Células binucleadas no núcleo do nervo hipoglosso humano através dos grupos etários

Rezze, Cecil José

doi:10.1590/S0004-282X1966000400002

Resumos

Foram contadas e estudadas as células uni- e binucleadas do núcleo do nervo hipoglosso humano de 26 indivíduos brancos e do sexo masculino, com idades variando entre 4 meses a 86 anos, todos sem processos patológicos que presumivelmente determinassem alterações nas células nervosas. Os cortes seriados com 30µ de espessura, foram corados pelo método de Pal Weigert modificado por Erhart, sendo feita coloração de fundo pelo picrocarmim. Mediante comparação dos diâmetros medidos ortogonalmente foi verificado, pelo estudo estatístico, que as células binucleadas eram maiores que as uninucleadas. O pequeno número de células binucleadas (33 em 202.910 células contadas), sua distribuição indiferente nos diversos grupos etários e a ausência de figuras de reprodução mitótica ou amitótica, levam à conclusão de que a sua presença não caracteriza um processo de involução senil. O significado deste achado que tem sido atribuído a processo de divisão celular mitótica ou amitótica, à divisão nuclear ou nucleolar sem chegar à divisão citoplasmática ou à fusão de duas células uninucleadas, é discutido à luz dos dados constantes da literatura.

It has been generally accepted that mature neurons of the central nervous system of adult mammals are incapable of cell-division. Nevertheless, recent data are suggesting the contrary. Mature neurons, bi- or multinucleated, observed in the central nervous system of vertebrates, mammals and man are being differently interpreted: as a result of mitotic or amitotic cell-division of mature neurons; as indiferentiated cells which could indicate a regeneration process; as a cellular reaction to nervous injuries; as the result of the fusion between two mononucleated elements. The cells of the human nucleus n. hypoglossi were counted an studied in 26 white males, the youngest four months old, the eldest, eightysix years old. The material secured at the necropsy table was selected in order to exclude diseases or physical conditions which could interfere with the final results. The medulla oblongata were formalin fixed, imbedded in celloidin, 30µ serial cross sectioned, numbered and stained by Pal-Weigert modified by Erhart method for myelin sheaths. The counterstain was by carmin. The cells were counted when their cell-bodies showed evident nucleus and nucleolus. They were measured and carefully analysed including with high magnification. From the 202.910 counted cells, 33 were binucleated. These latter did not present any characteristic of mitotic or amitotic cell-division an no relation between age and higher frequency of binucleated cells could be observed. The general morphology of the binucleated cells was equivalent to the mononucleated ones although the former were significantly larger than the latter. The statistical analysis was made by comparision of sample mean of two populations at the five per cent level of significance. It is concluded, considering the studied material and the current literature, that there is no reason to accept, the presence of binucleated nerve cells as a biological reaction due to old age. The real significance of these cells is still unknown, but it can be admitted that they should have a biological capacity which would be qualitatively the same in the differente ages. Nevertheless, their quantitative evaluation is not possible, as far as we know.

Células binucleadas no núcleo do nervo hipoglosso humano através dos grupos etários

Binucleated nerve cells in the human nucleus n. hypoglossi through ages

Cecil José Rezze

Professor Assistente; Departamento de Anatomia Descritiva e Topográfica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (Prof. Odorico Machado de Sousa)

ABSTRACT

Foram contadas e estudadas as células uni- e binucleadas do núcleo do nervo hipoglosso humano de 26 indivíduos brancos e do sexo masculino, com idades variando entre 4 meses a 86 anos, todos sem processos patológicos que presumivelmente determinassem alterações nas células nervosas. Os cortes seriados com 30µ de espessura, foram corados pelo método de Pal Weigert modificado por Erhart, sendo feita coloração de fundo pelo picrocarmim. Mediante comparação dos diâmetros medidos ortogonalmente foi verificado, pelo estudo estatístico, que as células binucleadas eram maiores que as uninucleadas.

O pequeno número de células binucleadas (33 em 202.910 células contadas), sua distribuição indiferente nos diversos grupos etários e a ausência de figuras de reprodução mitótica ou amitótica, levam à conclusão de que a sua presença não caracteriza um processo de involução senil.

O significado deste achado que tem sido atribuído a processo de divisão celular mitótica ou amitótica, à divisão nuclear ou nucleolar sem chegar à divisão citoplasmática ou à fusão de duas células uninucleadas, é discutido à luz dos dados constantes da literatura.

ABSTRACT

It has been generally accepted that mature neurons of the central nervous system of adult mammals are incapable of cell-division. Nevertheless, recent data are suggesting the contrary. Mature neurons, bi- or multinucleated, observed in the central nervous system of vertebrates, mammals and man are being differently interpreted: as a result of mitotic or amitotic cell-division of mature neurons; as indiferentiated cells which could indicate a regeneration process; as a cellular reaction to nervous injuries; as the result of the fusion between two mononucleated elements.

The cells of the human nucleus n. hypoglossi were counted an studied in 26 white males, the youngest four months old, the eldest, eightysix years old. The material secured at the necropsy table was selected in order to exclude diseases or physical conditions which could interfere with the final results.

The medulla oblongata were formalin fixed, imbedded in celloidin, 30µ serial cross sectioned, numbered and stained by Pal-Weigert modified by Erhart method for myelin sheaths. The counterstain was by carmin.

The cells were counted when their cell-bodies showed evident nucleus and nucleolus. They were measured and carefully analysed including with high magnification.

From the 202.910 counted cells, 33 were binucleated. These latter did not present any characteristic of mitotic or amitotic cell-division an no relation between age and higher frequency of binucleated cells could be observed.

The general morphology of the binucleated cells was equivalent to the mononucleated ones although the former were significantly larger than the latter. The statistical analysis was made by comparision of sample mean of two populations at the five per cent level of significance.

It is concluded, considering the studied material and the current literature, that there is no reason to accept, the presence of binucleated nerve cells as a biological reaction due to old age. The real significance of these cells is still unknown, but it can be admitted that they should have a biological capacity which would be qualitatively the same in the differente ages. Nevertheless, their quantitative evaluation is not possible, as far as we know.

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Departamento de Anatomia (.Descritiva e Topográfica). Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. Caixa Postal 2921. São Paulo SP - Brasil

1. AFANASIEV, Y. I. & KOTOVSKY, E. F. - To the question of cerebral neuron division in mammals. Path. Biol. 9:880, 1961.
2. ANDREW, W. - The effects of fatigue due to muscular exercise on the Purkinje cells of the mouse, with special reference to the factor age. Z. Zellforsch. 27:534, 1937.
3. ANDREW, W. - The Purkinje cell in man from birth to senility. Z. Zellforsch. 28:292, 1938.
4. ANDREW, W. - Origin and significance of binucleate Purkinje cells in man. Arch. Path. 28:821, 1939.
5. ANDREW, W. - Amitotic division in senile tissues as a probable means of self preservation of cells. J. Geront. 10:1, 1955.
6. ANDREW, W. - Structural alterations with aging in the nervous system. In Neurologic and Psychiatric Aspects of Disorders of Aging. Res. Publ. Ass. nerv. ment. Dis. 35:129. William & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, 1956.
7. ANDREW, W. - Evidence for the division of nuclei and cell bodies of neurons of autonomic ganglia in adult mammal. An. Fac. Med. Montevideo. 44:191, 1959.
8. BODIAN, D. - Multinucleated neurons in Macaca mulatta. Anat. Rec. 91:267, 1945.
9. BOTAR, J. - Recherches qualitatives et quantitatives sur les cellules nerveuses du ganglion coeliaque de l'homme. C.R. Ass. Anat. 42è Reéun. :1441, 1955.
10. COURVILLE, C. B. - Multinucleate of cortical nerve cells at margin of malignant glioma. J. Neuropath, exp. Neurol. 15:369, 1956.
11. ELLIS, R. S. - A preliminary quantitative study of the Purkinje cells in normal, subnormal and senescent human cerebella, with some notes on functional localization. J. comp. Neurol. 30:229, 1919.
12. ELLIS, R. S. - Norms for some structural changes in the human cerebellum from birth to old age. J. comp. Neurol. 32:1, 1920.
13. GARDNER, E. - Decrease in human neurons with age. Anat. Rec. 77:529, 1940.
14. GAUPP, R. - Zweikernige Ganglienzellen in traumatischen Hirndefekten. Z. ges. Neurol. Psychiat. 149:122, 1933.
15. GEREBTZOFF, M. A. - De la multinucleation dans les neurons du système nerveux central. Acta Neurol, belg. 53:234, 1953.
16. GLADYK, A. P. - Amitotic division of nerve cells. Arch. Anat. Histol. Embriol. 35:59, 1958 (Russ).
17. GRAFOVA, G. J. - Nerve-elements of the spinal cord system; their reactive changes in damage. Arch. Anat. Histol. Embriol. 34:67, 1957. (Russ).
18. GREENFIELD, J. G. & STERN, M. B. - The anatomical identify of the Werdnig-Hoffmann and Oppenheim forms of infantile muscular atrophy. Brain. 50:652, 1927.
19. GREENFIELD, J. G. & BOSANQUET, F. D. - Brain stem lesions in parkinsonism. J. Neu- rol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 16:213, 1953.
20. HARMS, W. - Morphologische und experimentelle Untersuchungen analternden Hunden. Z. Anat. Entwickl. Gesch. 71:340, 1924.
21. HARMS, W. - Alterserscheinungen im Hirm von Affen und Menschen. Zool. Anz. 75:249, 1927.
22. HATAI, S. - Number and size of the spinal ganglion cells and dorsal root fibers in the white rat at different ages. J. comp. Neurol. 12:107, 1902.
23. HODGE, C. F. - Changes in ganglion cells from birth to senile death. Observations on man and honey bee. J. Physiol. 17:129, 1894.
24. HOPKER, W. - Das altern des nucleus dentatus. Z. Forsch. 5:256, 1951.
25. INUKAI, T. - On the loss of Purkinje cells with advancing age from the cerebellar cortex of the albino rat. J. comp. Neurol. 45:1, 1928.
26. IVANOV, I. F. - Present state of the problem of division of differentiated neurons. Arch. Anat. Histol. Embriol. 38:89, 1960 (Russ).
27. JARYGUIN, U. N. - On binucleated nerve cells in sympathetic superior cervical ganglion in rabbit. Arch. Anat. Histol. Embriol. 47:77, 1964. (Russ).
28. KIRSCHE, W. - Regenerative Vorgänge im Gehirn und Rückenmark. Ergebn. Anat. Entwickl. Gesch. 38:141, 1965.
29. KISS, F. - Senile und experimenteile Verändernungen an den Zellen der peripherischen Ganglien. Beitr. path. Anat. 92:127, 1933.
30. KUHLENBECK, H. - Seniles changes in the brains of Wistar Institute rats. Anat. Rec. 88:441, 1944.
31. KUHLENBECK, H. - Some histologic age changes in the rat's brain and their relationship to comparable changes in the human brain. Confin. neurol. (Basel). 14:329, 1954.
32. KUNTZ, A. -· Histological variations in autonomic ganglia and ganglion cells associated with age and disease. Amer. J. Path. 14:783, 1938.
33. LÉRI, A. - Le cerveau senile. Rev. Neurol. 14:756, 1906.
34. LEVI-MONTALCINI, E. - Growth control of nerve cells by a protein factor and its antiserum. Science, 143:105, 1964.
35. LHERMITTE, J. & TRELLES, J. O. - La degeneration hypertrophique des cellules de l'olive bulbaire chez le veillard. Rev. neurol. 57:618, 1932.
36. LOO, Y. T. - Thymonucleic acid in Purkinge cells. J. comp. Neurol. 67:423, 1937.
37. MALECI, O. - Contributo alia conoscenza delle variazioni quantitative delle cellule nervose nella senescenza. Arch. ital. Anat. Embriol. 33:883, 1934.
38. MANOUÉLIAN Y. - Des lésions des ganglions cérébro-spinaux dans la vieillesse. C. R. Soc. Biol. Paris. 55:115, 1903.
39. RAND, C. W. & COURVILLE, C. B. - Histologic changes in the brain in cases of fatal injury to the head. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. 55:80, 1946.
40. RAND, C. W. & COURVILLE, C. B. - Multinucleate of cortical nerve cells at the margins of traumatic lesions of the human brain. J. Neuropath, exp. Neurol. 6:1, 1947.
41. REZZE, C. J. - Sôbre o número de células do núcleo do nervo hipoglosso humano através dos grupos etários. Fol. Clín. et Biol. 34:31, 1965.
42. RIESE, W. & ZFASS, I. S. - Cerebral cortex of a man with senile dementia bellieved to be 107 years old. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. 51:78, 1944.
43. ROUSSY, G. & MOSINGER, M. - Sur la plurinucleose neuronale dans les noyaux végétatifs de l'hypothalamus des mammifères. C. R. Soc. Biol. 118:736, 1935.
44. SCHEREIBER, L. & WENGLER, L. - Ueber Wirkungen des Scharlachöls auf die Netzhaut Mitosenbildung der Ganglienzellen. Zbl. allg. Path. path. Anat. 19:529, 1908.
45. SPIEGEL, A. - Ueber die degenerativen Veränderungen in der Kleinhirnrinde im Verlauf des Individualzyklus vom Cavia cobaya Marcgr. Zool. Anz. 79:173, 1927.
46. SPIELMEYER, W. - Histopathologie des Nervensystems. Julius Springer Verlag, Berlim, 1922. vol. 1, pp. 43 e 455.
47. SJOVALL, E. - Die Bedeutung der altersveränderungen im Zentralnervensystem. Verfe. anat. Ges. (Jena). 41:37, 1932.
48. STIGLIANI, R. - Sul reperto di divisioni diretti nelle cellule gangliari dell'ipotalamo dell'uomo e degli animali. Boll. Soc. ital. Biol. sper. 34:452, 1958.
49. TRUEX, R. - Morphological alterations in the gasserion ganglion cells and their association with senescence in man. Amer. J. Path. 16:255, 1940.
50. TRUEX, R. R. & ZWEMER, L. R. - True fatty degeneration in sensory neurons of the aged. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. 48:988, 1942.
51. WILCOX, H. H. - The structural changes in the nervous system related to the process of aging. In BIRREN, J. E.; IMUS, H. A. & WINDLE, W. F. - The process of Aging in the Nervous System. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield (Illinois), 1959. p. 16.
52. WRIGHT, E. A. & SPINK, J. M. - A study of the loss of nerve cells in the central nervous system In relation to age. Gerontologia (Basel). 3:277, 1959.

Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
14 Ago 2013
Data do Fascículo
Dez 1966

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] 1. AFANASIEV, Y. I. & KOTOVSKY, E. F. - To the question of cerebral neuron division in mammals. Path. Biol. 9:880, 1961.

[2] 2. ANDREW, W. - The effects of fatigue due to muscular exercise on the Purkinje cells of the mouse, with special reference to the factor age. Z. Zellforsch. 27:534, 1937.

[3] 3. ANDREW, W. - The Purkinje cell in man from birth to senility. Z. Zellforsch. 28:292, 1938.

[4] 4. ANDREW, W. - Origin and significance of binucleate Purkinje cells in man. Arch. Path. 28:821, 1939.

[5] 5. ANDREW, W. - Amitotic division in senile tissues as a probable means of self preservation of cells. J. Geront. 10:1, 1955.

[6] 6. ANDREW, W. - Structural alterations with aging in the nervous system. In Neurologic and Psychiatric Aspects of Disorders of Aging. Res. Publ. Ass. nerv. ment. Dis. 35:129. William & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, 1956.

[7] 7. ANDREW, W. - Evidence for the division of nuclei and cell bodies of neurons of autonomic ganglia in adult mammal. An. Fac. Med. Montevideo. 44:191, 1959.

[8] 8. BODIAN, D. - Multinucleated neurons in Macaca mulatta. Anat. Rec. 91:267, 1945.

[9] 9. BOTAR, J. - Recherches qualitatives et quantitatives sur les cellules nerveuses du ganglion coeliaque de l'homme. C.R. Ass. Anat. 42è Reéun. :1441, 1955.

[10] 10. COURVILLE, C. B. - Multinucleate of cortical nerve cells at margin of malignant glioma. J. Neuropath, exp. Neurol. 15:369, 1956.

[11] 11. ELLIS, R. S. - A preliminary quantitative study of the Purkinje cells in normal, subnormal and senescent human cerebella, with some notes on functional localization. J. comp. Neurol. 30:229, 1919.

[12] 12. ELLIS, R. S. - Norms for some structural changes in the human cerebellum from birth to old age. J. comp. Neurol. 32:1, 1920.

[13] 13. GARDNER, E. - Decrease in human neurons with age. Anat. Rec. 77:529, 1940.

[14] 14. GAUPP, R. - Zweikernige Ganglienzellen in traumatischen Hirndefekten. Z. ges. Neurol. Psychiat. 149:122, 1933.

[15] 15. GEREBTZOFF, M. A. - De la multinucleation dans les neurons du système nerveux central. Acta Neurol, belg. 53:234, 1953.

[16] 16. GLADYK, A. P. - Amitotic division of nerve cells. Arch. Anat. Histol. Embriol. 35:59, 1958 (Russ).

[17] 17. GRAFOVA, G. J. - Nerve-elements of the spinal cord system; their reactive changes in damage. Arch. Anat. Histol. Embriol. 34:67, 1957. (Russ).

[18] 18. GREENFIELD, J. G. & STERN, M. B. - The anatomical identify of the Werdnig-Hoffmann and Oppenheim forms of infantile muscular atrophy. Brain. 50:652, 1927.

[19] 19. GREENFIELD, J. G. & BOSANQUET, F. D. - Brain stem lesions in parkinsonism. J. Neu- rol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 16:213, 1953.

[20] 20. HARMS, W. - Morphologische und experimentelle Untersuchungen analternden Hunden. Z. Anat. Entwickl. Gesch. 71:340, 1924.

[21] 21. HARMS, W. - Alterserscheinungen im Hirm von Affen und Menschen. Zool. Anz. 75:249, 1927.

[22] 22. HATAI, S. - Number and size of the spinal ganglion cells and dorsal root fibers in the white rat at different ages. J. comp. Neurol. 12:107, 1902.

[23] 23. HODGE, C. F. - Changes in ganglion cells from birth to senile death. Observations on man and honey bee. J. Physiol. 17:129, 1894.

[24] 24. HOPKER, W. - Das altern des nucleus dentatus. Z. Forsch. 5:256, 1951.

[25] 25. INUKAI, T. - On the loss of Purkinje cells with advancing age from the cerebellar cortex of the albino rat. J. comp. Neurol. 45:1, 1928.

[26] 26. IVANOV, I. F. - Present state of the problem of division of differentiated neurons. Arch. Anat. Histol. Embriol. 38:89, 1960 (Russ).

[27] 27. JARYGUIN, U. N. - On binucleated nerve cells in sympathetic superior cervical ganglion in rabbit. Arch. Anat. Histol. Embriol. 47:77, 1964. (Russ).

[28] 28. KIRSCHE, W. - Regenerative Vorgänge im Gehirn und Rückenmark. Ergebn. Anat. Entwickl. Gesch. 38:141, 1965.

[29] 29. KISS, F. - Senile und experimenteile Verändernungen an den Zellen der peripherischen Ganglien. Beitr. path. Anat. 92:127, 1933.

[30] 30. KUHLENBECK, H. - Seniles changes in the brains of Wistar Institute rats. Anat. Rec. 88:441, 1944.

[31] 31. KUHLENBECK, H. - Some histologic age changes in the rat's brain and their relationship to comparable changes in the human brain. Confin. neurol. (Basel). 14:329, 1954.

[32] 32. KUNTZ, A. -· Histological variations in autonomic ganglia and ganglion cells associated with age and disease. Amer. J. Path. 14:783, 1938.

[33] 33. LÉRI, A. - Le cerveau senile. Rev. Neurol. 14:756, 1906.

[34] 34. LEVI-MONTALCINI, E. - Growth control of nerve cells by a protein factor and its antiserum. Science, 143:105, 1964.

[35] 35. LHERMITTE, J. & TRELLES, J. O. - La degeneration hypertrophique des cellules de l'olive bulbaire chez le veillard. Rev. neurol. 57:618, 1932.

[36] 36. LOO, Y. T. - Thymonucleic acid in Purkinge cells. J. comp. Neurol. 67:423, 1937.

[37] 37. MALECI, O. - Contributo alia conoscenza delle variazioni quantitative delle cellule nervose nella senescenza. Arch. ital. Anat. Embriol. 33:883, 1934.

[38] 38. MANOUÉLIAN Y. - Des lésions des ganglions cérébro-spinaux dans la vieillesse. C. R. Soc. Biol. Paris. 55:115, 1903.

[39] 39. RAND, C. W. & COURVILLE, C. B. - Histologic changes in the brain in cases of fatal injury to the head. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. 55:80, 1946.

[40] 40. RAND, C. W. & COURVILLE, C. B. - Multinucleate of cortical nerve cells at the margins of traumatic lesions of the human brain. J. Neuropath, exp. Neurol. 6:1, 1947.

[41] 41. REZZE, C. J. - Sôbre o número de células do núcleo do nervo hipoglosso humano através dos grupos etários. Fol. Clín. et Biol. 34:31, 1965.

[42] 42. RIESE, W. & ZFASS, I. S. - Cerebral cortex of a man with senile dementia bellieved to be 107 years old. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. 51:78, 1944.

[43] 43. ROUSSY, G. & MOSINGER, M. - Sur la plurinucleose neuronale dans les noyaux végétatifs de l'hypothalamus des mammifères. C. R. Soc. Biol. 118:736, 1935.

[44] 44. SCHEREIBER, L. & WENGLER, L. - Ueber Wirkungen des Scharlachöls auf die Netzhaut Mitosenbildung der Ganglienzellen. Zbl. allg. Path. path. Anat. 19:529, 1908.

[45] 45. SPIEGEL, A. - Ueber die degenerativen Veränderungen in der Kleinhirnrinde im Verlauf des Individualzyklus vom Cavia cobaya Marcgr. Zool. Anz. 79:173, 1927.

[46] 46. SPIELMEYER, W. - Histopathologie des Nervensystems. Julius Springer Verlag, Berlim, 1922. vol. 1, pp. 43 e 455.

[47] 47. SJOVALL, E. - Die Bedeutung der altersveränderungen im Zentralnervensystem. Verfe. anat. Ges. (Jena). 41:37, 1932.

[48] 48. STIGLIANI, R. - Sul reperto di divisioni diretti nelle cellule gangliari dell'ipotalamo dell'uomo e degli animali. Boll. Soc. ital. Biol. sper. 34:452, 1958.

[49] 49. TRUEX, R. - Morphological alterations in the gasserion ganglion cells and their association with senescence in man. Amer. J. Path. 16:255, 1940.

[50] 50. TRUEX, R. R. & ZWEMER, L. R. - True fatty degeneration in sensory neurons of the aged. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. 48:988, 1942.

[51] 51. WILCOX, H. H. - The structural changes in the nervous system related to the process of aging. In BIRREN, J. E.; IMUS, H. A. & WINDLE, W. F. - The process of Aging in the Nervous System. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield (Illinois), 1959. p. 16.

[52] 52. WRIGHT, E. A. & SPINK, J. M. - A study of the loss of nerve cells in the central nervous system In relation to age. Gerontologia (Basel). 3:277, 1959.