr 8;162(7):792-6. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.7.792
https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.7.7...
) , crenças de dor ( 7Suman A, Schaafsma FG, van Dongen JM, Elders PJM, Buchbinder R, van Tulder MW, et al. Effectiveness and cost-utility of a multifaceted eHealth strategy to improve back pain beliefs of patients with non-specific low back pain: a cluster randomised trial. BMJ Open. 2019 Dec 5;9(12):e030879. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030879
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030...
) , diminuição da intenção de cirurgia ( 6Shebib R, Bailey JF, Smittenaar P, Perez DA, Mecklenburg G, Hunter S. Randomized controlled trial of a 12-week digital care program in improving low back pain. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 Jan 7 [cited 2022 May 2];2(1):1-8. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-018-0076-7
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
) , resistência e postura ( 15Abadiyan F, Hadadnezhad M, Khosrokiani Z, Letafatkar A, Akhshik H. Adding a smartphone app to global postural re-education to improve neck pain, posture, quality of life, and endurance in people with nonspecific neck pain: a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2021 Apr 12;22(1):274. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05214-8
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05214...
) , mobilidade de flexão lombar ( 17Lara-Palomo IC, Antequera-Soler E, Matarán-Peñarrocha GA, Fernández-Sánchez M, García-López H, Castro-Sánchez AM, et al. Comparison of the effectiveness of an e-health program versus a home rehabilitation program in patients with chronic low back pain: a double blind randomized controlled trial. Digit Health [Internet]. 2022 Jan 28 [cited 2022 Feb 27];8:20552076221074482. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332...
) , melhora da qualidade das escolhas de tratamento ( 8Hodges PW, Hall L, Setchell J, French S, Kasza J, Bennell K, et al. Effect of a consumer-focused website for low back pain on health literacy, treatment choices, and clinical outcomes: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Jun 15;23(6):e27860. https://doi.org/10.2196/27860
https://doi.org/10.2196/27860...
) . Em alguns ensaios, os efeitos não perduram no acompanhamento ( 8Hodges PW, Hall L, Setchell J, French S, Kasza J, Bennell K, et al. Effect of a consumer-focused website for low back pain on health literacy, treatment choices, and clinical outcomes: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Jun 15;23(6):e27860. https://doi.org/10.2196/27860
https://doi.org/10.2196/27860...
, 23Carpenter KM, Stoner SA, Mundt JM, Stoelb B. An online self-help cbt intervention for chronic lower back pain. Clin J Pain. 2012 Jan;28(1):14-22. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e31822363db
https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e318223...
, 27Krein SL, Kadri R, Hughes M, Kerr EA, Piette JD, Holleman R, et al. Pedometer-based internet-mediated intervention for adults with chronic low back pain: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2013 Aug 19;15(8):e2605. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605...
) e houve alta taxa de perda de seguimento ( 7Suman A, Schaafsma FG, van Dongen JM, Elders PJM, Buchbinder R, van Tulder MW, et al. Effectiveness and cost-utility of a multifaceted eHealth strategy to improve back pain beliefs of patients with non-specific low back pain: a cluster randomised trial. BMJ Open. 2019 Dec 5;9(12):e030879. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030879
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030...
) .

Síntese quantitativa

Dos 25 artigos selecionados para a revisão, 19 entraram para a metanálise e seis ( 14Moessner M, Schiltenwolf M, Neubauer E. Internet-based aftercare for patients with back pain - a pilot study. Telemed J E Health. 2012 Jul-Aug;18(6):413-9. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2011.0221
https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2011.0221...
, 18Zadro JR, Shirley D, Simic M, Mousavi SJ, Ceprnja D, Maka K, et al. Video-game–based exercises for older people with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlledtable trial (GAMEBACK). Phys Ther. 2019 Jan 1;99(1):14-27. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112
https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112...
, 21Garcia LM, Birckhead BJ, Krishnamurthy P, Sackman J, Mackey IG, Louis RG, et al. An 8-week self-administered at-home behavioral skills-based virtual reality program for chronic low back pain: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted during COVID-19. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Feb 22;23(2):e26292. https://doi.org/10.2196/26292
https://doi.org/10.2196/26292...
, 25Heapy AA, Higgins DM, Goulet JL, LaChappelle KM, Driscoll MA, Czlapinski RA, et al. interactive voice response–based self-management for chronic back pain: the COPES noninferiority randomized trial. JAMA Inter Med. 2017 Jun 1;177(6):765-73. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.0223
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
, 29Lorig KR, Laurent DD, Deyo RA, Marnell ME, Minor MA, Ritter PL. Can a back pain e-mail discussion group improve health status and lower health care costs? Arch Intern Med. 2002 Apr 8;162(7):792-6. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.7.792
https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.7.7...
- 30Iles R, Taylor NF, Davidson M, O’Halloran P. Telephone coaching can increase activity levels for people with non-chronic low back pain: a randomised trial. J Physiother [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2022 Feb 3];57(4):231-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22093121
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2209...
) foram excluídos porque as intervenções mais específicas não puderam ser agrupadas. Os subgrupos formados se relacionaram com o tipo de tecnologia empregada e com a região da coluna atingida (região cervical e lombar). Destes, três artigos ( 16Almhdawi KA, Obeidat DS, Kanaan SF, Oteir AO, Mansour ZM, Alrabbaei H. Efficacy of an innovative smartphone application for office workers with chronic non-specific low back pain: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2020 Oct;34(10):1282-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757
https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757...
- 17Lara-Palomo IC, Antequera-Soler E, Matarán-Peñarrocha GA, Fernández-Sánchez M, García-López H, Castro-Sánchez AM, et al. Comparison of the effectiveness of an e-health program versus a home rehabilitation program in patients with chronic low back pain: a double blind randomized controlled trial. Digit Health [Internet]. 2022 Jan 28 [cited 2022 Feb 27];8:20552076221074482. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332...
, 19Amorim AB, Pappas E, Simic M, Ferreira ML, Jennings M, Tiedemann A, et al. Integrating Mobile-health, health coaching, and physical activity to reduce the burden of chronic low back pain trial (IMPACT): a pilot randomised controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2019 Feb 11 [cited 2022 Apr 24];20(1):71. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-y
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-...
) ainda foram excluídos pelas análises de sensibilidade com o critério de tamanho pequeno da amostra. Somente quatro artigos (16%) ( 14Moessner M, Schiltenwolf M, Neubauer E. Internet-based aftercare for patients with back pain - a pilot study. Telemed J E Health. 2012 Jul-Aug;18(6):413-9. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2011.0221
https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2011.0221...
, 25Heapy AA, Higgins DM, Goulet JL, LaChappelle KM, Driscoll MA, Czlapinski RA, et al. interactive voice response–based self-management for chronic back pain: the COPES noninferiority randomized trial. JAMA Inter Med. 2017 Jun 1;177(6):765-73. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.0223
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
, 28Licciardone JC, Pandya V. Feasibility trial of an ehealth intervention for health-related quality of life: implications for managing patients with chronic pain during the COVID-19 pandemic. Healthcare. 2020 Oct 1;8(4):381. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8040381
https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare804038...
- 29Lorig KR, Laurent DD, Deyo RA, Marnell ME, Minor MA, Ritter PL. Can a back pain e-mail discussion group improve health status and lower health care costs? Arch Intern Med. 2002 Apr 8;162(7):792-6. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.7.792
https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.7.7...
) não apresentaram o DP. Os autores foram contatados por e-mail, mas se obteve somente uma resposta. Não houve influência nos resultados porque o DP foi estimado pelo erro padrão, intervalo de confiança ou extraídos de gráficos. A simetria do gráfico de funil foi avaliada visualmente e mostrou-se favorável a um improvável viés de publicação. Na análise de sensibilidade, encontrou-se um ensaio ( 6Shebib R, Bailey JF, Smittenaar P, Perez DA, Mecklenburg G, Hunter S. Randomized controlled trial of a 12-week digital care program in improving low back pain. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 Jan 7 [cited 2022 May 2];2(1):1-8. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-018-0076-7
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
) como potencial fonte de heterogeneidade, provavelmente devido ao recrutamento da amostra em que havia uma diferença grande do número de participantes entre o grupo intervenção e o controle. De maneira geral, não havia heterogeneidade significativa entre os subgrupos. Quando o modelo de efeito foi alterado para o modelo de efeito fixo, o tamanho do efeito não foi significativamente diferente dos resultados do modo de efeito aleatório, o que indica resultados estáveis.

Quanto à intensidade da dor na lombalgia crônica, os resultados da metanálise foram classificados em três momentos: pós intervenção, acompanhamento de médio prazo de três a seis meses e longo prazo de nove a doze meses. A primeira medida de resultado dos ECRs foi considerada pós intervenção. Os resultados mostraram que o cuidado digital foi mais eficaz em reduzir a dor, com efeito significativo e pequeno se comparada ao grupo-controle na pós intervenção [SMD=- 0,19, IC 95%(-0,28,-0,09), p<0,0001]; efeito estatisticamente significativo e moderado a médio prazo [SMD=-0,21, IC 95% (-0,33,-0,08), p=0,002] e a longo prazo [SMD=-0,24, IC 95% (-0,37,-0,11), p=0,0004] ( Figura 4). Análises de subgrupos foram realizadas para comparar a intervenção entregue através de aplicativos ou de sites ou programas online na intensidade da dor. Ensaios mostraram um efeito significativo e moderado [SMD=-0,21, IC 95% (-0,33,-0,10), p=0,0003] com os aplicativos e um efeito significativo e pequeno [SMD= -0,16, IC 95% (-0,30,-0,0003), p=0,02] com intervenções através de sites e programas on-line em relação ao grupo controle com heterogeneidade baixa (I 2=0%, p=0,64). Somente três estudos se relacionaram com a dor cervical. Devido à alta heterogeneidade (Qhi 2 =17,57, I 2=89%, p=0,0002), um efeito global não foi calculado.

Quanto à incapacidade na dor lombar, os resultados mostraram que o cuidado digital foi mais eficaz em reduzir a incapacidade funcional, com efeito significativo e pequeno se comparada ao grupo-controle na pós intervenção [SMD=-0,18, IC 95%(-0,26,-0,10), p<0,0001]; a médio prazo [SMD=-0,13, IC 95%(-0,24, -0,02), p=0,02] e a longo prazo [SMD=-0,14, IC 95% (-0,25,-0,04), p=0,007] ( Figura 5). Na comparação entre os ensaios que mediram a incapacidade com o instrumento Roland Morris ou Oswestry, encontrou-se um resultado moderado e significativo em comparação com o grupo controle [SMD=-0,24, IC 95%(-0,43,-0,06), p=0,010] nos ensaios que utilizaram o Oswestry e um resultado pequeno e significativo [SMD=-0,19, IC 95%(-0,29,-0,10), p<0,0001] nos ensaios que utilizaram o Roland Morris, com heterogeneidade baixa (I2=18%, p=0,28). Em relação aos aplicativos na capacidade funcional, o resultado foi significativo com efeito moderado [SMD=-0,21, IC 95%(-0,33,-0,10), p=0,0002] e em relação aos sites e programas online um efeito pequeno e significativo [SMD=-0,19, IC 95%(-0,30,-0,09), p=0,0002], com heterogeneidade baixa (I2=28%, p=0,18).

Figura 4 -
Gráfico de floresta e gráfico de funil na intensidade da dor. Florianópolis, SC, Brasil, 2022

Figura 5 -
Gráfico de floresta e gráfico de funil na incapacidade funcional. Florianópolis, SC, Brasil, 2022

Discussão

Essa revisão estudou a efetividade das intervenções digitais no manejo da dor e incapacidade funcional em pessoas com distúrbios musculoesqueléticos de coluna. Mostrou um resultado benéfico na intensidade da dor e na incapacidade para dor lombar crônica com efeitos pequenos a moderados. Não foi possível determinar com certeza os efeitos no decorrer do tempo seja pela falta de acompanhamento a longo prazo, seja pela diminuição dos efeitos com o decorrer do tempo. Houve variação em relação às características, duração, componentes e estratégias de apoio. Não foi possível determinar também o impacto dos componentes das intervenções individualmente porque eles oferecem muitas combinações e podem agir independentes ou sinergicamente sendo difícil determinar qual estratégia foi responsável pelo efeito.

Segundo um estudo de coorte, a saúde digital tem potencial de melhorar os resultados com o aumento do envolvimento do paciente e como terapia complementar à prática clínica ( 35Bailey JF, Agarwal V, Zheng P, Smuck M, Fredericson M, Kennedy DJ, et al. Digital care for chronic musculoskeletal pain: 10,000 participant longitudinal cohort study. J Med Internet Res. 2020 May;22(5):e18250. https://doi.org/10.2196/18250
https://doi.org/10.2196/18250...
) . Uma RS apoia o cuidado digital como uma ferramenta adicional aos cuidados tradicionais, mas faltam mais evidências de efeitos a longo prazo ( 36Rintala A, Rantalainen R, Kaksonen, Luomajoki H, Kauranen K. mHealth apps for low back pain self-management: scoping review. JMIR mHealt uHealth. 2022 Aug;10(8):e39682. https://doi.org/10.2196/39682
https://doi.org/10.2196/39682...
) . Outra RS encontrou evidências moderadas a baixas de que os programas digitais desempenham um papel positivo na intensidade da dor e na incapacidade a curto prazo, mas não houve evidências para efeitos sustentados ( 4Du S, Liu W, Cai S, Hu Y, Dong J. The efficacy of e-health in the self-management of chronic low back pain: a meta analysis. Int J Nurs Stud. 2020 Jun; 106: 103507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.103507
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019....
) . Mostrou benefícios clínicos por meio de aplicativo para lombalgia, mas a sua avaliação da qualidade metodológica revelou riscos moderados a altos de vieses, especialmente nos ensaios não randomizados ( 37Lewkowicz D, Slosarek T, Wernicke S, Winne A, Wohlbrandt AM, Bottinger E. Digital therapeutic care and decision support interventions for people with low back pain: systematic review. JMIR Rehabil Assist Technol. 2021 Nov 19;8(4):e26612. https://doi.org/10.2196/26612
https://doi.org/10.2196/26612...
) . Enquanto outras revisões mostraram que nenhuma intervenção foi inferior ao grupo controle ( 38Hewitt S, Sephton R, Yeowell G. The effectiveness of digital health interventions in the management of musculoskeletal conditions: a systematic literature review. J Med Internet Res. 2020 Jun 5;22(6):e15617. https://doi.org/10.2196/15617
https://doi.org/10.2196/15617...
- 39Stark C, Cunningham J, Turner P, Johnson MA, Bäcker H. App-based rehabilitation in back pain, a systematic review. J Pers Med. 2022 Sept;12(10):1558. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12101558
https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12101558...
) e nenhum estudo relatou efeitos adversos ( 38Hewitt S, Sephton R, Yeowell G. The effectiveness of digital health interventions in the management of musculoskeletal conditions: a systematic literature review. J Med Internet Res. 2020 Jun 5;22(6):e15617. https://doi.org/10.2196/15617
https://doi.org/10.2196/15617...
) .

Os programas variaram suas taxas de adesão. Dessa forma, não foi possível estabelecer uma relação entre resultados, níveis de adesão e fatores que levaram a desistências pelos vários desfechos avaliados e falta de dados nos relatórios. Outra revisão também não encontrou evidências nas intervenções quanto às estratégias de apoio à decisão pela correlação pouco clara entre retenção dos usuários e a melhoria nos resultados primários, tornando difícil determinar aspectos da intervenção como duração ou intensidade. Seria importante o uso de métricas padronizadas para facilitar a comparação ( 37Lewkowicz D, Slosarek T, Wernicke S, Winne A, Wohlbrandt AM, Bottinger E. Digital therapeutic care and decision support interventions for people with low back pain: systematic review. JMIR Rehabil Assist Technol. 2021 Nov 19;8(4):e26612. https://doi.org/10.2196/26612
https://doi.org/10.2196/26612...
) .

Por outro lado, as intervenções de apoio favorecem a adesão e nível de engajamento e pode ser um ponto chave para o sucesso dessas tecnologias. Então, como atrair usuários tornou-se uma questão importante para o design de estratégias online. Alguns princípios como economia de tempo, interesse e compartilhamento de informações são fortemente recomendados para projetar plataformas e aumentar o engajamento ( 4Du S, Liu W, Cai S, Hu Y, Dong J. The efficacy of e-health in the self-management of chronic low back pain: a meta analysis. Int J Nurs Stud. 2020 Jun; 106: 103507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.103507
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019....
) , particularmente, se for um sistema de recomendação baseado em dados mais avançados como o aprendizado de máquina que alcance uma mudança de comportamento sustentável ( 37Lewkowicz D, Slosarek T, Wernicke S, Winne A, Wohlbrandt AM, Bottinger E. Digital therapeutic care and decision support interventions for people with low back pain: systematic review. JMIR Rehabil Assist Technol. 2021 Nov 19;8(4):e26612. https://doi.org/10.2196/26612
https://doi.org/10.2196/26612...
) .

A metanálise mostrou um efeito maior na avaliação da incapacidade funcional com o uso do ODI do que com o RM. Ambas as ferramentas demonstram confiabilidade e validade com boas propriedades psicométricas e facilidades de uso ( 40Garg A, Pathak H, Churyukanov MV, Uppin RB, Slobodin TM. Low back pain: critical assessment of various scales. Eur Spine. 2020 Mar;29(3):503-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-019-06279-5
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-019-06279...
- 42 Jenks A, Hoekstra T, van Tulder M, Ostelo RW, Rubinstein SM, Chiarotto A. Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire, Oswestry Disability Index, and Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale: which has superior measurement properties in older adults with low back pain? J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2022 Jul;52(7):457-69. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2022.10802
https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2022.10802...
) . Essa padronização de medidas facilita a comparação entre os estudos e a condução de RS.

A presente RS mostrou o interesse em saúde pelos aplicativos de smartphone, m-Heath, para o manejo de condições principalmente crônicas com resultados variados, promissores e um efeito um pouco maior em relação aos programas web-health nas metanálises. Os app podem fornecer uma promoção da saúde personalizada, boa aceitabilidade pelos usuários e fácil usabilidade que facilitam o autogerenciamento ( 16Almhdawi KA, Obeidat DS, Kanaan SF, Oteir AO, Mansour ZM, Alrabbaei H. Efficacy of an innovative smartphone application for office workers with chronic non-specific low back pain: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2020 Oct;34(10):1282-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757
https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757...
, 43Thongtipmak S, Buranruk O, Eungpinichpong W, Konharn K. Immediate effects and acceptability of an application-based stretching exercise incorporating deep slow breathing for neck pain self-management. Healthc Inform Res. 2020 Jan;26(1):50-60. https://doi.org/10.4258/hir.2020.26.1.50
https://doi.org/10.4258/hir.2020.26.1.50...
) . O importante é o uso dessas tecnologias para mudanças de comportamento ( 19Amorim AB, Pappas E, Simic M, Ferreira ML, Jennings M, Tiedemann A, et al. Integrating Mobile-health, health coaching, and physical activity to reduce the burden of chronic low back pain trial (IMPACT): a pilot randomised controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2019 Feb 11 [cited 2022 Apr 24];20(1):71. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-y
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-...
) . O potencial para melhorar resultados e reduzir custos, interessa aos gestores e financiadores de sistemas de saúde ( 44Scott IA, Scuffham P, Gupta D, Harch TM, Borchi J, Richards B. Going digital: a narrative overview of the effects, quality and utility of mobile apps in chronic disease self-management. Aust Health Rev. 2020;44(1):62-82. https://doi.org/10.1071/ah18064
https://doi.org/10.1071/ah18064...
) . No entanto, sua eficácia e benefício clínico ainda não estão bem comprovados e requerem critérios, padrões de qualidade, efetividade e conteúdo baseado em evidências ( 44Scott IA, Scuffham P, Gupta D, Harch TM, Borchi J, Richards B. Going digital: a narrative overview of the effects, quality and utility of mobile apps in chronic disease self-management. Aust Health Rev. 2020;44(1):62-82. https://doi.org/10.1071/ah18064
https://doi.org/10.1071/ah18064...
) . Uma revisão mostrou que a qualidade geral dos aplicativos é bastante baixa e carecem de medidas de resultados válidas ( 45 Coe-O’Brien R, Joseph L, Kuisma R, Paungmali A, Sitilertpisan P, Pirunsan U. Outcome measures used in the smartphone applications for the management of low back pain: a systematic scoping review. Health Inf Sci Syst. 2020 Jan 2;8(1):5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13755-019-0097-x
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13755-019-0097-...
) .

Entre as contribuições da presente revisão, destaca-se a inclusão de ECRs em que apps foram desenvolvidos por profissionais de saúde com base em evidências científicas e diretrizes e que foram avaliados quanto a sua efetividade. A eficácia e a usabilidade devem ser sempre analisadas antes de recomendar esses aplicativos aos pacientes ( 16Almhdawi KA, Obeidat DS, Kanaan SF, Oteir AO, Mansour ZM, Alrabbaei H. Efficacy of an innovative smartphone application for office workers with chronic non-specific low back pain: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2020 Oct;34(10):1282-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757
https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757...
) . Neste sentido, os recursos de design devem ser considerados para potencializar a eficácia e padrões precisam ser eficazmente determinados ( 44Scott IA, Scuffham P, Gupta D, Harch TM, Borchi J, Richards B. Going digital: a narrative overview of the effects, quality and utility of mobile apps in chronic disease self-management. Aust Health Rev. 2020;44(1):62-82. https://doi.org/10.1071/ah18064
https://doi.org/10.1071/ah18064...
) . No entanto, alguns fatores estão envolvidos na avaliação de aplicativos. Há a combinação de conteúdo, plataforma, atributos de interface ficando difícil determinar se os benefícios são de componentes específicos ou do aplicativo como um todo. As pesquisas também sofrem limitações porque os apps podem ser lançados, atualizados, modificados ou removidos por desenvolvedores em pleno andamento de uma pesquisa, tornando os resultados obsoletos; resultados de novos estudos podem modificar evidências em que a ferramenta se baseia tornando-a inválida e apps investigados podem não ser os mesmos apresentados comercialmente ( 44Scott IA, Scuffham P, Gupta D, Harch TM, Borchi J, Richards B. Going digital: a narrative overview of the effects, quality and utility of mobile apps in chronic disease self-management. Aust Health Rev. 2020;44(1):62-82. https://doi.org/10.1071/ah18064
https://doi.org/10.1071/ah18064...
) . Além disso, a maioria dos apps não são avaliados cientificamente antes de seu lançamento no mercado ( 46 Pfeifer AC, Uddin R, Schröder-Pfeifer P, Hol F, Swobota W, Schiltenwolf M. Mobile application-based interventions for chronic pain patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of effectiveness. J Clin Med. 2020 Nov;9(11):3557. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9113557
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9113557...
) .

O exercício foi o componente mais prevalente nos apps. O exercício domiciliar pode prevenir casos recorrentes, evitar barreiras geográficas e de transporte, restrições financeiras e reduzir a necessidade de contatos contínuos com os profissionais de saúde ( 15Abadiyan F, Hadadnezhad M, Khosrokiani Z, Letafatkar A, Akhshik H. Adding a smartphone app to global postural re-education to improve neck pain, posture, quality of life, and endurance in people with nonspecific neck pain: a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2021 Apr 12;22(1):274. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05214-8
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05214...
, 33Chhabra HS, Sharma S, Verma S. Smartphone app in self-management of chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Spine J. 2018 Oct 15;27(11):2862-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5788-5
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5788-...
) . Um fator importante é o ajuste do exercício à subjetividade do usuário ao considerar as preferências dos pacientes ( 6Shebib R, Bailey JF, Smittenaar P, Perez DA, Mecklenburg G, Hunter S. Randomized controlled trial of a 12-week digital care program in improving low back pain. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 Jan 7 [cited 2022 May 2];2(1):1-8. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-018-0076-7
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
, 19Amorim AB, Pappas E, Simic M, Ferreira ML, Jennings M, Tiedemann A, et al. Integrating Mobile-health, health coaching, and physical activity to reduce the burden of chronic low back pain trial (IMPACT): a pilot randomised controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2019 Feb 11 [cited 2022 Apr 24];20(1):71. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-y
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-...
, 22Sandal LF, Bach K, Øverås CK, Svendsen MJ, Dalager T, Jensen JSD, et al. Effectiveness of app-delivered, tailored self-management support for adults with lower back pain–related disability. JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Oct 1;181(10):1288-96. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.4097
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
, 33Chhabra HS, Sharma S, Verma S. Smartphone app in self-management of chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Spine J. 2018 Oct 15;27(11):2862-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5788-5
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5788-...
) . Favorecer uma abordagem centrada no paciente e em suas metas e preferências pode aumentar a adesão (47). Nesse sentido, a tecnologia ajuda na motivação e no envolvimento maior com os exercícios ( 48 Essman M, Lin CY. The role of exercise in treating low back pain. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2022 Aug; 21(8):267-71. https://doi.org/10.1249/jsr.0000000000000982
https://doi.org/10.1249/jsr.000000000000...
) .

Outros ECRs incluídos, entregaram intervenções através de programas on-line, sites, e-intervenções e web-health. Esses programas são considerados uma inovação promissora. Diminuem a demanda por recursos de saúde, na medida em que os indivíduos gerenciam diferentes componentes de sua saúde e potencializam sua independência funcional e autocuidado ( 17Lara-Palomo IC, Antequera-Soler E, Matarán-Peñarrocha GA, Fernández-Sánchez M, García-López H, Castro-Sánchez AM, et al. Comparison of the effectiveness of an e-health program versus a home rehabilitation program in patients with chronic low back pain: a double blind randomized controlled trial. Digit Health [Internet]. 2022 Jan 28 [cited 2022 Feb 27];8:20552076221074482. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332...
) . São estratégias viáveis, econômicas com poucos ou nenhum efeito colateral, podem ser acessadas em qualquer hora e lugar ( 23Carpenter KM, Stoner SA, Mundt JM, Stoelb B. An online self-help cbt intervention for chronic lower back pain. Clin J Pain. 2012 Jan;28(1):14-22. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e31822363db
https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e318223...
) . A pandemia de COVID-19 propiciou também um interesse com o autocuidado domiciliar ( 21Garcia LM, Birckhead BJ, Krishnamurthy P, Sackman J, Mackey IG, Louis RG, et al. An 8-week self-administered at-home behavioral skills-based virtual reality program for chronic low back pain: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted during COVID-19. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Feb 22;23(2):e26292. https://doi.org/10.2196/26292
https://doi.org/10.2196/26292...
) . No entanto, esses programas apresentam barreiras relacionadas à implantação como a falta de pessoal capacitado, acessibilidade e disponibilidade ( 24Chiauzzi E, Pujol LA, Wood M, Bond K, Black R, Yiu E, et al. painACTION-back pain: a self-management website for people with chronic back pain. Pain Med. 2010 Jul;11(7):1044-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00879.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010...
) . Há necessidade de um site com uma abordagem ampla que forneça informações confiáveis adaptadas ao consumidor e desenvolvidas por profissionais de saúde ( 49 Costa N, Nielsen M, Jull G, Claus AP, Hodges PW. Low back pain websites do not meet the needs of consumers: a study of online resources at three time points. Health Inf Manag. 2020;49(2-3):137-49. https://doi.org/10.1177/1833358319857354
https://doi.org/10.1177/1833358319857354...
) .

Outro ponto a considerar nestes programas é a aceitação e adesão do usuário ao tratamento para evitar melhoras não sustentadas que ocorreram em alguns ECRs. Estratégias adicionais devem ser implementadas para manter as pessoas ativas e engajadas e, dessa forma, impedir diminuição dos efeitos no decorrer do tempo ( 27Krein SL, Kadri R, Hughes M, Kerr EA, Piette JD, Holleman R, et al. Pedometer-based internet-mediated intervention for adults with chronic low back pain: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2013 Aug 19;15(8):e2605. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605...
) . Uma melhoria sustentada pode exigir um envolvimento sustentado com o site ( 8Hodges PW, Hall L, Setchell J, French S, Kasza J, Bennell K, et al. Effect of a consumer-focused website for low back pain on health literacy, treatment choices, and clinical outcomes: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Jun 15;23(6):e27860. https://doi.org/10.2196/27860
https://doi.org/10.2196/27860...
) . Também encontraram evidências de que as intervenções de apoio à decisão beneficiam o engajamento e o processo de autogerenciamento ( 37Lewkowicz D, Slosarek T, Wernicke S, Winne A, Wohlbrandt AM, Bottinger E. Digital therapeutic care and decision support interventions for people with low back pain: systematic review. JMIR Rehabil Assist Technol. 2021 Nov 19;8(4):e26612. https://doi.org/10.2196/26612
https://doi.org/10.2196/26612...
) .

Estudos com programas web-health necessitam de outros cuidados como recrutamento e desfechos adequados, já que em alguns ECRs os resultados foram pequenos devido às características da população estudada. Nesse sentido, é aconselhável escolher critérios mais bem estabelecidos para dor já que àqueles com ausência de dor no início da intervenção, não é esperada eficácia na intensidade da dor ou nos resultados funcionais ( 7Suman A, Schaafsma FG, van Dongen JM, Elders PJM, Buchbinder R, van Tulder MW, et al. Effectiveness and cost-utility of a multifaceted eHealth strategy to improve back pain beliefs of patients with non-specific low back pain: a cluster randomised trial. BMJ Open. 2019 Dec 5;9(12):e030879. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030879
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030...
) . As intervenções no site podem ser mais eficazes em subgrupos demográficos ou funcionais específicos, como pacientes com níveis mais elevados de dor ( 24Chiauzzi E, Pujol LA, Wood M, Bond K, Black R, Yiu E, et al. painACTION-back pain: a self-management website for people with chronic back pain. Pain Med. 2010 Jul;11(7):1044-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00879.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010...
) . No ECR, a melhora foi maior para aqueles indivíduos que relataram níveis moderados a graves de incapacidade relacionada à dor no início do estudo ( 27Krein SL, Kadri R, Hughes M, Kerr EA, Piette JD, Holleman R, et al. Pedometer-based internet-mediated intervention for adults with chronic low back pain: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2013 Aug 19;15(8):e2605. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605...
) . É aconselhável também uma triagem que consiste em classificar os pacientes de acordo com seus sinais e sintomas para prescrever determinados exercícios e outras opções eficazes de autocuidado ( 17Lara-Palomo IC, Antequera-Soler E, Matarán-Peñarrocha GA, Fernández-Sánchez M, García-López H, Castro-Sánchez AM, et al. Comparison of the effectiveness of an e-health program versus a home rehabilitation program in patients with chronic low back pain: a double blind randomized controlled trial. Digit Health [Internet]. 2022 Jan 28 [cited 2022 Feb 27];8:20552076221074482. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332...
) . O conteúdo do programa deve ser específico o suficiente para o perfil da população ( 20Petrozzi MJ, Leaver A, Ferreira PH, Rubinstein SM, Jones MK, Mackey MG. Addition of MoodGYM to physical treatments for chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Chiropr Man Therap. 2019 Oct 25;27(1):54. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12998-019-0277-4
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12998-019-0277-...
) .

Combinar domínios como função, incapacidade e saúde seria uma estrutura útil e válida no estabelecimento de metas em condições musculoesqueléticas ( 45 Coe-O’Brien R, Joseph L, Kuisma R, Paungmali A, Sitilertpisan P, Pirunsan U. Outcome measures used in the smartphone applications for the management of low back pain: a systematic scoping review. Health Inf Sci Syst. 2020 Jan 2;8(1):5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13755-019-0097-x
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13755-019-0097-...
) . Como a dor envolve uma natureza biopsicossocial, uma abordagem multimodal deve ser centrada na pessoa, adaptada às preferências e atitudes do indivíduo, possibilitar o controle pessoal sobre os sintomas a longo prazo, diminuir a necessidade de supervisão e ser baseada em evidências ( 45 Coe-O’Brien R, Joseph L, Kuisma R, Paungmali A, Sitilertpisan P, Pirunsan U. Outcome measures used in the smartphone applications for the management of low back pain: a systematic scoping review. Health Inf Sci Syst. 2020 Jan 2;8(1):5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13755-019-0097-x
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13755-019-0097-...
, 50 Adhikari SP, Shrestha P, Dev R. Feasibility and effectiveness of telephone telephysiotherapy for pain management in low-resource settings: A pre-post retrospective project. Pain Res Manag. 2020 May;2020:2741278. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2741278
https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2741278...
) . Estas aliadas ao autocuidado são componentes chave de um programa digital ( 50 Adhikari SP, Shrestha P, Dev R. Feasibility and effectiveness of telephone telephysiotherapy for pain management in low-resource settings: A pre-post retrospective project. Pain Res Manag. 2020 May;2020:2741278. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2741278
https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2741278...
) . Os programas necessitam capturar toda a natureza multidimensional e biopsicossocial nos processos terapêuticos ( 51 Steinmetz A. Back pain treatment: a new perspective. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2022 Jul;14:1759720X221100293. https://doi.org/10.1177/1759720X221100293
https://doi.org/10.1177/1759720X22110029...
) .

Outros ECRs avaliaram outras tecnologias como realidade virtual (RV), jogos de videogame, outras formas de entregar a intervenção como por telefone, chats e e-mails que podem ser atrativas para os usuários. O tratamento de RV oferece experiências 3D imersivas com sons estéreo e elementos como cores ricas e ambientes cênicos que se adaptam a condições específicas como dor no contexto terapêutico ( 21Garcia LM, Birckhead BJ, Krishnamurthy P, Sackman J, Mackey IG, Louis RG, et al. An 8-week self-administered at-home behavioral skills-based virtual reality program for chronic low back pain: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted during COVID-19. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Feb 22;23(2):e26292. https://doi.org/10.2196/26292
https://doi.org/10.2196/26292...
) . Jogos de videogame em participantes idosos com lombalgia crônica mostraram bons resultados ( 18Zadro JR, Shirley D, Simic M, Mousavi SJ, Ceprnja D, Maka K, et al. Video-game–based exercises for older people with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlledtable trial (GAMEBACK). Phys Ther. 2019 Jan 1;99(1):14-27. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112
https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112...
) . Nota-se que alguns resultados foram de efeitos pequenos, mas as opções de estratégias mostram resultados promissores. Seja pela alta adesão, interatividade e motivação ( 18Zadro JR, Shirley D, Simic M, Mousavi SJ, Ceprnja D, Maka K, et al. Video-game–based exercises for older people with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlledtable trial (GAMEBACK). Phys Ther. 2019 Jan 1;99(1):14-27. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112
https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112...
, 21Garcia LM, Birckhead BJ, Krishnamurthy P, Sackman J, Mackey IG, Louis RG, et al. An 8-week self-administered at-home behavioral skills-based virtual reality program for chronic low back pain: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted during COVID-19. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Feb 22;23(2):e26292. https://doi.org/10.2196/26292
https://doi.org/10.2196/26292...
, 25Heapy AA, Higgins DM, Goulet JL, LaChappelle KM, Driscoll MA, Czlapinski RA, et al. interactive voice response–based self-management for chronic back pain: the COPES noninferiority randomized trial. JAMA Inter Med. 2017 Jun 1;177(6):765-73. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.0223
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
) , a possibilidade de associação com outras terapias ( 18Zadro JR, Shirley D, Simic M, Mousavi SJ, Ceprnja D, Maka K, et al. Video-game–based exercises for older people with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlledtable trial (GAMEBACK). Phys Ther. 2019 Jan 1;99(1):14-27. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112
https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112...
) , monitoramento remoto ( 34Gialanella B, Ettori T, Faustini S, Baratti D, Bernocchi P, Comini L, et al. Home-based telemedicine in patients with chronic neck pain. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2017 May;96(5):327-32. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0000000000000610
https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.000000000000...
) , melhora da autoeficácia ( 19Amorim AB, Pappas E, Simic M, Ferreira ML, Jennings M, Tiedemann A, et al. Integrating Mobile-health, health coaching, and physical activity to reduce the burden of chronic low back pain trial (IMPACT): a pilot randomised controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2019 Feb 11 [cited 2022 Apr 24];20(1):71. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-y
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-...
, 29Lorig KR, Laurent DD, Deyo RA, Marnell ME, Minor MA, Ritter PL. Can a back pain e-mail discussion group improve health status and lower health care costs? Arch Intern Med. 2002 Apr 8;162(7):792-6. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.7.792
https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.7.7...
) , programas fáceis de executar ( 34Gialanella B, Ettori T, Faustini S, Baratti D, Bernocchi P, Comini L, et al. Home-based telemedicine in patients with chronic neck pain. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2017 May;96(5):327-32. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0000000000000610
https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.000000000000...
) com grupo controle adequado ( 21Garcia LM, Birckhead BJ, Krishnamurthy P, Sackman J, Mackey IG, Louis RG, et al. An 8-week self-administered at-home behavioral skills-based virtual reality program for chronic low back pain: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted during COVID-19. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Feb 22;23(2):e26292. https://doi.org/10.2196/26292
https://doi.org/10.2196/26292...
) . Podem favorecer o autogerenciamento, reduzir o uso de cuidados de saúde e facilitar a adesão de exercícios em casa. O custo benefício depende das circunstâncias e preferências de cada paciente. A praticidade da intervenção não presencial pode ser viável, eficaz e bem tolerada ( 25Heapy AA, Higgins DM, Goulet JL, LaChappelle KM, Driscoll MA, Czlapinski RA, et al. interactive voice response–based self-management for chronic back pain: the COPES noninferiority randomized trial. JAMA Inter Med. 2017 Jun 1;177(6):765-73. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.0223
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
) .

Enfim, as intervenções digitais têm o potencial de oferecer práticas seguras, de alto alcance, baixo custo, prontamente acessíveis e escaláveis e favorecem o acesso aos cuidados de saúde de forma não presencial a mais pessoas ( 38Hewitt S, Sephton R, Yeowell G. The effectiveness of digital health interventions in the management of musculoskeletal conditions: a systematic literature review. J Med Internet Res. 2020 Jun 5;22(6):e15617. https://doi.org/10.2196/15617
https://doi.org/10.2196/15617...
) . Além disso, o monitoramento de sua condição e suas metas influenciam na sua resposta cognitiva, emocional e comportamental à dor ( 4Du S, Liu W, Cai S, Hu Y, Dong J. The efficacy of e-health in the self-management of chronic low back pain: a meta analysis. Int J Nurs Stud. 2020 Jun; 106: 103507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.103507
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019....
) .

Quanto às limitações , primeiramente, as intervenções utilizaram várias tecnologias, desfechos e medidas de resultados. A análise de subgrupos garantiu melhor homogeneidade nas metanálises. Há necessidade de padronizar o relato de resultados em ensaios clínicos de pacientes com dor lombar e cervical inespecífica. A maioria dos estudos estavam relacionados a dor lombar e poucos sobre a região cervical. Foram incluídos ensaios com amostras pequenas com menos de 100 participantes que pode diminuir o poder estatístico, grupos controles não comparáveis que possuíssem intervenções de autocuidado presencial, diferentes períodos de observação e com falta de acompanhamento a longo prazo, tornando difícil a avaliação da sustentação dos resultados. Alguns estudos careciam de critérios de inclusão mais bem determinados, deixando dúvidas sobre a cronicidade ou não da dor dos participantes. Além disso, a intensidade da dor e incapacidade funcional não foram os desfechos primários em todos os estudos. Também, dados como a duração, intensidade da intervenção, melhores estratégias de apoio a decisão não puderam ser extraídas. Acrescenta-se a isso, a maioria dos estudos foi de qualidade moderada. Dessa maneira, os resultados devem ser analisados com cautela.

Conclusão

Nesta revisão, as intervenções de cuidados digitais mostraram um resultado benéfico na diminuição da intensidade da dor e na incapacidade funcional principalmente para dor lombar crônica com efeitos pequenos a moderados. A comparação entre os grupos revelou melhoras estatisticamente significativas em metade dos estudos nos níveis de dor e um pouco menos que a metade na incapacidade funcional do grupo intervenção em relação ao grupo controle. Nesse sentido, pode-se afirmar que os cuidados digitais são promissores para apoiar o autogerenciamento das condições musculoesqueléticas de coluna. São necessárias pesquisas adicionais com desfechos mais padronizados, tamanhos de amostra e grupos controles adequados para facilitar a comparação e a busca de evidências.

Agradecimentos

Agradecemos às bibliotecárias Crislaine Zurilda Silveira e Adriana Stefani Cativelli pela construção e validação da estratégia de busca e aos professores, Dr. Jocemar Ilha, Dr.ª Andreia Pelegrini e Dr.ª Silvana Silveira Kempfer pelas contribuições no desenvolvimento e validação do protocolo da revisão sistemática.

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  • Como citar este artigo

    Cargnin ZA, Schneider DG, Rosa-Junior JN. Digital self-care in the management of spine musculoskeletal disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem. 2023;31:e3909. [cited year month day]; Available from: URL . https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.6423.3909
  • Todos os autores aprovaram a versão final do texto.

Editado por

Editor Associado:

Maria Lúcia Zanetti

Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    12 Maio 2023
  • Data do Fascículo
    2023

Histórico

  • Recebido
    06 Ago 2022
  • Aceito
    25 Dez 2022
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