Mental Health and Psychological Assessment During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Systematic Review

Scortegagna, Silvana Alba; Lima, Eduardo dos Santos; Marchi, Ana Carolina Bertoletti De; Portella, Marilene Rodrigues

doi:10.1590/0102.3772e38425.en

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Brasil

Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa

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Brasil

Español English

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Clinical Psychology and Culture • Psic.: Teor. e Pesq. 38 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0102.3772e38425.en copy

Mental Health and Psychological Assessment During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Systematic Review

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

This study aimed to identify the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of adult populations and verify the assessment resources employed. From a systematic review according to PRISMA recommendations, 1,158 articles were identified in the databases Pubmed, PsycINFO, PePSIC and Scielo, of which 54 met the eligibility criteria for analysis. The populations surveyed included adults in general, health professionals and elderly adults; symptoms of anxiety and depression were the most reported; there was expressive diversity in the assessment resources applied on-line. Prevention policies, promotion of mental health for the most vulnerable populations, as well as the development of evaluation tests with evidence of validity for on-line application, are a pressing reality.

Keywords:
Psychic states; Adults; Psychological assessment; Health professionals; Aged

Population	Participants	Authors	Country of origin
General Adult Population (n=19)	151 to 7,236 people (ages from 18 to 90 years old)	(Becerra-García et al., 2020*Becerra-García, J. A., Giménez Ballesta, G., Sánchez-Gutiérrez, T., Barbeito Resa, S., & Calvo Calvo, A. (2020). Síntomas psicopatológicos durante la cuarentena por Covid-19 en población general española: un análisis preliminar en función de variables sociodemográficas y ambientales-ocupacionales [Psychopathological symptoms during the quarantine by Covid-19 in general Spanish population: a preliminary analysis on the function of sociodemographic and environmental-occupational variables]. Revista Espanola de Salud Publica, 94(9), 1-11. https://www.mscbs.gob.es/biblioPublic/publicaciones/recursos_propios/resp/revista_cdrom/VOL94/O_BREVES/RS94C_202006059.pdf https://www.mscbs.gob.es/biblioPublic/pu... )	China (n=8)
		(Choi, Hui, & Wan, 2020*Choi, E. P. H., Hui, B. P. H., & Wan, E. Y. F. (2020). Depression and anxiety in Hong Kong during covid-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103740 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103740... )	India (n=3)
		(Gao et al., 2020*Gao, J., Zheng, P., Jia, Y., Chen, H., Mao, Y., Chen, S., Wang, Y., Fu, H., & Dai, J. (2020). Mental health problems and social media exposure during COVID-19 outbreak. PLOS ONE, 15(4), e0231924. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231924 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.023... )	Spain (n=3)
		(Huang & Zhao, 2020*Huang, Y., & Zhao, N. (2020). Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Research, 288, 112954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.... )	UK (n=1)
		(Lei et al., 2020*Lei, L., Huang, X., Zhang, S., Yang, J., Yang, L., & Xu, M. (2020). Comparison of Prevalence and Associated Factors of Anxiety and Depression among People Affected by versus People Unaffected by Quarantine during the COVID-19 Epidemic in Southwestern China. Medical Science Monitor, 26, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.924609 https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.924609... )	Turkey (n=1)
		(Lin et al., 2020*Lin, Y., Hu, Z., Alias, H., & Wong, L. P. (2020). Knowledge, Attitudes, Impact, and Anxiety Regarding COVID-19 Infection Among the Public in China. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 236. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00236 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00236... )	Jordan (n=1)
		(Mazza et al., 2020*Mazza, C., Ricci, E., Biondi, S., Colasanti, M., Ferracuti, S., Napoli, C., & Roma, P. (2020). A nationwide survey of psychological distress among italian people during the covid-19 pandemic: Immediate psychological responses and associated factors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(9), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093165 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093165... )	Australia (n=1)
		(Naser et al., 2020*Naser, A. Y., Dahmash, E. Z., Al‐Rousan, R., Alwafi, H., Alrawashdeh, H. M., Ghoul, I., Abidine, A., Bokhary, M. A., AL‐Hadithi, H. T., Ali, D., Abuthawabeh, R., Abdelwahab, G. M., Alhartani, Y. J., Al Muhaisen, H., Dagash, A., & Alyami, H. S. (2020). Mental health status of the general population, healthcare professionals, and university students during 2019 coronavirus disease outbreak in Jordan: A cross‐sectional study. Brain and Behavior, 10(8), e01730. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1730 https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1730... )	Italy (n=1)
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		(Verma & Mishra, 2020*Verma, S., & Mishra, A. (2020). Depression, anxiety, and stress and socio-demographic correlates among general Indian public during COVID-19. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(8), 756-762. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020934508 https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020934508... )
		( H. Wang et al., 2020*Wang, H., Xia, Q., Xiong, Z., Li, Z., Xiang, W., Yuan, Y., Liu, Y., & Li, Z. (2020). The psychological distress and coping styles in the early stages of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic in the general mainland Chinese population: A web-based survey. PLoS ONE, 15(5). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233410 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.023... )
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		(Zheng et al., 2020*Zheng, L., Miao, M., Lim, J., Li, M., Nie, S., & Zhang, X. (2020). Is lockdown bad for social anxiety in COVID-19 regions?: A national study in the SOR perspective. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(12), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124561 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124561... )
		(Roy et al., 2020*Roy, D., Tripathy, S., Kar, S. K., Sharma, N., Verma, S. K., & Kaushal, V. (2020). Study of knowledge, attitude, anxiety & perceived mental healthcare need in Indian population during COVID-19 pandemic. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 102083. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102083 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.10208... )
>Healthcare Professionals (n=28)	1 to 14,866 people (ages from 18 to 60 years old)	(Anmella et al., 2020*Anmella, G., Fico, G., Roca, A., Gómez-Ramiro, M., Vázquez, M., Murru, A., Pacchiarotti, I., Verdolini, N., & Vieta, E. (2020). Unravelling potential severe psychiatric repercussions on healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 crisis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 273(1), 422-424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.061 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.06... )	China (n=19)
		( C. Zhang et al., 2020*Zhang, C., Yang, L., Liu, S., Ma, S., Wang, Y., Cai, Z., Du, H., Li, R., Kang, L., Su, M., Zhang, J., Liu, Z., & Zhang, B. (2020). Survey of Insomnia and Related Social Psychological Factors Among Medical Staff Involved in the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease Outbreak. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11(April), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00306 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00306... )	India (n=2)
		(Liu et al., 2020*Liu, C.-Y., Yang, Y., Zhang, X.-M., Xu, X., Dou, Q.-L., Zhang, W.-W., & Cheng, A. S. K. (2020). The prevalence and influencing factors in anxiety in medical workers fighting COVID-19 in China: a cross-sectional survey. Epidemiology and Infection, 148, e98. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268820001107 https://doi.org/10.1017/S095026882000110... )	Germany (n=1)
		(Cai et al., 2020*Cai, W., Lian, B., Song, X., Hou, T., Deng, G., & Li, H. (2020). A cross-sectional study on mental health among health care workers during the outbreak of Corona Virus Disease 2019. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51(April), 102111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102111 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.10211... )	Italy (n=1)
		(Civantos et al., 2020Civantos, A. M., Byrnes, Y., Chang, C., Prasad, A., Chorath, K., Poonia, S. K., Jenks, C. M., Bur, A. M., Thakkar, P., Graboyes, E. M., Seth, R., Trosman, S., Wong, A., Laitman, B. M., Harris, B. N., Shah, J., Stubbs, V., Choby, G., Long, Q., … Rajasekaran, K. (2020). Mental health among otolaryngology resident and attending physicians during the COVID-19 pandemic: National study. Head and Neck, 212(May), 1597-1609. https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.26292 https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.26292... )	Jordan (n=1)
		( D. Sun et al., 2020*Sun, D., Yang, D., Li, Y., Zhou, J., Wang, W., Wang, Q., Lin, N., Cao, A., Wang, H., & Zhang, Q. (2020). Psychological impact of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak in health workers in China. Epidemiology and Infection, 148, e96. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268820001090 https://doi.org/10.1017/S095026882000109... )	Spain (n=1)
		(Dong et al., 2020*Dong, Z.-Q., Ma, J., Hao, Y.-N., Shen, X.-L., Liu, F., Gao, Y., & Zhang, L. (2020). The social psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on medical staff in China: A cross-sectional study. European Psychiatry, 63(1), e65. https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.59 https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.59... )	Pakistan (n=1)
		(Fawaz & Samaha, 2020*Fawaz, M., & Samaha, A. (2020). The psychosocial effects of being quarantined following exposure to COVID-19: A qualitative study of Lebanese health care workers. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(6), 560-565. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020932202 https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020932202... )	Lebanon (n=1)
		(Kang et al., 2020*Kang, L., Ma, S., Chen, M., Yang, J., Wang, Y., Li, R., Yao, L., Bai, H., Cai, Z., Xiang Yang, B., Hu, S., Zhang, K., Wang, G., Ma, C., & Liu, Z. (2020). Impact on mental health and perceptions of psychological care among medical and nursing staff in Wuhan during the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak: A cross-sectional study. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87(March), 11-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.028 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.02... )	United States (n=1)
		(Khanna et al., 2020*Khanna, R. C., Honavar, S. G., Metla, A. L., Bhattacharya, A., & Maulik, P. K. (2020). Psychological impact of COVID-19 on ophthalmologists-in-training and practising ophthalmologists in India. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology, 68(6), 994-998. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijo.IJO https://doi.org/10.4103/ijo.IJO... )
		(Lai et al., 2020*Lai, J., Ma, S., Wang, Y., Cai, Z., Hu, J., Wei, N., Wu, J., Du, H., Chen, T., Li, R., Tan, H., Kang, L., Yao, L., Huang, M., Wang, H., Wang, G., Liu, Z., & Hu, S. (2020). Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019. JAMA Network Open, 3(3), e203976. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976 https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.... )
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		(Mo et al., 2020*Mo, Y., Deng, L., Zhang, L., Lang, Q., Liao, C., Wang, N., Qin, M., & Huang, H. (2020). Work stress among Chinese nurses to support Wuhan in fighting against COVID-19 epidemic. Journal of Nursing Management, 28(5), 1002-1009. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13014 https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13014... )
		( N. Sun et al., 2020*Sun, N., Wei, L., Shi, S., Jiao, D., Song, R., Ma, L., Wang, H., Wang, C., Wang, Z., You, Y., Liu, S., & Wang, H. (2020). A qualitative study on the psychological experience of caregivers of COVID-19 patients. American Journal of Infection Control, 48(6), 592-598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2020.03.018 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2020.03.0... )
		(Naser et al., 2020*Naser, A. Y., Dahmash, E. Z., Al‐Rousan, R., Alwafi, H., Alrawashdeh, H. M., Ghoul, I., Abidine, A., Bokhary, M. A., AL‐Hadithi, H. T., Ali, D., Abuthawabeh, R., Abdelwahab, G. M., Alhartani, Y. J., Al Muhaisen, H., Dagash, A., & Alyami, H. S. (2020). Mental health status of the general population, healthcare professionals, and university students during 2019 coronavirus disease outbreak in Jordan: A cross‐sectional study. Brain and Behavior, 10(8), e01730. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1730 https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1730... )
		(Podder et al., 2020*Podder, I., Agarwal, K., & Datta, S. (2020). Comparative analysis of perceived stress in dermatologists and other physicians during home‐quarantine and COVID ‐19 pandemic with exploration of possible risk factors‐ A web‐based cross‐sectional study from Eastern India. Dermatologic Therapy, 33(4), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.13788 https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.13788... )
		(Que et al., 2020*Que, J., Shi, L., Deng, J., Liu, J., Zhang, L., Wu, S., Gong, Y., Huang, W., Yuan, K., Yan, W., Sun, Y., Ran, M., Bao, Y., & Lu, L. (2020). Psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers: a cross-sectional study in China. General Psychiatry, 33(3), e100259. https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2020-100259 https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2020-1002... )
		(Rossi et al., 2020*Rossi, R., Socci, V., Pacitti, F., Di Lorenzo, G., Di Marco, A., Siracusano, A., & Rossi, A. (2020). Mental Health Outcomes Among Frontline and Second-Line Health Care Workers During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic in Italy. JAMA Network Open, 3(5), e2010185. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.10185 https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.... )
		(Sethi et al., 2020*Sethi, B. A., Sethi, A., Ali, S., & Aamir, H. S. (2020). Impact of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic on health professionals. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 36(COVID19-S4). https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.COVID19-S4.2779 https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.COVID19... )
		(Song et al., 2020*Song, X., Fu, W., Liu, X., Luo, Z., Wang, R., Zhou, N., Yan, S., & Lv, C. (2020). Mental health status of medical staff in emergency departments during the Coronavirus disease 2019 epidemic in China. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 88(June), 60-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.06.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.06.00... )
		(Tu et al., 2020*Tu, Z., He, J., & Zhou, N. (2020). Sleep quality and mood symptoms in conscripted frontline nurse in Wuhan, China during COVID-19 outbreak. Medicine, 99(26), e20769. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000020769 https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000020... )
		( W. Zhang et al., 2020*Zhang, W., Wang, K., Yin, L., Zhao, W., Xue, Q., Peng, M., Min, B., Tian, Q., Leng, H., Du, J., Chang, H., Yang, Y., Li, W., Shangguan, F., Yan, T., Dong, H., Han, Y., Wang, Y., Cosci, F., & Wang, H. (2020). Mental Health and Psychosocial Problems of Medical Health Workers during the COVID-19 Epidemic in China. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 89(4), 242-250. https://doi.org/10.1159/000507639 https://doi.org/10.1159/000507639... )
		(S. Wang et al., 2020*Wang, S., Xie, L., Xu, Y., Yu, S., Yao, B., & Xiang, D. (2020). Sleep disturbances among medical workers during the outbreak of COVID-2019. Occupational Medicine, 70(5), 2-7. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqaa074 https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqaa074... )
		(W. Wu et al., 2020*Wu, W., Zhang, Y., Wang, P., Zhang, L., Wang, G., Lei, G., Xiao, Q., Cao, X., Bian, Y., Xie, S., Huang, F., Luo, N., Zhang, J., & Luo, M. (2020). Psychological stress of medical staffs during outbreak of COVID‐19 and adjustment strategy. Journal of Medical Virology, 92(10), 1962-1970. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25914 https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25914... )
		(Xing et al., 2020*Xing, J., Sun, N., Xu, J., Geng, S., & Li, Y. (2020). Study of the mental health status of medical personnel dealing with new coronavirus pneumonia. PLoS ONE, 15(5), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233145 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.023... )
		(Yin et al., 2020*Yin, Q., Sun, Z., Liu, T., Ni, X., Deng, X., Jia, Y., Shang, Z., Zhou, Y., & Liu, W. (2020). Posttraumatic stress symptoms of health care workers during the corona virus disease 2019. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 27(3), 384-395. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2477 https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2477... )
		(Zerbini et al., 2020*Zerbini, G., Ebigbo, A., Reicherts, P., Kunz, M., & Messman, H. (2020). Psychosocial burden of healthcare professionals in times of covid-19 - a survey conducted at the university hospital augsburg. German Medical Science, 18, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3205/000281 https://doi.org/10.3205/000281... )
		(Zhuo et al., 2020*Zhuo, K., Gao, C., Wang, X., Zhang, C., & Wang, Z. (2020). Stress and sleep: a survey based on wearable sleep trackers among medical and nursing staff in Wuhan during the COVID-19 pandemic. General Psychiatry, 33(3), e100260. https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2020-100260 https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2020-1002... )
Older Adults (n=7)	1 to 1,501 people (ages from 60 to 88 years old)	(Goethals et al., 2020*Goethals, L., Barth, N., Guyot, J., Hupin, D., Celarier, T., & Bongue, B. (2020). Impact of home quarantine on physical activity among older adults living at home during the COVID-19 pandemic: Qualitative interview study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(5), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.2196/19007 https://doi.org/10.2196/19007... )	Spain (n=1)
		(Goodman-Casanova et al., 2020*Goodman-Casanova, J. M., Dura-Perez, E., Guzman-Parra, J., Cuesta-Vargas, A., & Mayoral-Cleries, F. (2020). Telehealth home support during COVID-19 confinement for community-dwelling older adults with mild cognitive impairment or mild dementia: Survey study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(5), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.2196/19434 https://doi.org/10.2196/19434... )	United States (n=1)
		(Iaboni et al., 2020*Iaboni, A., Cockburn, A., Marcil, M., Rodrigues, K., Marshall, C., Garcia, M. A., Quirt, H., Reynolds, K. B., Keren, R., & Flint, A. J. (2020). Achieving Safe, Effective, and Compassionate Quarantine or Isolation of Older Adults With Dementia in Nursing Homes. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 28(8), 835-838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2020.04.025 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2020.04.0... )	France (n=1)
		(Kivi et al., 2020*Kivi, M., Hansson, I., & Bjälkebring, P. (2020). Up and About: Older Adults’ Well-being During the COVID-19 Pandemic in a Swedish Longitudinal Study. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, XX, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa084 https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa084... )	Canada (n=1)
		(Losada-Baltar et al., 2020*Losada-Baltar, A., Márquez-González, M., Jiménez-Gonzalo, L., Pedroso-Chaparro I, Del Sequeros, M., Gallego-Alberto, L., & Fernandes-Pires, J. (2020). Differences in anxiety, sadness, loneliness and comorbid anxiety and sadness as a function of age and self-perceptions of aging during the lock-out period due to COVID-19. Revista Espanola de Geriatria y Gerontologia, 55(5), 272-278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regg.2020.05.005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regg.2020.05.0... )	Sweden (n=1)
		(Naarding et al., 2020*Naarding, P., Oude Voshaar, R. C., & Marijnissen, R. M. (2020). COVID-19: Clinical Challenges in Dutch Geriatric Psychiatry. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 28(8), 839-843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2020.05.019 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2020.05.0... )	Spain (n=1)
		(Van Orden et al., 2020*Van Orden, K. A., Bower, E., Lutz, J., Silva, C., Gallegos, A. M., Podgorski, C. A., Santos, E. J., & Conwell, Y. (2020). Strategies to Promote Social Connections Among Older Adults During “Social Distancing” Restrictions. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2020.05.004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2020.05.0... )	Netherlands (n=1)

Population	Instruments/Tests Used	Self-reported symptoms or behaviors
General Adult Population (n=19)	Semi-structured Questionnaire (on-line; n=5);	Anxiety (n=14);
	Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (on-line; n=3);	Depressive symptoms (n=11);
	Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item Scale (on-line; n=3);	Stress (n=5);
	Impact of Event Scale-Revised (on-line; n=2);	Compulsive shopping (n=1).
	Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (on-line; n=2);
	Beck Anxiety Inventory (on-line; n=1);
	Beck Depression Inventory (on-line; n=1);
	Warwick-Edinburg Mental Well-being Scale (on-line; n=1);
	Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (on-line; n=1);
	Health Anxiety Inventory (on-line; n=1);
	National Internet Survey on Emotional and Mental Health (on-line; n=1);
	Social Anxiety Scale (on-line; n=1);
	Zung's Self-rating Depression Scale (on-line; n=1);
	Goldberg Health Questionnaire-12 (on-line; n=1);
	WHO (Five) Well-being Index (on-line; n=1);
	State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (on-line; n=1);
	Other versions of the Patient Health Questionnaire (on-line; n=1);
	Other versions of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (on-line; n=1);
	PTSD Checklist - Civilian Version (on-line; n=1);
	Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy - Spiritual Well-Being 12 items (on-line; n=1);
	Self-Compassion Scale (on-line; n=1).
Healthcare Professionals (n=28)	Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item Scale (on-line; n=8);	Anxiety (n=13);
	Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (on-line; n=8);	Depressive symptoms (n=11);
	Insomnia Severity Index (on-line; n=7);	Sleep problems (n=8);
	Inventory or semi-structured questionnaire developed by the researchers (on-line; n=7);	Stress (n=5);
	Impact of Event Scale (on-line; n=5);	Fear (n=4);
	Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (on-line; n=3);	Exhaustion (n=4);
	Symptom Checklist-90 (on-line; n=3);	Posttraumatic Stress (n=3);
	Other versions of the Patient Health Questionnaire (on-line; n=3).	Somatization (n=2);
	Case Study (presential, n=1)	Obsessive-Compulsive Behavior (n=2);
		Psychoticism (n=2);
		Distress (n=2);
		Burnout (n=1).
Older Adults (n=7)	Philadelphia Moral Scale (online; n=1);	Loneliness (n=3);
	Semi-structured interview (online; n=3);	Anxiety (n=1);
	Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (online; n=1);	Sadness (n=1);
	Case study (presential; n=2).	Sedentarism (n=1);
		Isolation Resistance (n=1).

Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de Brasília Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de Brasília, 70910-900 - Brasília - DF - Brazil, Tel./Fax: (061) 274-6455 - Brasília - DF - Brazil
E-mail: revistaptp@gmail.com

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