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Aplicação da estimulação tátil-cinestésica em neonatos prematuros: análise sistemática

Resumos

OBJETIVO:

Verificar quais metodologias foram usadas por ensaios clínicos que avaliaram o efeito da estimulação tátil-cinestésica sobre o ganho de peso de neonatos prematuros e destacar as diferenças e semelhanças entre esses estudos.

FONTES DOS DADOS:

Esta análise coletou estudos de duas bases de dados, Pedro e PubMed, em julho de 2014, além de bibliografias. Dois pesquisadores avaliaram os títulos relevantes independentemente e, então, escolheram consensualmente quais estudos seriam lidos completamente e incluídos nesta análise. Foram incluídos os ensaios clínicos que estudaram a estimulação tátil ou a massagem terapêutica associada ou não à estimulação cinestésica em neonatos prematuros e avaliaram o ganho de peso após a intervenção, tiveram um grupo de controle e foram escritos em inglês, português ou espanhol.

SÍNTESE DOS DADOS:

Foram encontrados 520 títulos e foram selecionados 108 para leitura. Os estudos repetidos foram excluídos, o que resultou em 40. Desses, 31 atenderam a todos os critérios de inclusão. Há muitas diferenças na aplicação das técnicas de estimulação tátil-cinestésica entre os estudos, o que prejudica a reprodução precisa do procedimento. Além disso, muitos estudos não descreviam os eventos adversos ocorridos durante a estimulação, o procedimento feito quando esses eventos ocorriam e seu efeito sobre o resultado.

CONCLUSÕES:

Esses estudos fizeram uma contribuição relevante ao incluir a estimulação tátil-cinestésica como uma ferramenta promissora. Contudo, não houve padrão de aplicação entre eles. Estudos futuros podem aumentar o nível do rigor metodológico e descrever os eventos adversos. Isso pode permitir que outros pesquisadores tenham mais ciência do que esperar e assim estabelecer uma técnica padrão.

Neonatos prematuros; Massagem; Análise; Ganho de peso; Estimulação tátil-cinestésica


OBJECTIVE:

To verify the methods used by the clinical trials that assessed the effect of tactile/kinesthetic stimulation on weight gain in preterm infants and highlight the similarities and differences among such studies.

SOURCES:

This review collected studies from two databases, PEDro and PubMed, in July of 2014, in addition to bibliographies. Two researchers assessed the relevant titles independently, and then chose which studies to read in full and include in this review by consensus. Clinical trials that studied tactile stimulation or massage therapy whether or not associated with kinesthetic stimulation of preterm infants; that assessed weight gain after the intervention; that had a control group and were composed in English, Portuguese, or Spanish were included.

SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS:

A total of 520 titles were found and 108 were selected for manuscript reading. Repeated studies were excluded, resulting in 40 different studies. Of these, 31 met all the inclusion criteria. There were many differences in the application of tactile/kinesthetic stimulation techniques among studies, which hindered the accurate reproduction of the procedure. Also, many studies did not describe the adverse events that occurred during stimulation, the course of action taken when such events occurred, and their effect on the outcome.

CONCLUSIONS:

These studies made a relevant contribution towards indicating tactile/kinesthetic stimulation as a promising tool. Nevertheless, there was no standard for application among them. Future studies should raise the level of methodological rigor and describe the adverse events. This may permit other researchers to be more aware of expected outcomes, and a standard technique could be established.

Preterm infants; Massage; Review; Weight gain; Tactile/kinesthetic stimulation


Introdução

Neonatos prematuros (PIs) estão expostos diariamente a vários fatores estressantes na unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal (UTIN) que são inerentes ao cuidado essencial de que necessitam para sobreviver. A forma e a intensidade da exposição variam de acordo com a condição individual e da resposta do PI. Já foi mostrado que essa exposição leva a alterações estruturais e funcionais em áreas específicas do cérebro, que afetam seu desenvolvimento,1Smith GC, Gutovich J, Smyser C, Pineda R, Newnham C, Tjoeng TH, et al. Neonatal intensive care unit stress is asso- ciated with brain development in preterm infants. Ann Neurol. 2011;70:541-9. sua fala e seu comportamento social, emocional e adaptativo.2Fernandes LV, Goulart AL, Santos AM, Barros MC, Guerra CC, Kopelman BI. Neurodevelopmental assessment of very low birth weight preterm infants at corrected age of 18-24 months by Bayley III scales. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2012;88:471-8.

A estimulação tátil (ET) ou massagem terapêutica (MT), às vezes associada à estimulação cinestésica (EC), é usada em PIs juntamente com o tratamento clínico padrão. A ET tem sido objeto de estudos clínicos desde 1960,3White JL, Labarba RC. The effects of tactile and kinesthetic stimulation on neonatal development in the premature infant. Dev Psychobiol. 1976;9:569-77. quando foi proposta como uma forma de estimular o crescimento e desenvolvimento de PIs.3White JL, Labarba RC. The effects of tactile and kinesthetic stimulation on neonatal development in the premature infant. Dev Psychobiol. 1976;9:569-77. , 4Freedman DG, Boverman H, Freedman N. The effects of kines- thetic stimulation on weight gain and on smiling in premature infants Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Orthopsychiatric Association. San Francisco; 1966. , 5Hasselmeyer EG. The premature neonate's response to hand- ling. American Nursing Association. 1964;11:15-24. , 6Solkoff N, Weintraub D, Yaffe S, Blasé B. Effects of handling on the subsequent development of premature infants. Dev Psychol. 1969;1:765-9. , 7Kramer M, Chamorro I, Green D, Knudtson F. Extra tactile stim- ulation of the premature infant. Nurs Res. 1975;24:324-34. , 8Solkoff N, Matuszak D. Tactile stimulation and behavioral devel- opment among low-birth weight infants. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 1975;6:33-7. , 9Rausch PB. Effects of tactile and kinesthetic stimulation on premature infants. JOGN Nurs. 1981;10:34-7. and 1010 Field TM, Schanberg SM, Scafidi F, Bauer CR, Vega-Lahr N, Garcia R, et al. Tactile/kinesthetic stimulation effects on preterm neonates. Pediatrics. 1986;77:654-8. Além disso, estudos recentes mostram que intervenções como estimulação tátil-cinestésica (ETC) têm o benefício adicional de reduzir manifestações comportamentais de estresse.1111 Hernandez-Reif M, Diego M, Field T. Preterm infants show reduced stress behaviors and activity after 5 days of massage therapy. Infant Behav Dev. 2007;30:557-61.

O objetivo desta análise sistemática foi verificar quais metodologias foram usadas por ensaios clínicos que estudaram os efeitos de algum tipo de ET/MT associada ou não a EC sobre o ganho de peso de PIs. Escolhemos ensaios clínicos que estudaram os efeitos sobre o ganho de peso, pois essa é uma variável determinante para alta da UTIN. As diferenças e semelhanças entre os métodos usados pelos ensaios clínicos analisados foram destacadas em uma tentativa de melhorar a qualidade metodológica de ensaios clínicos futuros.

Métodos

Duas bases de dados foram pesquisadas para esta análise sistemática: a Base de Dados em Evidências em Fisioterapia (Pedro)1212 Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro). [cited 17 Jul 2014]. Available from: http://www.pedro.fhs.usyd.edu.au
http://www.pedro.fhs.usyd.edu.au...
e PubMed.1313 United States National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. [cited 17 Jul 2014]. Available from: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed...
Todos os estudos listados nessa data foram incluídos.

A base de dados Pedro foi pesquisada com a especificação dos seguintes campos na opção de busca avançada: terapia (alongamento, mobilização, manipulação, massagem); especialidade (pediatria) e método (ensaio clínico).

O PubMed foi pesquisado com o uso de seis combinações de palavras-chave, como segue:

Busca 1: massagem prematuro recém-nascido

Busca 2: estimulação tátil-cinestésica prematuro

Busca 3: estimulação tátil prematuro

Busca 4: massagem recém-nascido crescimento

Busca 5: estimulação cinestésica prematuro crescimento

Busca 6: estimulação tátil-cinestésica prematuro crescimento

Além dessas buscas, as referências dos artigos de escolha também foram verificadas e outros 12 artigos relevantes foram selecionados para avaliação.

Critérios de inclusão

Dois pesquisadores independentes pré-selecionaram os artigos de acordo com seus títulos. Em caso de dúvida, o artigo foi incluído no processo de seleção por consenso. Os títulos pré-selecionados foram então arquivados de acordo com a base de dados em que foram encontrados e seus resumos ou textos foram baixados para avaliação. Uma vez baixados, os artigos foram lidos minuciosamente para selecionar os que atendiam aos critérios de inclusão detalhados abaixo.

Esta análise incluiu todos os ensaios clínicos que estudaram a feitura de ET ou MT em associação com EC em PIs na UTIN, avaliou o ganho de peso de PIs após a intervenção, tinha um grupo de controle que não recebeu intervenção além do tratamento padrão prestado pela UTIN e foi escrita em inglês, português ou espanhol.

Resultados

Foram encontrados 508 artigos nas duas bases de dados mencionadas. Dentre os 206 artigos encontrados na base de dados Pedro, 17 artigos foram lidos na íntegra, dos quais oito atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. A primeira busca no PubMed resultou em 126 títulos, dos quais 30 foram selecionados e 18 atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. A segunda busca no PubMed resultou em 16 títulos, dos quais 10 foram selecionados e oito atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. A terceira busca no PubMed resultou em 86 títulos, dos quais 14 foram selecionados e dez atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. A quarta busca no PubMed resultou em 49 títulos, dos quais 23 foram selecionados e 16 atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. A quinta busca no PubMed resultou em 14 títulos, dos quais nove foram selecionados e seis atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. A sexta busca no PubMed resultou em 11 títulos, dos quais oito foram selecionados e cinco atenderam aos critérios de inclusão.

Contudo, outros 12 títulos encontrados nas referências dos artigos que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão foram analisados e desses quatro foram incluídos, cinco foram excluídos e três não foram encontrados. A tabela 1 mostra os títulos e onde eles foram encontrados.

Tabela 1.
Descrição dos estudos incluídos nesta análise

Em suma, 520 títulos foram encontrados e os estudos repetidos foram eliminados, o que resultou em 31 que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão desta análise (tabela 1).

ET/MT foi feita de várias formas diferentes3White JL, Labarba RC. The effects of tactile and kinesthetic stimulation on neonatal development in the premature infant. Dev Psychobiol. 1976;9:569-77. , 9Rausch PB. Effects of tactile and kinesthetic stimulation on premature infants. JOGN Nurs. 1981;10:34-7. , 1010 Field TM, Schanberg SM, Scafidi F, Bauer CR, Vega-Lahr N, Garcia R, et al. Tactile/kinesthetic stimulation effects on preterm neonates. Pediatrics. 1986;77:654-8. , 1414 Mathai S, Fernandez A, Mondkar J, Kanbur W. Effects of tactile- kinesthetic stimulation in preterms: a controlled trial. Indian Pediatr. 2001;38:1091-8. , 1515 Ferber SG, Kuint J, Weller A, Feldman R, Dollberg S, Arbel E, et al. Massage therapy by mothers and trained profession- als enhances weight gain in preterm infants. Early Hum Dev. 2002;67:37-45. , 1616 Mendes EW, Procianoy RS. Massage therapy reduces hospital stay and occurrence of late-onset sepsis in very preterm neonates. J Perinatol. 2008;28:815-20. , 1717 Gonzalez AP, Vasquez-Mendoza G, García-Vela A, Guzmán-Ramirez A, Salazar-Torres M, Romero-Gutierrez G. Weight gain in preterm infants following parent-administered Vimala massage: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Perinatol. 2009;26:247-52. and 1818 Fucile S, Gisel EG. Sensorimotor interventions improve growth and motor function in preterm infants. Neonatal Netw. 2010;29:359-66. e a maior parte dos estudos não forneceu uma descrição detalhada de como proceder durante a estimulação caso ocorram eventos adversos nem dos possíveis efeitos desses eventos sobre os resultados.

A análise das técnicas usadas por diferentes estudos mostrou que estudos mais antigos, como Solkoff et al., 6Solkoff N, Weintraub D, Yaffe S, Blasé B. Effects of handling on the subsequent development of premature infants. Dev Psychol. 1969;1:765-9. Kramer et al. 7Kramer M, Chamorro I, Green D, Knudtson F. Extra tactile stim- ulation of the premature infant. Nurs Res. 1975;24:324-34. e Solkoff e Matuszak, 8Solkoff N, Matuszak D. Tactile stimulation and behavioral devel- opment among low-birth weight infants. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 1975;6:33-7. não especificaram quais partes do corpo foram estimuladas ou com que frequência. A pressão usada durante a intervenção e sua duração variaram muito entre esses estudos.

White e Labarba3White JL, Labarba RC. The effects of tactile and kinesthetic stimulation on neonatal development in the premature infant. Dev Psychobiol. 1976;9:569-77. foram os primeiros a combinar ET e EC. Em 1981, Rausch9Rausch PB. Effects of tactile and kinesthetic stimulation on premature infants. JOGN Nurs. 1981;10:34-7. dividiu a ETC em três fases de cinco minutos cada e fez a ETC apenas quando o PI estava acordado, sem mudar sua posição na incubadora. Lee1919 Lee HK. The effect of infant massage on weight gain, physio- logical and behavioral responses in premature infants. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi. 2005;35:1451-60. e Ferreira e Bergamasco2020 Ferreira AM, Bergamasco NH. Behavioral analysis of preterm neonates included in a tactile and kinesthetic stimulation pro- gram during hospitalization. Rev Bras Fisioter. 2010;14:141-8. seguiram esses procedimentos. Rausch9Rausch PB. Effects of tactile and kinesthetic stimulation on premature infants. JOGN Nurs. 1981;10:34-7. sugeriu que novos estudos deveriam conter informações sobre a intervenção por no mínimo 10 dias, pois o ganho de peso aumentou após esse período. O estudo de Rausch9Rausch PB. Effects of tactile and kinesthetic stimulation on premature infants. JOGN Nurs. 1981;10:34-7. foi o primeiro a mostrar ganho de peso significativamente rápido em PIs que receberam ETC e a descrever em detalhes a técnica usada.

Scafidi et al.2121 Scafidi FA, Field TM, Schanberg SM, Bauer CR, Vega Lahr N, Garcia R, et al. Effects of tactile/kinesthetic stimulation on the clinical course and sleep/wake behavior of preterm neonates. Infant Behav Dev. 1986;9:91-105. padronizaram as três fases de cinco minutos propostas por Rausch9Rausch PB. Effects of tactile and kinesthetic stimulation on premature infants. JOGN Nurs. 1981;10:34-7. em ET prona + EC supina + ET prona. Dos 31 estudos que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão desta análise, 14 usaram a técnica descrita por Field et al. 1010 Field TM, Schanberg SM, Scafidi F, Bauer CR, Vega-Lahr N, Garcia R, et al. Tactile/kinesthetic stimulation effects on preterm neonates. Pediatrics. 1986;77:654-8. em 1986; 11 dos 14 foram feitos pela equipe de Field 1010 Field TM, Schanberg SM, Scafidi F, Bauer CR, Vega-Lahr N, Garcia R, et al. Tactile/kinesthetic stimulation effects on preterm neonates. Pediatrics. 1986;77:654-8. , 2121 Scafidi FA, Field TM, Schanberg SM, Bauer CR, Vega Lahr N, Garcia R, et al. Effects of tactile/kinesthetic stimulation on the clinical course and sleep/wake behavior of preterm neonates. Infant Behav Dev. 1986;9:91-105. , 2222 Field T, Scafidi F, Schanberg S. Massage of preterm new- borns to improve growth and development. Paediatric Nursing. 1987;13:385-7. , 2323 Scafidi F, Field T, Schanberg S, Bauer C, Tucci K, Roberts J, et al. Massage stimulates growth in preterm infants: a replication. Infant Behav Dev. 1990;13:167-88. , 2424 Field T, Schanberg S. Massage alters growth and catecholamine production in preterm newborns. In: Field T, Brazelton TB, edit- ors. Advances in Touch. Skillman, NJ: Johnson & Johnson; 1990. p. 96-104. , 2525 Wheeden A, Scafidi FA, Field T, Ironson G, Valdeon C, Bandstra E. Massage effects on cocaine-exposed preterm neonates. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1993;14:318-22. , 2626 Scafidi FA, Field T, Schanberg SM. Factors that predict which preterm infants benefit most from massage therapy. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1993;14:176-80. , 2727 Dieter JN, Field T, Hernandez-Reif M, Emory EK, Redzepi M. Stable preterm infants gain more weight and sleep less after five days of massage therapy. J Pediatr Psychol. 2003;28:403-11. , 2828 Diego MA, Field T, Hernandez-Reif M. Vagal activity, gastric motility, and weight gain in massaged preterm neonates. J Pedi- atr. 2005;147:50-5. , 2929 Diego MA, Field T, Hernandez-Reif M, Deeds O, Ascencio A, Begert G. Preterm infant massage elicits consistent increases in vagal activity and gastric motility that are associated with greater weight gain. Acta Paediatr. 2007;96:1588-91. and 3030 Field T, Diego M, Hernandez-Reif M, Dieter JN, Kumar AM, Schanberg S, et al. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 increased in preterm neonates following massage therapy. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2008;29:463-6. na mesma instituição e três foram feitos por outros pesquisadores, a saber Lee, 1919 Lee HK. The effect of infant massage on weight gain, physio- logical and behavioral responses in premature infants. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi. 2005;35:1451-60.Massaro et al. 3131 Massaro AN, Hammad TA, Jazzo B, Aly H. Massage with kines- thetic stimulation improves weight gain in preterm infants. J Perinatol. 2009;29:352-7. e Ang et al. 3232 Ang JY, Lua JL, Mathur A, Thomas R, Asmar BI, Savasan S, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of massage ther- apy on the immune system of preterm infants. Pediatrics. 2012;130:e1549-58. A intervenção foi feita geralmente após a primeira amamentação na parte da manhã. Em 1990, Field e Schanberg 2424 Field T, Schanberg S. Massage alters growth and catecholamine production in preterm newborns. In: Field T, Brazelton TB, edit- ors. Advances in Touch. Skillman, NJ: Johnson & Johnson; 1990. p. 96-104. fizeram a intervenção no início de três horas consecutivas, após a amamentação ao meio-dia.

Mathai et al. 1414 Mathai S, Fernandez A, Mondkar J, Kanbur W. Effects of tactile- kinesthetic stimulation in preterms: a controlled trial. Indian Pediatr. 2001;38:1091-8. introduziram uma nova forma de feitura da ETC, como segue: a intervenção foi feita após a amamentação na parte da manhã, ao meio-dia e à noite nas posições prona (ET) + supina (ET) + supina (EC), o que foi repetido por Arora et al. 3333 Arora J, Kumar A, Ramji S. Effect of oil massage on growth and neurobehavior in very low birth weight preterm neonates. Indian Pediatr. 2005;42:1092-100. Como em outros estudos, eles também usaram algum tipo de óleo para reduzir o atrito na pele do PI. 1414 Mathai S, Fernandez A, Mondkar J, Kanbur W. Effects of tactile- kinesthetic stimulation in preterms: a controlled trial. Indian Pediatr. 2001;38:1091-8. , 1717 Gonzalez AP, Vasquez-Mendoza G, García-Vela A, Guzmán-Ramirez A, Salazar-Torres M, Romero-Gutierrez G. Weight gain in preterm infants following parent-administered Vimala massage: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Perinatol. 2009;26:247-52. , 3333 Arora J, Kumar A, Ramji S. Effect of oil massage on growth and neurobehavior in very low birth weight preterm neonates. Indian Pediatr. 2005;42:1092-100. , 3434 Kumar J, Upadhyay A, Dwivedi AK, Gothwal S, Jaiswal V, Aggarwal S. Effect of oil massage on growth in preterm neonates less than 1800 g: a randomized control trial. Indian J Pediatr. 2013;80:465-9. and 3535 Abdallah B, Badr LK, Hawwari M. The efficacy of massage on short and long term outcomes in preterm infants. Infant Behav Dev. 2013;36:662-9. Em alguns estudos, apenas as mães fizeram a ETC. 1616 Mendes EW, Procianoy RS. Massage therapy reduces hospital stay and occurrence of late-onset sepsis in very preterm neonates. J Perinatol. 2008;28:815-20. , 3535 Abdallah B, Badr LK, Hawwari M. The efficacy of massage on short and long term outcomes in preterm infants. Infant Behav Dev. 2013;36:662-9. and 3636 Procianoy RS, Mendes EW, Silveira RC. Massage therapy improves neurodevelopment outcome at two years corrected age for very low birth weight infants. Early Hum Dev. 2010;86:7-11.

Ferber et al. 1515 Ferber SG, Kuint J, Weller A, Feldman R, Dollberg S, Arbel E, et al. Massage therapy by mothers and trained profession- als enhances weight gain in preterm infants. Early Hum Dev. 2002;67:37-45. sugeriram que, durante os primeiros 10 segundos de ET, o cuidador deve apenas repousar sua mão sobre o PI e evitar movimentos.

Dieter et al. 2727 Dieter JN, Field T, Hernandez-Reif M, Emory EK, Redzepi M. Stable preterm infants gain more weight and sleep less after five days of massage therapy. J Pediatr Psychol. 2003;28:403-11. foram os primeiros a fazer ETC por apenas cinco dias e mostrar que esse tempo é suficiente para aumentar significativamente a taxa de ganho de peso em comparação com o grupo de controle.

Diego et al. 2828 Diego MA, Field T, Hernandez-Reif M. Vagal activity, gastric motility, and weight gain in massaged preterm neonates. J Pedi- atr. 2005;147:50-5. demonstraram que pressão moderada de ETC promoveu melhores resultados do que no placebo que recebeu pressão leve de ETC. Além disso, em outro momento, treinaram alguns terapeutas e sugeriram que a técnica foi efetiva, independentemente do terapeuta. 2929 Diego MA, Field T, Hernandez-Reif M, Deeds O, Ascencio A, Begert G. Preterm infant massage elicits consistent increases in vagal activity and gastric motility that are associated with greater weight gain. Acta Paediatr. 2007;96:1588-91.

Massaro et al. 3131 Massaro AN, Hammad TA, Jazzo B, Aly H. Massage with kines- thetic stimulation improves weight gain in preterm infants. J Perinatol. 2009;29:352-7. testaram a ETC e a ET separadamente em diferentes grupos de neonatos e constataram que a ETC parece ser melhor, porém a diferença não foi significativa.

Fucile e Gisel1818 Fucile S, Gisel EG. Sensorimotor interventions improve growth and motor function in preterm infants. Neonatal Netw. 2010;29:359-66. usaram o mesmo pesquisador treinado para fazer a intervenção e introduziram estimulação oral (EO) além da ETC. Eles constataram que a EO não aumentou a taxa de ganho de peso e atribuíram esse resultado ao menor período dedicado a cada intervenção. Sugeriram que a duração da entrada no período sensório-motor é essencial para melhorar resultados definidos.

Ferreira e Bergamasco2020 Ferreira AM, Bergamasco NH. Behavioral analysis of preterm neonates included in a tactile and kinesthetic stimulation pro- gram during hospitalization. Rev Bras Fisioter. 2010;14:141-8. usaram técnicas suaves sem sequência rígida, apenas quando o PI estava acordado.

Moyer-Mileur et al. 3737 Moyer-Mileur LJ, Haley S, Slater H, Beachy J, Smith SL. Massage improves growth quality by decreasing body fat deposition in male preterm infants. J Pediatr. 2013;162:490-5. usaram o protocolo americano de Massagem Infantil, porém eliminaram massagem no abdome.

Kumar et al. 3434 Kumar J, Upadhyay A, Dwivedi AK, Gothwal S, Jaiswal V, Aggarwal S. Effect of oil massage on growth in preterm neonates less than 1800 g: a randomized control trial. Indian J Pediatr. 2013;80:465-9. demonstraram que o PI que recebeu massagem com óleo logo após nascimento apresentou menos perda de peso na primeira semana, provavelmente devido à perda de água imperceptível por meio da pele causada pelo bloqueio dos poros das glândulas sudoríparas. Além disso, a precoce aplicação de óleo provavelmente causa melhor regulação da temperatura e menos gasto calórico devido ao estresse pelo frio.

Abdallah et al. 3535 Abdallah B, Badr LK, Hawwari M. The efficacy of massage on short and long term outcomes in preterm infants. Infant Behav Dev. 2013;36:662-9. usaram a ET sem EC e não encontraram maior ganho de peso, porém os níveis de dor no Perfil de Dor do Prematuro foram favorecidos nos neonatos que receberam massagem, mais baixos após a intervenção e na alta, além de ter melhores pontuações cognitivas.

Discussão

A estimulação tátil tem as vantagens de não ser invasiva, ser barata e segura, conforme demonstrado por Livingston et al. 3838 Livingston K, Beider S, Kant AJ, Gallardo CC, Joseph MH, Gold JI. Touch and massage for medically fragile infants. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2009;6:473-82. com base na estabilidade fisiológica, e de não haver mudanças nos escores de agitação/dor dos neonatos que recebem massagem. A maioria dos ensaios clínicos aqui estudados (20 dos 31 estudos) 3White JL, Labarba RC. The effects of tactile and kinesthetic stimulation on neonatal development in the premature infant. Dev Psychobiol. 1976;9:569-77. , 1010 Field TM, Schanberg SM, Scafidi F, Bauer CR, Vega-Lahr N, Garcia R, et al. Tactile/kinesthetic stimulation effects on preterm neonates. Pediatrics. 1986;77:654-8. , 1414 Mathai S, Fernandez A, Mondkar J, Kanbur W. Effects of tactile- kinesthetic stimulation in preterms: a controlled trial. Indian Pediatr. 2001;38:1091-8. , 1515 Ferber SG, Kuint J, Weller A, Feldman R, Dollberg S, Arbel E, et al. Massage therapy by mothers and trained profession- als enhances weight gain in preterm infants. Early Hum Dev. 2002;67:37-45. , 1717 Gonzalez AP, Vasquez-Mendoza G, García-Vela A, Guzmán-Ramirez A, Salazar-Torres M, Romero-Gutierrez G. Weight gain in preterm infants following parent-administered Vimala massage: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Perinatol. 2009;26:247-52. , 1818 Fucile S, Gisel EG. Sensorimotor interventions improve growth and motor function in preterm infants. Neonatal Netw. 2010;29:359-66. , 1919 Lee HK. The effect of infant massage on weight gain, physio- logical and behavioral responses in premature infants. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi. 2005;35:1451-60. , 2121 Scafidi FA, Field TM, Schanberg SM, Bauer CR, Vega Lahr N, Garcia R, et al. Effects of tactile/kinesthetic stimulation on the clinical course and sleep/wake behavior of preterm neonates. Infant Behav Dev. 1986;9:91-105. , 2222 Field T, Scafidi F, Schanberg S. Massage of preterm new- borns to improve growth and development. Paediatric Nursing. 1987;13:385-7. , 2323 Scafidi F, Field T, Schanberg S, Bauer C, Tucci K, Roberts J, et al. Massage stimulates growth in preterm infants: a replication. Infant Behav Dev. 1990;13:167-88. , 2424 Field T, Schanberg S. Massage alters growth and catecholamine production in preterm newborns. In: Field T, Brazelton TB, edit- ors. Advances in Touch. Skillman, NJ: Johnson & Johnson; 1990. p. 96-104. , 2525 Wheeden A, Scafidi FA, Field T, Ironson G, Valdeon C, Bandstra E. Massage effects on cocaine-exposed preterm neonates. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1993;14:318-22. , 2626 Scafidi FA, Field T, Schanberg SM. Factors that predict which preterm infants benefit most from massage therapy. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1993;14:176-80. , 2727 Dieter JN, Field T, Hernandez-Reif M, Emory EK, Redzepi M. Stable preterm infants gain more weight and sleep less after five days of massage therapy. J Pediatr Psychol. 2003;28:403-11. , 2828 Diego MA, Field T, Hernandez-Reif M. Vagal activity, gastric motility, and weight gain in massaged preterm neonates. J Pedi- atr. 2005;147:50-5. , 2929 Diego MA, Field T, Hernandez-Reif M, Deeds O, Ascencio A, Begert G. Preterm infant massage elicits consistent increases in vagal activity and gastric motility that are associated with greater weight gain. Acta Paediatr. 2007;96:1588-91. , 3030 Field T, Diego M, Hernandez-Reif M, Dieter JN, Kumar AM, Schanberg S, et al. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 increased in preterm neonates following massage therapy. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2008;29:463-6. , 3131 Massaro AN, Hammad TA, Jazzo B, Aly H. Massage with kines- thetic stimulation improves weight gain in preterm infants. J Perinatol. 2009;29:352-7. , 3232 Ang JY, Lua JL, Mathur A, Thomas R, Asmar BI, Savasan S, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of massage ther- apy on the immune system of preterm infants. Pediatrics. 2012;130:e1549-58. and 3434 Kumar J, Upadhyay A, Dwivedi AK, Gothwal S, Jaiswal V, Aggarwal S. Effect of oil massage on growth in preterm neonates less than 1800 g: a randomized control trial. Indian J Pediatr. 2013;80:465-9. descreveu um benefício significativo sobre o ganho de peso no grupo de PIs que receberam ET/ETC. Essas informações colocam a ET como uma ferramenta auxiliar promissora no cuidado de PIs em Utins. Alguns dos estudos não avaliaram os dados estatisticamente e parte deles se justificou ao se referir ao pequeno tamanho da amostra. 6Solkoff N, Weintraub D, Yaffe S, Blasé B. Effects of handling on the subsequent development of premature infants. Dev Psychol. 1969;1:765-9. , 7Kramer M, Chamorro I, Green D, Knudtson F. Extra tactile stim- ulation of the premature infant. Nurs Res. 1975;24:324-34. and 8Solkoff N, Matuszak D. Tactile stimulation and behavioral devel- opment among low-birth weight infants. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 1975;6:33-7.

Algumas correlações parecem justificar o ganho de peso mais rápido do PI submetido à ETC, como maior estimulação vagal e atividade gástrica;2828 Diego MA, Field T, Hernandez-Reif M. Vagal activity, gastric motility, and weight gain in massaged preterm neonates. J Pedi- atr. 2005;147:50-5. and 2929 Diego MA, Field T, Hernandez-Reif M, Deeds O, Ascencio A, Begert G. Preterm infant massage elicits consistent increases in vagal activity and gastric motility that are associated with greater weight gain. Acta Paediatr. 2007;96:1588-91. relação com a ingestão de energia,3White JL, Labarba RC. The effects of tactile and kinesthetic stimulation on neonatal development in the premature infant. Dev Psychobiol. 1976;9:569-77. , 1010 Field TM, Schanberg SM, Scafidi F, Bauer CR, Vega-Lahr N, Garcia R, et al. Tactile/kinesthetic stimulation effects on preterm neonates. Pediatrics. 1986;77:654-8. , 1515 Ferber SG, Kuint J, Weller A, Feldman R, Dollberg S, Arbel E, et al. Massage therapy by mothers and trained profession- als enhances weight gain in preterm infants. Early Hum Dev. 2002;67:37-45. , 1717 Gonzalez AP, Vasquez-Mendoza G, García-Vela A, Guzmán-Ramirez A, Salazar-Torres M, Romero-Gutierrez G. Weight gain in preterm infants following parent-administered Vimala massage: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Perinatol. 2009;26:247-52. , 2222 Field T, Scafidi F, Schanberg S. Massage of preterm new- borns to improve growth and development. Paediatric Nursing. 1987;13:385-7. , 2323 Scafidi F, Field T, Schanberg S, Bauer C, Tucci K, Roberts J, et al. Massage stimulates growth in preterm infants: a replication. Infant Behav Dev. 1990;13:167-88. , 2424 Field T, Schanberg S. Massage alters growth and catecholamine production in preterm newborns. In: Field T, Brazelton TB, edit- ors. Advances in Touch. Skillman, NJ: Johnson & Johnson; 1990. p. 96-104. , 2525 Wheeden A, Scafidi FA, Field T, Ironson G, Valdeon C, Bandstra E. Massage effects on cocaine-exposed preterm neonates. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1993;14:318-22. , 2626 Scafidi FA, Field T, Schanberg SM. Factors that predict which preterm infants benefit most from massage therapy. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1993;14:176-80. , 2727 Dieter JN, Field T, Hernandez-Reif M, Emory EK, Redzepi M. Stable preterm infants gain more weight and sleep less after five days of massage therapy. J Pediatr Psychol. 2003;28:403-11. , 2828 Diego MA, Field T, Hernandez-Reif M. Vagal activity, gastric motility, and weight gain in massaged preterm neonates. J Pedi- atr. 2005;147:50-5. , 2929 Diego MA, Field T, Hernandez-Reif M, Deeds O, Ascencio A, Begert G. Preterm infant massage elicits consistent increases in vagal activity and gastric motility that are associated with greater weight gain. Acta Paediatr. 2007;96:1588-91. , 3030 Field T, Diego M, Hernandez-Reif M, Dieter JN, Kumar AM, Schanberg S, et al. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 increased in preterm neonates following massage therapy. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2008;29:463-6. , 3131 Massaro AN, Hammad TA, Jazzo B, Aly H. Massage with kines- thetic stimulation improves weight gain in preterm infants. J Perinatol. 2009;29:352-7. and 3939 Benavides-González H, Rivera-Rueda MA, Ibarra-Reyes MP, Flores-Tamez ME, Fragoso-Ramirez A, Morán-Martínez N, et al. Effects of early multimodal stimulation on preterm newborn infants. Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex. 1989;46:789-95. comportamento sono-vigília e escalas comportamentais,6Solkoff N, Weintraub D, Yaffe S, Blasé B. Effects of handling on the subsequent development of premature infants. Dev Psychol. 1969;1:765-9. , 7Kramer M, Chamorro I, Green D, Knudtson F. Extra tactile stim- ulation of the premature infant. Nurs Res. 1975;24:324-34. , 8Solkoff N, Matuszak D. Tactile stimulation and behavioral devel- opment among low-birth weight infants. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 1975;6:33-7. , 1010 Field TM, Schanberg SM, Scafidi F, Bauer CR, Vega-Lahr N, Garcia R, et al. Tactile/kinesthetic stimulation effects on preterm neonates. Pediatrics. 1986;77:654-8. , 1414 Mathai S, Fernandez A, Mondkar J, Kanbur W. Effects of tactile- kinesthetic stimulation in preterms: a controlled trial. Indian Pediatr. 2001;38:1091-8. , 1919 Lee HK. The effect of infant massage on weight gain, physio- logical and behavioral responses in premature infants. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi. 2005;35:1451-60. , 2020 Ferreira AM, Bergamasco NH. Behavioral analysis of preterm neonates included in a tactile and kinesthetic stimulation pro- gram during hospitalization. Rev Bras Fisioter. 2010;14:141-8. , 2121 Scafidi FA, Field TM, Schanberg SM, Bauer CR, Vega Lahr N, Garcia R, et al. Effects of tactile/kinesthetic stimulation on the clinical course and sleep/wake behavior of preterm neonates. Infant Behav Dev. 1986;9:91-105. , 2222 Field T, Scafidi F, Schanberg S. Massage of preterm new- borns to improve growth and development. Paediatric Nursing. 1987;13:385-7. , 2323 Scafidi F, Field T, Schanberg S, Bauer C, Tucci K, Roberts J, et al. Massage stimulates growth in preterm infants: a replication. Infant Behav Dev. 1990;13:167-88. , 2424 Field T, Schanberg S. Massage alters growth and catecholamine production in preterm newborns. In: Field T, Brazelton TB, edit- ors. Advances in Touch. Skillman, NJ: Johnson & Johnson; 1990. p. 96-104. , 2525 Wheeden A, Scafidi FA, Field T, Ironson G, Valdeon C, Bandstra E. Massage effects on cocaine-exposed preterm neonates. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1993;14:318-22. , 2626 Scafidi FA, Field T, Schanberg SM. Factors that predict which preterm infants benefit most from massage therapy. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1993;14:176-80. , 2727 Dieter JN, Field T, Hernandez-Reif M, Emory EK, Redzepi M. Stable preterm infants gain more weight and sleep less after five days of massage therapy. J Pediatr Psychol. 2003;28:403-11. , 3636 Procianoy RS, Mendes EW, Silveira RC. Massage therapy improves neurodevelopment outcome at two years corrected age for very low birth weight infants. Early Hum Dev. 2010;86:7-11. and 3939 Benavides-González H, Rivera-Rueda MA, Ibarra-Reyes MP, Flores-Tamez ME, Fragoso-Ramirez A, Morán-Martínez N, et al. Effects of early multimodal stimulation on preterm newborn infants. Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex. 1989;46:789-95. insulina sérica e níveis de IGF-13030 Field T, Diego M, Hernandez-Reif M, Dieter JN, Kumar AM, Schanberg S, et al. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 increased in preterm neonates following massage therapy. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2008;29:463-6. and 3737 Moyer-Mileur LJ, Haley S, Slater H, Beachy J, Smith SL. Massage improves growth quality by decreasing body fat deposition in male preterm infants. J Pediatr. 2013;162:490-5. e uso de óleo.3333 Arora J, Kumar A, Ramji S. Effect of oil massage on growth and neurobehavior in very low birth weight preterm neonates. Indian Pediatr. 2005;42:1092-100. , 4040 Vaivre-Douret L, Oriot D, Blossier P, Py A, Kasolter-Péré M, Zwang J. The effect of multimodal stimulation and cuta- neous application of vegetable oils on neonatal development in preterm infants: a randomized controlled trial. Child Care Health Dev. 2009;35:96-105. and 4141 Sankaranarayanan K, Mondkar JA, Chauhan MM, Mascarenhas BM, Mainkar AR, Salvi RY. Oil massage in neonates: an open ran- domized controlled study of coconut versus mineral oil. Indian Pediatr. 2005;42:877-84. Os resultados encontrados por Diego et al. 2828 Diego MA, Field T, Hernandez-Reif M. Vagal activity, gastric motility, and weight gain in massaged preterm neonates. J Pedi- atr. 2005;147:50-5. e Field et al. 4242 Field T, Diego MA, Hernandez-Reif M, Deeds O, Figuereido B. Moderate versus light pressure massage therapy leads to greater weight gain in preterm infants. Infant Behav Dev. 2006;29:574-8. sobres os efeitos da pressão leve e moderada mostraram que pressão moderada forneceu maior estimulação vagal. Diego et al. 2929 Diego MA, Field T, Hernandez-Reif M, Deeds O, Ascencio A, Begert G. Preterm infant massage elicits consistent increases in vagal activity and gastric motility that are associated with greater weight gain. Acta Paediatr. 2007;96:1588-91. também constataram maior motilidade gástrica entre os PIs que foram estimulados com pressão moderada e sugeriram que a maior atividade gástrica pode explicar seu ganho de peso mais rápido. Field et al. 4242 Field T, Diego MA, Hernandez-Reif M, Deeds O, Figuereido B. Moderate versus light pressure massage therapy leads to greater weight gain in preterm infants. Infant Behav Dev. 2006;29:574-8. acrescentaram que o grupo de PIs estimulados com pressão moderada estava mais relaxado, caracterizado por suas frequências cardíacas mais baixas e pela avaliação de seu status de vigília e sono, e comportados, conforme recomendado na Escala de Thomas de 1975. 2121 Scafidi FA, Field TM, Schanberg SM, Bauer CR, Vega Lahr N, Garcia R, et al. Effects of tactile/kinesthetic stimulation on the clinical course and sleep/wake behavior of preterm neonates. Infant Behav Dev. 1986;9:91-105. Eles então sugeriram que o estado mais relaxado do PI resultou em menor gasto calórico, que resultaria, então, em ganho de peso mais rápido. Esse fato foi confirmado por Lahat et al. 4343 Lahat S, Mimouni FB, Ashbel G, Dollberg S. Energy expenditure in growing preterm infants receiving massage therapy. J Am Coll Nutr. 2007;26:356-9. ao usarem calorimetria indireta para mostrar que um grupo de PIs submetidos à estimulação apresentaram menor gasto calórico.

Com relação à ingestão de energia, alguns estudos mostraram que neonatos estimulados apresentam maior ganho de peso diário.1010 Field TM, Schanberg SM, Scafidi F, Bauer CR, Vega-Lahr N, Garcia R, et al. Tactile/kinesthetic stimulation effects on preterm neonates. Pediatrics. 1986;77:654-8. , 1717 Gonzalez AP, Vasquez-Mendoza G, García-Vela A, Guzmán-Ramirez A, Salazar-Torres M, Romero-Gutierrez G. Weight gain in preterm infants following parent-administered Vimala massage: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Perinatol. 2009;26:247-52. , 2222 Field T, Scafidi F, Schanberg S. Massage of preterm new- borns to improve growth and development. Paediatric Nursing. 1987;13:385-7. , 2323 Scafidi F, Field T, Schanberg S, Bauer C, Tucci K, Roberts J, et al. Massage stimulates growth in preterm infants: a replication. Infant Behav Dev. 1990;13:167-88. , 2525 Wheeden A, Scafidi FA, Field T, Ironson G, Valdeon C, Bandstra E. Massage effects on cocaine-exposed preterm neonates. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1993;14:318-22. , 2626 Scafidi FA, Field T, Schanberg SM. Factors that predict which preterm infants benefit most from massage therapy. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1993;14:176-80. , 2727 Dieter JN, Field T, Hernandez-Reif M, Emory EK, Redzepi M. Stable preterm infants gain more weight and sleep less after five days of massage therapy. J Pediatr Psychol. 2003;28:403-11. , 2828 Diego MA, Field T, Hernandez-Reif M. Vagal activity, gastric motility, and weight gain in massaged preterm neonates. J Pedi- atr. 2005;147:50-5. , 3131 Massaro AN, Hammad TA, Jazzo B, Aly H. Massage with kines- thetic stimulation improves weight gain in preterm infants. J Perinatol. 2009;29:352-7. , 3232 Ang JY, Lua JL, Mathur A, Thomas R, Asmar BI, Savasan S, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of massage ther- apy on the immune system of preterm infants. Pediatrics. 2012;130:e1549-58. and 3939 Benavides-González H, Rivera-Rueda MA, Ibarra-Reyes MP, Flores-Tamez ME, Fragoso-Ramirez A, Morán-Martínez N, et al. Effects of early multimodal stimulation on preterm newborn infants. Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex. 1989;46:789-95. Outros estudos registraram a frequência de evacuação e constataram que aumentou significativamente, juntamente com um aumento da ingestão de fórmula nos dias 6-10.9Rausch PB. Effects of tactile and kinesthetic stimulation on premature infants. JOGN Nurs. 1981;10:34-7.Rausch9Rausch PB. Effects of tactile and kinesthetic stimulation on premature infants. JOGN Nurs. 1981;10:34-7. sugeriu que o aumento da evacuação foi consequência da maior ingestão de fórmula. Por outro lado, Scafidi et al. 2323 Scafidi F, Field T, Schanberg S, Bauer C, Tucci K, Roberts J, et al. Massage stimulates growth in preterm infants: a replication. Infant Behav Dev. 1990;13:167-88. constataram que a frequência de evacuação diminuiu, mesmo quando houve aumento no ganho de peso diário. White e Labarba 3White JL, Labarba RC. The effects of tactile and kinesthetic stimulation on neonatal development in the premature infant. Dev Psychobiol. 1976;9:569-77. relataram que a quantidade de fórmula ingerida por amamentação aumentou, ao passo que a quantidade de amamentações diárias diminuiu, o que o autor atribuiu à rotina no berçário: PIs que não ingeriram toda a mamadeira foram alimentados com maior frequência. Outros estudos que relataram ganho de peso mais rápido não encontraram diferenças significativas na ingestão de energia.

Juntamente com ganho de peso, outras variáveis, algumas mencionadas, foram analisadas após feitura de ETC em prematuros. Todos os parâmetros a seguir foram analisados por estudos clínicos em PIs que receberam ET/MT em associação ou não com EC durante sua internação na UTIN, ganho de peso;3White JL, Labarba RC. The effects of tactile and kinesthetic stimulation on neonatal development in the premature infant. Dev Psychobiol. 1976;9:569-77. , 6Solkoff N, Weintraub D, Yaffe S, Blasé B. Effects of handling on the subsequent development of premature infants. Dev Psychol. 1969;1:765-9. , 7Kramer M, Chamorro I, Green D, Knudtson F. Extra tactile stim- ulation of the premature infant. Nurs Res. 1975;24:324-34. , 8Solkoff N, Matuszak D. Tactile stimulation and behavioral devel- opment among low-birth weight infants. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 1975;6:33-7. , 9Rausch PB. Effects of tactile and kinesthetic stimulation on premature infants. JOGN Nurs. 1981;10:34-7. , 1010 Field TM, Schanberg SM, Scafidi F, Bauer CR, Vega-Lahr N, Garcia R, et al. Tactile/kinesthetic stimulation effects on preterm neonates. Pediatrics. 1986;77:654-8. , 1414 Mathai S, Fernandez A, Mondkar J, Kanbur W. Effects of tactile- kinesthetic stimulation in preterms: a controlled trial. Indian Pediatr. 2001;38:1091-8. , 1515 Ferber SG, Kuint J, Weller A, Feldman R, Dollberg S, Arbel E, et al. Massage therapy by mothers and trained profession- als enhances weight gain in preterm infants. Early Hum Dev. 2002;67:37-45. , 1616 Mendes EW, Procianoy RS. Massage therapy reduces hospital stay and occurrence of late-onset sepsis in very preterm neonates. J Perinatol. 2008;28:815-20. , 1717 Gonzalez AP, Vasquez-Mendoza G, García-Vela A, Guzmán-Ramirez A, Salazar-Torres M, Romero-Gutierrez G. Weight gain in preterm infants following parent-administered Vimala massage: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Perinatol. 2009;26:247-52. , 1818 Fucile S, Gisel EG. Sensorimotor interventions improve growth and motor function in preterm infants. Neonatal Netw. 2010;29:359-66. , 1919 Lee HK. The effect of infant massage on weight gain, physio- logical and behavioral responses in premature infants. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi. 2005;35:1451-60. , 2020 Ferreira AM, Bergamasco NH. Behavioral analysis of preterm neonates included in a tactile and kinesthetic stimulation pro- gram during hospitalization. Rev Bras Fisioter. 2010;14:141-8. , 2121 Scafidi FA, Field TM, Schanberg SM, Bauer CR, Vega Lahr N, Garcia R, et al. Effects of tactile/kinesthetic stimulation on the clinical course and sleep/wake behavior of preterm neonates. Infant Behav Dev. 1986;9:91-105. , 2222 Field T, Scafidi F, Schanberg S. Massage of preterm new- borns to improve growth and development. Paediatric Nursing. 1987;13:385-7. , 2323 Scafidi F, Field T, Schanberg S, Bauer C, Tucci K, Roberts J, et al. Massage stimulates growth in preterm infants: a replication. Infant Behav Dev. 1990;13:167-88. , 2424 Field T, Schanberg S. Massage alters growth and catecholamine production in preterm newborns. In: Field T, Brazelton TB, edit- ors. Advances in Touch. Skillman, NJ: Johnson & Johnson; 1990. p. 96-104. , 2525 Wheeden A, Scafidi FA, Field T, Ironson G, Valdeon C, Bandstra E. Massage effects on cocaine-exposed preterm neonates. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1993;14:318-22. , 2626 Scafidi FA, Field T, Schanberg SM. Factors that predict which preterm infants benefit most from massage therapy. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1993;14:176-80. , 2727 Dieter JN, Field T, Hernandez-Reif M, Emory EK, Redzepi M. Stable preterm infants gain more weight and sleep less after five days of massage therapy. J Pediatr Psychol. 2003;28:403-11. , 2828 Diego MA, Field T, Hernandez-Reif M. Vagal activity, gastric motility, and weight gain in massaged preterm neonates. J Pedi- atr. 2005;147:50-5. , 2929 Diego MA, Field T, Hernandez-Reif M, Deeds O, Ascencio A, Begert G. Preterm infant massage elicits consistent increases in vagal activity and gastric motility that are associated with greater weight gain. Acta Paediatr. 2007;96:1588-91. , 3030 Field T, Diego M, Hernandez-Reif M, Dieter JN, Kumar AM, Schanberg S, et al. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 increased in preterm neonates following massage therapy. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2008;29:463-6. , 3131 Massaro AN, Hammad TA, Jazzo B, Aly H. Massage with kines- thetic stimulation improves weight gain in preterm infants. J Perinatol. 2009;29:352-7. , 3232 Ang JY, Lua JL, Mathur A, Thomas R, Asmar BI, Savasan S, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of massage ther- apy on the immune system of preterm infants. Pediatrics. 2012;130:e1549-58. , 3333 Arora J, Kumar A, Ramji S. Effect of oil massage on growth and neurobehavior in very low birth weight preterm neonates. Indian Pediatr. 2005;42:1092-100. , 3434 Kumar J, Upadhyay A, Dwivedi AK, Gothwal S, Jaiswal V, Aggarwal S. Effect of oil massage on growth in preterm neonates less than 1800 g: a randomized control trial. Indian J Pediatr. 2013;80:465-9. , 3535 Abdallah B, Badr LK, Hawwari M. The efficacy of massage on short and long term outcomes in preterm infants. Infant Behav Dev. 2013;36:662-9. , 3636 Procianoy RS, Mendes EW, Silveira RC. Massage therapy improves neurodevelopment outcome at two years corrected age for very low birth weight infants. Early Hum Dev. 2010;86:7-11. , 3737 Moyer-Mileur LJ, Haley S, Slater H, Beachy J, Smith SL. Massage improves growth quality by decreasing body fat deposition in male preterm infants. J Pediatr. 2013;162:490-5. and 3939 Benavides-González H, Rivera-Rueda MA, Ibarra-Reyes MP, Flores-Tamez ME, Fragoso-Ramirez A, Morán-Martínez N, et al. Effects of early multimodal stimulation on preterm newborn infants. Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex. 1989;46:789-95. tempo de internação;1010 Field TM, Schanberg SM, Scafidi F, Bauer CR, Vega-Lahr N, Garcia R, et al. Tactile/kinesthetic stimulation effects on preterm neonates. Pediatrics. 1986;77:654-8. , 1616 Mendes EW, Procianoy RS. Massage therapy reduces hospital stay and occurrence of late-onset sepsis in very preterm neonates. J Perinatol. 2008;28:815-20. , 1717 Gonzalez AP, Vasquez-Mendoza G, García-Vela A, Guzmán-Ramirez A, Salazar-Torres M, Romero-Gutierrez G. Weight gain in preterm infants following parent-administered Vimala massage: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Perinatol. 2009;26:247-52. , 2020 Ferreira AM, Bergamasco NH. Behavioral analysis of preterm neonates included in a tactile and kinesthetic stimulation pro- gram during hospitalization. Rev Bras Fisioter. 2010;14:141-8. , 2121 Scafidi FA, Field TM, Schanberg SM, Bauer CR, Vega Lahr N, Garcia R, et al. Effects of tactile/kinesthetic stimulation on the clinical course and sleep/wake behavior of preterm neonates. Infant Behav Dev. 1986;9:91-105. , 2323 Scafidi F, Field T, Schanberg S, Bauer C, Tucci K, Roberts J, et al. Massage stimulates growth in preterm infants: a replication. Infant Behav Dev. 1990;13:167-88. , 2424 Field T, Schanberg S. Massage alters growth and catecholamine production in preterm newborns. In: Field T, Brazelton TB, edit- ors. Advances in Touch. Skillman, NJ: Johnson & Johnson; 1990. p. 96-104. , 2828 Diego MA, Field T, Hernandez-Reif M. Vagal activity, gastric motility, and weight gain in massaged preterm neonates. J Pedi- atr. 2005;147:50-5. , 3131 Massaro AN, Hammad TA, Jazzo B, Aly H. Massage with kines- thetic stimulation improves weight gain in preterm infants. J Perinatol. 2009;29:352-7. , 3232 Ang JY, Lua JL, Mathur A, Thomas R, Asmar BI, Savasan S, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of massage ther- apy on the immune system of preterm infants. Pediatrics. 2012;130:e1549-58. , 3535 Abdallah B, Badr LK, Hawwari M. The efficacy of massage on short and long term outcomes in preterm infants. Infant Behav Dev. 2013;36:662-9. , 3737 Moyer-Mileur LJ, Haley S, Slater H, Beachy J, Smith SL. Massage improves growth quality by decreasing body fat deposition in male preterm infants. J Pediatr. 2013;162:490-5. and 3939 Benavides-González H, Rivera-Rueda MA, Ibarra-Reyes MP, Flores-Tamez ME, Fragoso-Ramirez A, Morán-Martínez N, et al. Effects of early multimodal stimulation on preterm newborn infants. Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex. 1989;46:789-95. respostas comportamentais;6Solkoff N, Weintraub D, Yaffe S, Blasé B. Effects of handling on the subsequent development of premature infants. Dev Psychol. 1969;1:765-9. , 7Kramer M, Chamorro I, Green D, Knudtson F. Extra tactile stim- ulation of the premature infant. Nurs Res. 1975;24:324-34. , 8Solkoff N, Matuszak D. Tactile stimulation and behavioral devel- opment among low-birth weight infants. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 1975;6:33-7. , 1010 Field TM, Schanberg SM, Scafidi F, Bauer CR, Vega-Lahr N, Garcia R, et al. Tactile/kinesthetic stimulation effects on preterm neonates. Pediatrics. 1986;77:654-8. , 1414 Mathai S, Fernandez A, Mondkar J, Kanbur W. Effects of tactile- kinesthetic stimulation in preterms: a controlled trial. Indian Pediatr. 2001;38:1091-8. , 1919 Lee HK. The effect of infant massage on weight gain, physio- logical and behavioral responses in premature infants. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi. 2005;35:1451-60. , 2020 Ferreira AM, Bergamasco NH. Behavioral analysis of preterm neonates included in a tactile and kinesthetic stimulation pro- gram during hospitalization. Rev Bras Fisioter. 2010;14:141-8. , 2121 Scafidi FA, Field TM, Schanberg SM, Bauer CR, Vega Lahr N, Garcia R, et al. Effects of tactile/kinesthetic stimulation on the clinical course and sleep/wake behavior of preterm neonates. Infant Behav Dev. 1986;9:91-105. , 2222 Field T, Scafidi F, Schanberg S. Massage of preterm new- borns to improve growth and development. Paediatric Nursing. 1987;13:385-7. , 2323 Scafidi F, Field T, Schanberg S, Bauer C, Tucci K, Roberts J, et al. Massage stimulates growth in preterm infants: a replication. Infant Behav Dev. 1990;13:167-88. , 2525 Wheeden A, Scafidi FA, Field T, Ironson G, Valdeon C, Bandstra E. Massage effects on cocaine-exposed preterm neonates. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1993;14:318-22. , 2626 Scafidi FA, Field T, Schanberg SM. Factors that predict which preterm infants benefit most from massage therapy. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1993;14:176-80. , 3636 Procianoy RS, Mendes EW, Silveira RC. Massage therapy improves neurodevelopment outcome at two years corrected age for very low birth weight infants. Early Hum Dev. 2010;86:7-11. and 3939 Benavides-González H, Rivera-Rueda MA, Ibarra-Reyes MP, Flores-Tamez ME, Fragoso-Ramirez A, Morán-Martínez N, et al. Effects of early multimodal stimulation on preterm newborn infants. Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex. 1989;46:789-95. estágio sono/vigília;1010 Field TM, Schanberg SM, Scafidi F, Bauer CR, Vega-Lahr N, Garcia R, et al. Tactile/kinesthetic stimulation effects on preterm neonates. Pediatrics. 1986;77:654-8. , 2121 Scafidi FA, Field TM, Schanberg SM, Bauer CR, Vega Lahr N, Garcia R, et al. Effects of tactile/kinesthetic stimulation on the clinical course and sleep/wake behavior of preterm neonates. Infant Behav Dev. 1986;9:91-105. , 2323 Scafidi F, Field T, Schanberg S, Bauer C, Tucci K, Roberts J, et al. Massage stimulates growth in preterm infants: a replication. Infant Behav Dev. 1990;13:167-88. , 2424 Field T, Schanberg S. Massage alters growth and catecholamine production in preterm newborns. In: Field T, Brazelton TB, edit- ors. Advances in Touch. Skillman, NJ: Johnson & Johnson; 1990. p. 96-104. , 2626 Scafidi FA, Field T, Schanberg SM. Factors that predict which preterm infants benefit most from massage therapy. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1993;14:176-80. and 2727 Dieter JN, Field T, Hernandez-Reif M, Emory EK, Redzepi M. Stable preterm infants gain more weight and sleep less after five days of massage therapy. J Pediatr Psychol. 2003;28:403-11. comportamento de estresse;1111 Hernandez-Reif M, Diego M, Field T. Preterm infants show reduced stress behaviors and activity after 5 days of massage therapy. Infant Behav Dev. 2007;30:557-61. gasto calórico;4343 Lahat S, Mimouni FB, Ashbel G, Dollberg S. Energy expenditure in growing preterm infants receiving massage therapy. J Am Coll Nutr. 2007;26:356-9. temperatura corporal;3White JL, Labarba RC. The effects of tactile and kinesthetic stimulation on neonatal development in the premature infant. Dev Psychobiol. 1976;9:569-77. , 6Solkoff N, Weintraub D, Yaffe S, Blasé B. Effects of handling on the subsequent development of premature infants. Dev Psychol. 1969;1:765-9. , 2121 Scafidi FA, Field TM, Schanberg SM, Bauer CR, Vega Lahr N, Garcia R, et al. Effects of tactile/kinesthetic stimulation on the clinical course and sleep/wake behavior of preterm neonates. Infant Behav Dev. 1986;9:91-105. , 2323 Scafidi F, Field T, Schanberg S, Bauer C, Tucci K, Roberts J, et al. Massage stimulates growth in preterm infants: a replication. Infant Behav Dev. 1990;13:167-88. , 2424 Field T, Schanberg S. Massage alters growth and catecholamine production in preterm newborns. In: Field T, Brazelton TB, edit- ors. Advances in Touch. Skillman, NJ: Johnson & Johnson; 1990. p. 96-104. , 2525 Wheeden A, Scafidi FA, Field T, Ironson G, Valdeon C, Bandstra E. Massage effects on cocaine-exposed preterm neonates. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1993;14:318-22. , 2626 Scafidi FA, Field T, Schanberg SM. Factors that predict which preterm infants benefit most from massage therapy. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1993;14:176-80. and 4444 Diego MA, Field T, Hernandez-Reif M. Temperature increases in preterm infants during massage therapy. Infant Behav Dev. 2008;31:149-52. variações na pressão de estimulação;4242 Field T, Diego MA, Hernandez-Reif M, Deeds O, Figuereido B. Moderate versus light pressure massage therapy leads to greater weight gain in preterm infants. Infant Behav Dev. 2006;29:574-8. uso ou não de óleo;3333 Arora J, Kumar A, Ramji S. Effect of oil massage on growth and neurobehavior in very low birth weight preterm neonates. Indian Pediatr. 2005;42:1092-100. , 4040 Vaivre-Douret L, Oriot D, Blossier P, Py A, Kasolter-Péré M, Zwang J. The effect of multimodal stimulation and cuta- neous application of vegetable oils on neonatal development in preterm infants: a randomized controlled trial. Child Care Health Dev. 2009;35:96-105. and 4141 Sankaranarayanan K, Mondkar JA, Chauhan MM, Mascarenhas BM, Mainkar AR, Salvi RY. Oil massage in neonates: an open ran- domized controlled study of coconut versus mineral oil. Indian Pediatr. 2005;42:877-84. velocidade de maturação do cérebro;3838 Livingston K, Beider S, Kant AJ, Gallardo CC, Joseph MH, Gold JI. Touch and massage for medically fragile infants. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2009;6:473-82. atividade vagal e mobilidade gástrica;2828 Diego MA, Field T, Hernandez-Reif M. Vagal activity, gastric motility, and weight gain in massaged preterm neonates. J Pedi- atr. 2005;147:50-5. and 2929 Diego MA, Field T, Hernandez-Reif M, Deeds O, Ascencio A, Begert G. Preterm infant massage elicits consistent increases in vagal activity and gastric motility that are associated with greater weight gain. Acta Paediatr. 2007;96:1588-91. insulina sérica e fator de crescimento nível I;3030 Field T, Diego M, Hernandez-Reif M, Dieter JN, Kumar AM, Schanberg S, et al. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 increased in preterm neonates following massage therapy. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2008;29:463-6. and 3737 Moyer-Mileur LJ, Haley S, Slater H, Beachy J, Smith SL. Massage improves growth quality by decreasing body fat deposition in male preterm infants. J Pediatr. 2013;162:490-5. sepses de início tardio;1616 Mendes EW, Procianoy RS. Massage therapy reduces hospital stay and occurrence of late-onset sepsis in very preterm neonates. J Perinatol. 2008;28:815-20. deposição de gordura corporal;3737 Moyer-Mileur LJ, Haley S, Slater H, Beachy J, Smith SL. Massage improves growth quality by decreasing body fat deposition in male preterm infants. J Pediatr. 2013;162:490-5. efeito sobre o sistema imunológico;3232 Ang JY, Lua JL, Mathur A, Thomas R, Asmar BI, Savasan S, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of massage ther- apy on the immune system of preterm infants. Pediatrics. 2012;130:e1549-58. formação óssea.4545 Aly H, Moustafa MF, Hassanein SM, Massaro AN, Amer HA, Patel K. Physical activity combined with massage improves bone mineralization in premature infants: a randomized trial. J Peri- natol. 2004;24:305-9. Os estudos apresentaram objetivos muito semelhantes, ou seja, identificar os efeitos da ETC sobre esses parâmetros e as possíveis causas de seus benefícios.

Alguns estudos que usam apenas EC obtiveram resultados não apenas em maior ganho de peso, mas também na mineralização óssea.4646 Moyer-Mileur LJ, Brunstetter V, McNaught TP, Gill G, Chan GM. Daily physical activity program increases bone mineralization and growth in preterm very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics. 2000;106:1088-92. , 4747 Vignochi CM, Miura E, Canani LH. Effects of motor physical ther- apy on bone mineralization in premature infants: a randomized controlled study. J Perinatol. 2008;28:624-31. and 4848 Vignochi CM, Silveira RC, Miura E, Canani LH, Procianoy RS. Physical therapy reduces bone resorption and increases bone formation in preterm infants. Am J Perinatol. 2012;29:573-8. No que diz respeito à ETC com ou sem EC para ganho de peso ósseo analisado aqui, eles constataram que não existe um nível ideal de estimulação4747 Vignochi CM, Miura E, Canani LH. Effects of motor physical ther- apy on bone mineralization in premature infants: a randomized controlled study. J Perinatol. 2008;28:624-31. ou duração ideal, frequência e tipo de exercício para desenvolvimento ósseo.4949 Litmanovitz I, Dolfin T, Arnon S, Regev RH, Nemet D, Eliakim A. Assisted exercise and bone strength in preterm infants. Calcif Tissue Int. 2007;80:39-43. Avaliação adicional dessa intervenção (EC) foi sugerida para indicar esse efeito.5050 Schulzke SM, Trachsel D, Patole SK. Physical activity programs for promoting bone mineralization and growth in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007; (2). CD005387. Um estudo mais recente demonstrou uma melhor significativa na formação óssea e redução da reabsorção óssea e usou uma abordagem metodológica mais adequada.4848 Vignochi CM, Silveira RC, Miura E, Canani LH, Procianoy RS. Physical therapy reduces bone resorption and increases bone formation in preterm infants. Am J Perinatol. 2012;29:573-8.

Poucos estudos descreveram as situações adversas que podem ocorrer durante o procedimento e os parâmetros que devem incentivar o terapeuta a interromper a sessão.1414 Mathai S, Fernandez A, Mondkar J, Kanbur W. Effects of tactile- kinesthetic stimulation in preterms: a controlled trial. Indian Pediatr. 2001;38:1091-8. , 1818 Fucile S, Gisel EG. Sensorimotor interventions improve growth and motor function in preterm infants. Neonatal Netw. 2010;29:359-66. , 1919 Lee HK. The effect of infant massage on weight gain, physio- logical and behavioral responses in premature infants. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi. 2005;35:1451-60. , 2626 Scafidi FA, Field T, Schanberg SM. Factors that predict which preterm infants benefit most from massage therapy. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1993;14:176-80. and 3333 Arora J, Kumar A, Ramji S. Effect of oil massage on growth and neurobehavior in very low birth weight preterm neonates. Indian Pediatr. 2005;42:1092-100. Alguns sinais durante a feitura da ETC, como estresse ou choro ininterrupto por mais de 60 segundos;2626 Scafidi FA, Field T, Schanberg SM. Factors that predict which preterm infants benefit most from massage therapy. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1993;14:176-80. evacuação, micção;1414 Mathai S, Fernandez A, Mondkar J, Kanbur W. Effects of tactile- kinesthetic stimulation in preterms: a controlled trial. Indian Pediatr. 2001;38:1091-8.aumento da frequência cardíaca1919 Lee HK. The effect of infant massage on weight gain, physio- logical and behavioral responses in premature infants. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi. 2005;35:1451-60. and 2727 Dieter JN, Field T, Hernandez-Reif M, Emory EK, Redzepi M. Stable preterm infants gain more weight and sleep less after five days of massage therapy. J Pediatr Psychol. 2003;28:403-11. ou frequência cardíaca < 100 por 12 segundo e dessaturação por mais de 30 segundos1919 Lee HK. The effect of infant massage on weight gain, physio- logical and behavioral responses in premature infants. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi. 2005;35:1451-60. foram algumas das causas que levaram os terapeutas a interromper o procedimento ou o estudo. Alguns terapeutas consideraram alguns sinais nas 24 horas anteriores à intervenção para suspender o procedimento, como agitação, vômito, aumento da demanda por oxigênio, episódios frequentes de apneia, bradicardia, dessaturação ou intervenções feitas nos 30 minutos anteriores à ETC, como testes de visão e audição.1818 Fucile S, Gisel EG. Sensorimotor interventions improve growth and motor function in preterm infants. Neonatal Netw. 2010;29:359-66. Arora et al. 3333 Arora J, Kumar A, Ramji S. Effect of oil massage on growth and neurobehavior in very low birth weight preterm neonates. Indian Pediatr. 2005;42:1092-100. separaram as situações adversas em interrupção temporária e problemas insignificantes que não afetaram sua amamentação nem exigiram interrupção no ensaio.

Apesar das informações acima, a maioria dos estudos não menciona os eventos adversos e/ou não descrevem um procedimento para tratar os eventos adversos durante a intervenção. Os estudos que relataram a ocorrência de eventos que exigem a interrupção do procedimento não indicam como o procedimento foi retomado. Por exemplo, se foi retomado do início da rotina de massagem ou se foi continuado de onde parou; além disso, eles não indicam se o procedimento deve ser retomado no mesmo dia ou no próximo dia ou se essas interrupções podem afetar o ganho de peso. Os ensaios clínicos estudados por esta análise contribuíram de forma relevante para o escopo da ET. Contudo, acrescentar os dados detalhados destacados por esta análise, como eventos adversos, melhoraria a metodologia e a confiabilidade de estudos futuros.

Limitações

Esta análise sistemática foi feita com duas bases de dados, além da verificação dos artigos bibliográficos que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. Contudo, não podemos descartar a possibilidade de não termos incluído um artigo relevante para o assunto que poderia ter sido encontrado em outras bases de dados.

Conclusão

A avaliação da metodologia dos estudos analisados aqui mostrou que não existe um padrão para feitura da técnica de ET ou de procedimentos recomendados em caso de eventos adversos. O efeito dessas intercorrências que podem ocorrer durante o procedimento de ETC poderá influenciar os resultados.

Em geral, algum tipo de benefício associado à ETC, como ganho de peso mais rápido, melhor tempo de internação e melhor comportamento, dentre outros, foi relatado por todos os estudos que usaram ET ou ETC em PIs. Os berçários têm vários fatores estressores e a ETC tem se mostrado útil nesse contexto. Portanto, a ETC deve ser considerada uma possível terapia a ser associada ao tratamento médico padrão. Mesmo ganhos discretos na população podem resultar em benefícios de longo prazo. Estudos futuros podem aumentar o nível de rigor metodológico e descrever os eventos adversos que podem ocorrer durante o procedimento. Isso poderá possibilitar que outros pesquisadores fiquem mais cientes do que esperar e uma técnica padrão de ETC poderá ser estabelecida.

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    Litmanovitz I, Dolfin T, Arnon S, Regev RH, Nemet D, Eliakim A. Assisted exercise and bone strength in preterm infants. Calcif Tissue Int. 2007;80:39-43.
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    Schulzke SM, Trachsel D, Patole SK. Physical activity programs for promoting bone mineralization and growth in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007; (2). CD005387.
  • Como citar este artigo: Pepino VC, Mezzacappa MA. Application of tactile/kinesthetic stimulation in preterm infants: a systematic review. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2015;91:213-33.
  • ☆☆
    Estudo conduzido no Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, SP, Brasil.

Disponibilidade de dados

Citações de dados

United States National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. [cited 17 Jul 2014]. Available from: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    May-Jun 2015

Histórico

  • Recebido
    19 Set 2014
  • Aceito
    06 Out 2014
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