INTERTEXTUALITY IN THE TRANSLATIONS OF MACHADO DE ASSIS’ SHORT STORY “O ESPELHO” INTO ENGLISH

This paper, the result of part of a Master’s thesis, aims to describe some instances of intertextuality in the short story “O espelho” by Machado de Assis. Five translations into English are analysed: that of Grossman and Caldwell (1963), that of Loria (1995), that of Gledson (2008), that of Chasteen (2013) and, finally, that of Costa and Patterson (2018). From the identification of the intertextual network of the short story, the translators’ choices regarding these intertextual elements in the five versions of the short story will be examined. The selected fragments are presented in tables. The analysis of the fragments revealed different strategies used by the translators.

Keywords
Machado de Assis; “O espelho”; intertextuality; translation into English

Authorship

Luciana Alves da Silva E-mail: luciana2505@yahoo.com.br.

Universidade Federal do Ceará. Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil.Universidade Federal do CearáBrasilFortaleza, Ceará, BrasilUniversidade Federal do Ceará. Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7571-357X

Luana Ferreira de Freitas E-mail: luanafreitas.luana@gmail.com.

Universidade Federal do Ceará. Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil.Universidade Federal do CearáBrasilFortaleza, Ceará, BrasilUniversidade Federal do Ceará. Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0165-421X

E-mail: luciana2505@yahoo.com.br.

E-mail: luanafreitas.luana@gmail.com.

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Universidade Federal do Ceará. Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil.Universidade Federal do CearáBrasilFortaleza, Ceará, BrasilUniversidade Federal do Ceará. Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil.

Tables

Tables (6)

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Tabela 1
Menção a um trecho da peça O Mercador de Veneza

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Tabela 2
Referência à carta de Camões

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Tabela 3
Referência à mitologia clássica

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Tabela 4
Referência à Bíblia

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Tabela 5
Menção a “The Old Clock on the Stairs”

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Tabela 6
Referência ao conto “Barba Azul”

Tabela 1 Menção a um trecho da peça O Mercador de Veneza

Grossman e Caldwell	“Shylock, for example. The external soul of that Jew was his ducats; to lose them was the same as dying. ‘I shall never see my gold again’, he says to Tubal, and, ‘Thou stick’st a dagger in my heart’”. (p. 57)
Loria	“Shylock, for example. The soul of that Jew was his ducats; losing them was equivalent to death. ‘I will never see my gold again,’ he said to Tubal. ‘It’s a dagger thrust into my heart’”. (s/p)
Gledson	“Look at Shylock. His ducats were the Jew’s external soul; to lose them meant death. ‘Thou stick’st a dagger in me’, he says to Tubal, ‘I shall never see my gold again’”. (p. 29)
Chasteen	“Remember Shylock, the Shakespearean character? ‘Thou stick’st a dagger in my heart’, says Shylock when he loses his gold. His gold was his external soul, you see, and losing it meant death to him”. (p. 18)
Costa e Patterson	“Shylock, for example. The external soul of that particular Jew was his ducats; to lose them was the same as dying. ‘I shall never see my gold again’, he says to Tubal; ‘thou stick’st a dagger in me’”. (p. 445)

Fonte: Elaboração própria.

Tabela 2 Referência à carta de Camões

Grossman e Caldwell	“I don’t mean certain all-consuming souls, like one’s native land, with which Camoens declared he would die”. (p. 57-58)
Loria	“I am not talking about certain absorbing souls like the mother country which Camões said he would die with”. (s/p)
Gledson	“I’m not alluding to certain all-absorbent souls, like love for one’s country – Camões went so far as to say he died with his”. (p. 29)
Chasteen	(Omissão)
Costa e Patterson	“I am not alluding to certain all-consuming souls, such as one’s country, of which Camões famously said that he would not only die in his country, but with it”. (p. 445)

Fonte: Elaboração própria.

Tabela 3 Referência à mitologia clássica

Grossman e Caldwell	“Blessed curiosity! Thou art not only the soul of civilization, thou art also the apple of concord, a divine fruit and with a far different flavor from that well-known mythological apple!” (p. 58)
Loria	“Blessed curiosity! You are not only the soul of civilization, but also the fruit of harmony, heavenly fruit, of another taste but no different from the fruit of mythology”. (s/p)
Gledson	“Blessed curiosity! Not only are you the civilisation’s nursemaid, you are also the apple of the concord, a divine fruit, which tastes completely different from the other one, the one in the myth”. (p. 30)
Chasteen	(Omissão)
Costa e Patterson	“Blessed curiosity! Thou art not only the soul of civilization; thou art the apple of concord, a divine fruit, that tastes quite different from the apple of the mythology”. (p. 446)

Fonte: Elaboração própria.

Tabela 4 Referência à Bíblia

Grossman e Caldwell	“In the village, it is true, there were some disgruntled persons, and weeping and wailing and gnashing of teeth, as in the Scriptures”. (p. 58)
Loria	“In the village, note, there were a few resentful people; weeping and gnashing their teeth as in the Scriptures”. (s/p)
Gledson	“In the town, we might note, there were some resentful there was wailing and gnashing of teeth, as in the Scriptures”. (p. 30)
Chasteen	“One heard some ‘wailing and gnashing of teeth,’ as the Scriptures say”. (p.19)
Costa e Patterson	“In the town, to be sure, there were several disgruntled fellows – a wailing and gnashing of teeth, as it says in the Scriptures”. (p. 446)

Fonte: Elaboração própria.

Tabela 5 Menção a “The Old Clock on the Stairs”

Grossman e Caldwell	“Many years later, when I read an American poem – I think it was one of Longfellow’s - and came across the famous refrain Never, for ever! For ever, never!” (p. 62)
Loria	“Many years later when reading an American poem, by Longfellow I believe, I came across those famous lines: Never, for ever! -- For ever, never!” (s/p)
Gledson	“When, many years later, I read an American poem, by Longfellow I think, and came across this famous refrain: ‘For ever - never! Never - for ever’” (p. 35)
Chasteen	“When, many years later, I read an American poem, by Longfellow I think, ‘The Old Clock on the Stair,’ I confess that I got chills. The pendulum in the poem says ‘Never, forever / Forever, never,’” (p. 22)
Costa e Patterson	“When, many years later, I read an American poem, one of Longfellow’s, I think, and came across the famous refrain: ‘Never, for ever! - For ever, never!’” (p. 449)

Fonte: Elaboração própria.

Tabela 6 Referência ao conto “Barba Azul”

Grossman e Caldwell	“I would go outside, look this way and that, to see if I could discover some token of return. ‘Sœur Anne, sœur Anne, ne vois-tu rien venir?’ Nothing, not a thing – just as in the French fairy-tale”. (p. 63)
Loria	“I would go outside, from one place to another to see if I could discover any sign of its coming back. Sœur Anne, Sœur Anne, ne vois-tu rien venir? Nothing, not a thing; just like in the French tale”. (s/p)
Gledson	“I went outside, pacing from one side to another, to see if I could discover any sign of anyone coming back. Sœur Anne, Sœur Anne, ne vois-tu rien venir? Nothing, not a thing, just as in the French story”. (p. 36)
Chasteen	“I went outside and wandered here and there like Bluebeard’s wife begging to be rescued by her sister in the French legend. ‘Sœur Anne, she calls, sœur Anne, ne vois-tu rien venir?’ Nothing, nothing at all”. (p. 23)
Costa e Patterson	“I would wander about outside to see if there was any sign of life. Sœur Anne, Sœur Anne, ne voistu rien venir? Nothing, absolutely nothing, just like that old French fairy-tale”. (p. 450)

Fonte: Elaboração própria.

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INTERTEXTUALITY IN THE TRANSLATIONS OF MACHADO DE ASSIS’ SHORT STORY “O ESPELHO” INTO ENGLISH

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[1] E-mail: luciana2505@yahoo.com.br.