Consumption of free sugars and dietary sources in the diet of university students according to socioeconomic and lifestyle factors

Cunha, Paula Costa; Rodrigues, Paulo Rogério Melo; Moreira, Naiara Ferraz; Gorgulho, Bartira Mendes; Ferreira, Márcia Gonçalves; Muraro, Ana Paula

doi:10.1590/1678-9865202336e210153

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ORIGINAL | Epidemiology and Statistics • Rev Nutr 36 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9865202336e210153 copy

Consumption of free sugars and dietary sources in the diet of university students according to socioeconomic and lifestyle factors

Consumo de açúcar livre e fontes dietéticas na dieta de estudantes universitários segundo fatores socioeconômicos e de estilo de vida

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Objective

To evaluate the consumption of free sugars and associated factors in the diet of university students entering full-time courses at a public university in Mato Grosso.

Methods

Cross-sectional study with students aged 16 to 26 years in the first semester of 2016, 2017, and 2018. Average sugar consumption was estimated using a 24-hour diet recall, evaluating the percentage of free sugars in total energy intake and the prevalence of consumption greater than 10.0% of total energy intake, according to socioeconomic and lifestyle variables, stratified by sex, and the foods that most contributed to its consumption.

Results

A total of 1,063 students were evaluated, the percentage of free sugars in the students’ diet was on average 14.3% among men and 15.4% among women, with the prevalence of consumption above 10.0% also being higher among women (72.6 vs. 66.6%). There was a direct relationship between the participation of free sugars in the highest tertiles of energy intake, and the main food groups sources of sugar were desserts, juices, soft drinks, and coffee. There was a significant association between courses outside the health sciences, tobacco use, and unsatisfactory meal consumption profile with higher consumption of free sugars among women. Among men, sugar consumption was higher among those who were not overweight compared to those who were overweight.

Conclusion

The consumption of free sugars is high among university students, being associated with higher energy consumption, especially for sweetened beverages.

Keywords
Eating; Sugars; Students; Universities

Characteristics		General		Male (n=527)				Female (n=536)
		General		Proportion of total energy intake / day		Above recommended^* * Above 10% of the total daily energy intake.			Proportion of total energy intake / day			Above recommended^* * Above 10% of the total daily energy intake.
		n	%	Mdn	IQ	n	%	Mdn		IQ		n	%
Total				14.3	(8.1;20.8)	351	66.6		15.4	(9.1;22.3)		389	72.7
Age range
	16 to 19 years	841	79.1	14.7	(8.3;20.9)	282	68.1		15.7	(9.4;22.5)		389	73.1
	20 to 25 years	222	20.9	13.4	(6.7;20.3)	69	61.1		14.5	(8.1;21.5)		77	70.6
	p-value^a a p-value associated with the Mann Whitney or Kruskal Wallis test for median and Chi-square for proportions;	-		0.25		0.16			0.41		0.61
Social-Economic class^b b According to the Brazilian Association of Research Companies [31]; .^d d Variable with missing data- Race/color: 4; Social-Economic Class: 24; Who you live with: 1 student. Mdn: Median.
	A	171	16.1	13.8	(7.5;20.7)	60	61.9		13.0	(9.0;20.6)		50	67.6
	B	505	47.5	14.6	(7.8;21.4)	164	67.2		16.0	(10.0;22.8)		197	75.5
	C, D and E	363	34.1	14.3	(9.0;20.4)	120	68.2		15.5	(8.1;22.5)		133	71.1
	p-value^a a p-value associated with the Mann Whitney or Kruskal Wallis test for median and Chi-square for proportions;	-		0.85		0.54			0.12		0.33
Who do you live with^d d Variable with missing data- Race/color: 4; Social-Economic Class: 24; Who you live with: 1 student. Mdn: Median.
	Alone	122	11.5	16.1	(8.1;20.4)	49	69.0		13.6	(8.7;22.2)		36	70.6
	Parents or relatives	780	73.4	14.0	(7.8;20.8)	242	64.4		15.5	(9.1;21.8)		291	72.0
	Fraternity or others	160	15.1	14.6	(10.2;21.2)	60	75.9		17.3	(9.9;24.7)		62	76.5
	p-value^a a p-value associated with the Mann Whitney or Kruskal Wallis test for median and Chi-square for proportions;	-		0.29		0.13			0.26		0.67
Area of study^c b According to the Brazilian Association of Research Companies [31];
	Health Sciences	226	21.3	15.2	(7.8;20.0)	48	69.6		13.6	(8.6;20.3)		103	65.6
	Others	837	78.7	14.3	(8.3;21.0)	303	66.2		16.1	(9.8;23.3)		286	75.5
	p-value^a a p-value associated with the Mann Whitney or Kruskal Wallis test for median and Chi-square for proportions;	-		0.72		0.58			<0.01		0.02

Characteristics		General			Male (n=527)				Female (n=536)
		General			Proportion of total energy intake / day		Above recommended^* * Above 10% of the total daily energy intake.		Proportion of total energy intake / day		Above recommended^* * Above 10% of the total daily energy intake.
		n	%		Mdn	IQ	n	%	Mdn	IQ	n	%
Physical Activity^b b IPAQ: International Physical Activity Questionnaire, sufficient physical activity level was considered to be at least 150 minutes per week of moderate or vigorous physical activity [33]; ,^d c Consumption at least once in the last 30 days;
	Sufficient	753	70.8		14.6	(8.0; 21.0)	257	66.1	15.4	(8.9;21.8)	262	72.0
	Insufficient	306	28.8		13.7	(8.4;20.6)	92	67.6	15.7	(9.7;24.2)	126	74.1
	p-value^a a p-value associated with the Mann Whitney or Kruskal Wallis test for median and Chi-square for proportions;			0.92			0.73		0.50		0.60
Sedentary behaviors^d d Variable with missing data-Physical activity and sedentary behaviors: 1; smoking: 15 students. Mdn: Median.
	≤4 hour / day	789	25.7		14.1	(8.1;20.7)	261	66.2	15.8	(9.1;22.0)	289	73.2
	>4 hour / day	273	74.2		14.9	(8.3;21.5)	90	67.7	14.9	(9.2;22.9)	100	71.4
	p-value^a a p-value associated with the Mann Whitney or Kruskal Wallis test for median and Chi-square for proportions;			0.45			0.76		0.68		0.69
Smoking^e
	No	934	87.9		14.3	(8.0;20.8)	303	66.9	14.7	(8.7;22.2)	341	70.9
	Yes	129	12.1		14.1	(8.2;20.8)	48	64.9	18.8	(13.1;24.2)	48	87.3
	p-value^a a p-value associated with the Mann Whitney or Kruskal Wallis test for median and Chi-square for proportions;				0.88				0.73	0.01		0.01
Consumption of alcoholic beverages^c c Consumption at least once in the last 30 days;
	No	464	43.7		14.8	(8.0;21.2)	144	67.0	14.4	(8.8;22.9)	176	70.7
	Yes	599	56.3		14.0	(8.2;20.4)	207	66.3	16.0	(9.7;21.8)	213	74.2
	p-value^a a p-value associated with the Mann Whitney or Kruskal Wallis test for median and Chi-square for proportions;				0.88		0.88		0.52		0.36
Pattern of meal consumption
	Satisfactory	217	20.4		13.1	(7.7;19.6)	76	60.8	12.5	(8.2;19.0)	59	64.1
	Unsatisfactory	846	79.6		14.7	(8.4;21.4)	275	68.4	16.1	(9.8;23.2)	330	74.3
	p-value^a a p-value associated with the Mann Whitney or Kruskal Wallis test for median and Chi-square for proportions;				0.06		0.11		<0.01		0.04
Hours of Sleep
	≥8 hours	785	73.8		13.7	(7.9;20.8)	261	65.4	14.6	(8.7;21.9)	274	71.0
	<8 hours	276	26.0		15.4	(8.8;20.9)	90	70.3	17.6	(10.3;23.7)	114	77.0
	p-value^a a p-value associated with the Mann Whitney or Kruskal Wallis test for median and Chi-square for proportions;				0.34		0.31		0.12		0.16
Weight condition
	Without excess weight	825	77.6		14.7	(8.7;21.1)	78	60.9	15.1	(9.1;21.9)	350	66.5
	Overweight	236	22.2		13.3	(6.4;19.7)	350	66.5	16.1	(8.8;24.2)	309	72.4
	p-value^a a p-value associated with the Mann Whitney or Kruskal Wallis test for median and Chi-square for proportions;				0.03		0.12		0.29		0.87

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[1] Correspondence to: AP MURARO. E-mail: muraroap@gmail.com.