Feeding style of adolescent mothers and complementary feeding practice of their infants

COSTA, Karla Adriana Oliveira da; ANTUNES, Margarida Maria de Castro; CABRAL, Poliana Coelho; SILVA, Giselia Alves Pontes da

doi:10.1590/1678-98652018000100005

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ORIGINAL ARTICLES • Rev Nutr 31 (1) • Jan-Feb 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-98652018000100005 copy

Feeding style of adolescent mothers and complementary feeding practice of their infants

Estilo alimentar adotado por mães adolescentes e práticas da alimentação complementar dos seus filhos lactentes

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Objective

To evaluate feeding styles of adolescent mothers and complementary feeding practices of their infants.

Methods

A cross-sectional study comparing a group of dyads of 50 adolescent mothers (ages 15 to 19) with 62 adult mothers (ages 24 to 44) and their infants (9 to 24 months) was performed. All mothers and infants were assisted by three basic health family units in the city of Recife, Brazil. Data were collected through a structured interview on socioeconomic conditions, maternal styles of feeding the child, and evaluation of infant feeding practices. The food styles were classified as responsive, authoritative, and passive, according to the adapted form of Carvalhaes, Perosa and Silveira of 2009. The frequency of food intake was calculated for six food groups (1. Bread and cereals; 2. Fruits and vegetables; 3. Meat, eggs, and beans; 4. Milk and dairy products; 5. Sugars, sweets, and fats; 6. Industrialized food). Children’s anthropometry and body mass index by age were classified into Z-score according to the World Health Organization Standard Curves, 2006.

Results

Adolescent mothers began complementary feeding more frequently before the seventh month (.=0,02), presented less responsive (.=0.04) and more authoritarian feeding styles (.=0.01), and their children received more foods with sugars, oils, and fats (.=0.02), and less meat, eggs, and beans (.=0.06) than the children of adult mothers.

Conclusion

Adolescent mothers adopt less responsive eating styles and offer more inadequate complementary feeding for their infants.

Keywords
Adolescent; Child care; Maternal behavior; Supplementary feeding

Characteristics			Adult mothers (n=62)		Total (n=112)		p
Characteristics	n	%	n	%	n	%	p
Number of Children
1	32	64.0	23	37.0	55	49.0	*<0.01^1 * Chi square; Statistically significant;**
≥2	18	36.0	39	63.0	57	51.0
Cohabitation with the companion							0.33^* * Chi square; Statistically significant;
No	8	16.0	13	21.0	21	19.0
Yes	42	84.0	49	79.0	91	81.0
Contribution to the family income
Does not work	41	82.0	51	82.0	92	82.0	0.56^ Fishers Exact Test;
Works and has financial aid	5	10.0	4	6.4	9	8.0
Is the sole financial provider	4	8.0	7	11.0	11	9.8
Maternal schooling
Basic education or less	11	22.0	14	23.0	25	22.0	0.88^* * Chi square; Statistically significant;
Secondary schooling or higher	39	78.0	48	77.0	87	78.0
Maternal Literacy
Reads with difficulty	11	22.0	9	15.0	20	18.0	0.27^* * Chi square; Statistically significant;
Reads with ease	39	78.0	53	86.0	92	82.0
Economic Situation ^* ***** Poverty levels proposed by Alvarez etal. [19].							0.38^ Fishers Exact Test;
Bottom lower	4	8.0	3	4.8	7	6.3	0.38^ Fishers Exact Test;
Upper lower	46	92.0	59	95.0	10	94.0
Support in child care
Yes	47	94.0	51	82.0	98	88.0	0.06^ Fishers Exact Test;
No	3	6.0	11	18.0	14	13.0

Variables	Teenage Mothers (n=50)		Adult mothers (n=62)		Total		p
Variables	n	%	n	%	n	%	p
BMI Classified according to Z-score ^ Body Mass Index in accordance with the Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS, World Health Organization) standard curves [18].
Thinness	3	6.0	3	4.8	6	5.36
Eutrophy	41	82.0	45	73.0	86	76.80	0.65
Excess weight	6	12.0	14	23.0	20	17.90
Guidance on breastfeeding
No	10	20.0	9	15.0	19	17.00
Doctor	3	6.0	7	11.0	10	8.90	0.70
Nurse	36	72.0	45	73.0	81	72.30
Health Agent	1	2.0	1	1.6	2	1.80
Guidance on the introduction of food
No	8	16.0	13	21.0	21	18.80
Doctor	5	10.0	7	11.0	12	10.60	0.32
Nurse	35	70.0	40	65.0	75	67.00
Other	2	4.0	2	3.2	4	3.60
Introduction of non-dairy foods (months)
≤5	30	63.0	47	76.0	77	70.00
6	14	29.0	6	9.7	20	18.20	0.02^* * Chi-square test; Statistically significant
7-11v	4	8.3	9	15.0	13	11.80
Provision of Infant formula
No	10	20.0	16	26.0	26	23.30	0.47
Yes	40	80.0	46	74.0	86	76.80
Exclusive breastfeeding until the sixth month
No	27	54.0	32	52.0	59	52.70	0.47
Yes	23	46.0	30	48.0	53	47.30

Scores of styles	Adolescent mothers		Adult mothers		p ^* * Mann-Whitney Test.
Responsive	46	43; 53	50	44; 57	0.04
Authoritative	12	10; 17	11	7; 13	0.01
Passive	7	5; 10	7	5; 9	0.57

Scores of Styles	Adolescent mothers			Adult mothers
Scores of Styles	Children 9-18 months (n=40)	Children 19-24 months (n=22)	p ^* * Mann-Whitney Test;	Children 9-18 months (n=33)	Children 19-24 months (n=17)	p ^* * Mann-Whitney Test;
Responsive	52.9 (47.0; 56.5)	62.3 (53.0; 65.4)	0.003^ Statistically significant.	59.4 (51.8; 67.1)	58.82 (52.9; 65.9)	0.81^ Statistically significant.
Authoritative	34.3 (28.6; 51.4)	31.4 (31.4; 45.7)	0.610	31.4 (22.8; 31.4)	31.40 (20.0; 48.6)	0.91^ Statistically significant.
Passive	46.7 (40.0; 53.3)	53.3 (40.0; 73.3)	0.190	46.6 (33.3; 50.0)	56.60 (40.0; 66.6)	0.04^ Statistically significant.

Food Group	Adolescent Mothers (n=50)	Adult mothers (n=62)	p ^* * Mann-Whitney Test;
	Median (Q1; Q3^ Q1; Q3; first and third quartiles; )	Median (Q1; Q3^ Q1; Q3; first and third quartiles; )
	Range	Range
Breads and cereals	30 (3.93; 30)	30 (3.93; 30)	0.51
Breads and cereals	0 - 30	0 - 30	0.51
Fruits and vegetables	0.9 (0; 3.93)	0.9 (0; 3.93)	0.49^* ***** Statistically significant.
Fruits and vegetables	0 - 30	0 - 30	0.49^* ***** Statistically significant.
Meat, offal, eggs, and beans	30 (16.9; 30)	30 (16.9; 30)	0.05^* ***** Statistically significant.
Meat, offal, eggs, and beans	0.45 - 30	2 - 30	0.05^* ***** Statistically significant.
Milk and dairy products	16.9 (16.9; 30)	16.9 (15.1; 30)	0.12^* ***** Statistically significant.
Milk and dairy products	2 - 30	0 - 30	0.12^* ***** Statistically significant.
Sugars, fats, and sweets	3.9 (1.8; 17)	3.0 (0.9; 15.1)	0.02^* ***** Statistically significant.
Sugars, fats, and sweets	0 - 30	0 - 30	0.02^* ***** Statistically significant.
Industrialized food	3.9 (1.8; 15.4)	15 (1.8; 17)	0.22^* ***** Statistically significant.
Industrialized food	0 - 30	0 - 30	0.22^* ***** Statistically significant.

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[1] Note:

[TFN01] ^*
Chi square; Statistically significant;

[TFN02] ^**
Fishers Exact Test;

[TFN03] ^***
Poverty levels proposed by Alvarez etal. [¹⁹19 Alvarez ML, Wurgaft F, Salazr ME. Mediciones del nivel socioeconómico bajo urbano en familias con lactante desnutrido. Arch Latinoam Nutr. 1982;32(3):650-62.].