Randomized comparative study of diamond-like carbon coated stainless steel stent versus uncoated stent implantation in patients with coronary artery disease

Abstracts

OBJECTIVE: To compare restenosis and major cardiac event rates at one and six months after DLC-coated stent implantation with those of uncoated stents. METHODS: Randomized, prospective, comparative study of 180 patients with coronary insufficiency undergoing DLC coated stent (Phytis™) or uncoated stent (Penta™) implantation, from January, 2003 to July, 2004. Inclusion criteria were: de novo lesion with >50% diameter stenosis in a coronary artery with reference diameter > 2,5 mm and < 4 mm, and length < 20 mm. Exclusion criteria were: left main coronary artery and bifurcation lesions, chronic total occlusion, and in-stent restenosis. RESULTS: Clinical and angiographic baseline characteristics of the groups were similar. Procedural success was achieved in 98.9% of the patients in both groups. One cardiac death occurred in each group during hospitalization. Reference diameter and acute gain were greater in the Penta™ group (3.21±0.37 mm vs. 3.34±0.8 mm, p=0.02 and 2.3±0.5 vs. 2.49±0.5, p=0.009, respectively). Angiographic follow-up at six months showed similar rates of restenosis (24.3% vs. 21.8%, p=0.84) and of major cardiac events (16.8% vs. 17.5%, p=1). CONCLUSION: DLC coated stents did not provide better outcomes in relation to uncoated stents.

Coronary disease; coronary restenosis; angioplasty transluminal percutaneous coronary

OBJETIVO: Comparar as taxas de reestenose e de eventos cardíacos maiores em um e seis meses pós-implante de stents recobertos com CSD com os não-recobertos. MÉTODOS: Estudo comparativo, prospectivo, randomizado, de 180 pacientes com diagnóstico de insuficiência coronária, submetidos a implante de stent recoberto com CSD (Phytis®) ou stent não-recobertos (Penta®), no período de janeiro de 2003 a julho de 2004. Foram critérios de inclusão: lesão de novo com porcentual de estenose em diâmetro > 50% em artéria coronária com diâmetro de referência > 2,5 mm e < 4 mm e extensão < 20 mm; e de exclusão: lesões localizadas no TCE, bifurcações, oclusões crônicas e reestenose intra-stent. RESULTADOS: As características basais dos grupos foram clinica e angiograficamentemente semelhantes. O sucesso do procedimento foi obtido em 98,9% dos pacientes nos dois grupos. Ocorreu uma morte cardíaca na fase hospitalar em cada grupo. O diâmetro de referência e o ganho agudo foram maiores no grupo Penta® (3,21±0,37 mm vs 3,34±0,8 mm, p=0,02 e 2,3±0,5 vs 2,49±0,5, p=0,009, respectivamente). O seguimento angiográfico aos seis meses mostrou taxas semelhantes de reestenose (24,3% vs 21,8%, p=0,84) e de eventos cardíacos maiores (16,8% vs 17,5%, p=1). CONCLUSÃO: Os stents recobertos com CSD não apresentaram resultados superiores em relação aos stents não-recobertos.

Coronariopatia; reestenose coronária; angioplastia transluminal percutânea coronária

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Randomized comparative study of diamond-like carbon coated stainless steel stent versus uncoated stent implantation in patients with coronary artery disease

George César Ximenes Meireles; Luciano Mauricio de Abreu; Antonio Artur da Cruz Forte; Marcos Kiyoshi Sumita; Jorge Hideki Sumita; Jose Del Carmen Solano Aliaga

Hospital Stella Maris – São Paulo, SP - Brazil

^{Mailing address}

SUMMARY

OBJECTIVE: To compare restenosis and major cardiac event rates at one and six months after DLC-coated stent implantation with those of uncoated stents.

MÉTHODS: Randomized, prospective, comparative study of 180 patients with coronary insufficiency undergoing DLC coated stent (Phytis™) or uncoated stent (Penta™) implantation, from January, 2003 to July, 2004. Inclusion criteria were: de novo lesion with >50% diameter stenosis in a coronary artery with reference diameter > 2,5 mm and < 4 mm, and length < 20 mm. Exclusion criteria were: left main coronary artery and bifurcation lesions, chronic total occlusion, and in-stent restenosis.

RESULTS: Clinical and angiographic baseline characteristics of the groups were similar. Procedural success was achieved in 98.9% of the patients in both groups. One cardiac death occurred in each group during hospitalization. Reference diameter and acute gain were greater in the Penta™ group (3.21±0.37 mm vs. 3.34±0.8 mm, p=0.02 and 2.3±0.5 vs. 2.49±0.5, p=0.009, respectively). Angiographic follow-up at six months showed similar rates of restenosis (24.3% vs. 21.8%, p=0.84) and of major cardiac events (16.8% vs. 17.5%, p=1).

CONCLUSION: DLC coated stents did not provide better outcomes in relation to uncoated stents.

Key words: Coronary disease, coronary restenosis, angioplasty transluminal percutaneous coronary.

Introduction

The efficacy and safety of drug-eluting stents has been confirmed by several studies published in prestigious medical journals^1-6, and these stents are used in more than 80% of the percutaneous procedures in the United States of America, but the utilization rate is much lower in some countries in Europe and Latin America (<30%) due to the high cost of the procedure⁷. Most of the standard and drug-eluting stents are made of stainless steel. Therefore, new information on stainless steel stents is of great importance.

Stainless steel stents may release heavy metal ions such as nickel, chromium, and molybdenum, and these ions may cause allergic and hypersensitivity reactions resulting in a stimulus for proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells, and, consequently, in restenosis. Stent surface coating with hemocompatible and biocompatible material may reduce thrombogenicity by reducing platelet adhesion and activation, and inflammatory response by reducing the release of cytotoxic metal ions^8-14.

Stent coating may be divided into two categories: biocompatible materials and drug-eluting coatings (ex.: sirolimus and paclitaxel). Biocompatible materials include inert coatings such as carbon, gold and silicon carbide¹⁵.

Diamond-like carbon is essentially diamond with a small percentage of hydrogen (4%). Because of the carbon-carbon bond resistance, diamond is, along with boron nitride, the hardest substance known, and if used in stent coating it would result in inflexible endoprostheses. The introduction of hydrogen into the carbon structure of diamond adds the benefits of diamond (resistance) to the coating flexibility provided by the presence of hydrocarbon bonds within the carbon atom clusters. Some of the properties of diamond-like carbon are: low friction coefficient, hydrophilic surface, inertness, flexibility, and hemocompatibility and biocompatibility^10-12.

The objective of this study was to determine whether diamond-like carbon coated stainless steel stents may reduce restenosis rates more efficiently than uncoated stainless steel stents.

Methods

Prospective, randomized, monocenter study comparing diamond-like carbon coated stainless steel stent (Phytis™, Phytis Medical Devices GmbH, Berlin, Germany) with uncoated stainless steel stent (Multi-link Penta™, Guidant's Vascular Intervention Group, Santa Clara, California) implantation in patients with coronary artery disease. The study protocol was approved by the institution's Research Ethics Committee and was conducted according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients.

Patients with single or multivessel coronary artery disease, stable angina, or acute coronary syndrome were included in the study. In patients with multivessel disease only one lesion was treated with one of the protocol stents. Angiographic inclusion criteria were the presence of de novo lesion with > 50% diameter stenosis in native coronary arteries, with reference diameter > 2.5 mm and < 4 mm and length < 20 mm.

Patients with contraindication to the use of aspirin and clopidogrel, those undergoing primary angioplasty, and those with a chronic systemic disease that could influence survival (chronic hepatic or renal failure, malignant neoplasm, cerebrovascular disease and connective tissue diseases) were excluded. Angiographic exclusion criteria were in-stent restenosis, lesions in unprotected left main coronary artery and bifurcations, and chronic total occlusions (more than three months).

After patient eligibility was evaluated and written informed consent was obtained, patients were randomly assigned to Phytis™ stent or Penta™ stent implantation in a ratio of 1:1, and only one stent was implanted per procedure. A table with random numbers was used to assign the patients to the groups.

Phytis™ stent is a laser-cut tubular stent mounted in a low-compliance balloon; it has a 90-µm-thickness strut with a diamond-like carbon film coating, and is available in five different lengths (9, 12, 16, 20, and 25mm) and four different diameters (2.5, 3, 3.5, and 4mm). Penta™ stent is also a laser-cut tubular stent mounted in a low-compliance balloon, and has a 91-µm-diameter strut. It is available in seven different lengths (8, 13, 15, 18, 23, 28 and 33 mm) and four different diameters (2, 5, 3, 3.5 and 4 mm)¹⁶.

The lesions were treated with standard stent implantation procedures, via a femoral artery approach, and the choice between predilatation with a balloon catheter 0.5mm smaller than the reference diameter and post-dilatation with a balloon catheter shorter than the stent with increasing diameter (balloon/artery ratio < 1.1/1) was left to the investigator's discretion. When stent implantation in other vessels was necessary, another procedure was performed after hospital discharge. All patients received antiplatelet therapy with aspirin (200 mg/day), which was maintained indefinitely, and clopidogrel at a dose of 300 mg at least six hours prior to the procedure and 75 mg/day for 30 days. Use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors was left to the investigator's discretion. Quantitative angiographic analysis was performed by an observer who was unaware of the type of stent implanted using on-line analysis with the Philips Integris 5.000 (Philips Medical System, The Netherlands) automatic edge detection system.

The primary endpoint was angiographic restenosis rate at six months after implantation. Angiographic success was defined as a percent diameter stenosis < 20% with TIMI 3 flow, and procedural success was defined as angiographic success without major cardiac events (death, myocardial infarction and target vessel revascularization). Acute lumen gain was defined as the difference between the minimum lumen diameter (MLD) immediately after implantation and baseline MLD. Late lumen loss was defined as the difference between MLD immediately after and MLD at six months after implantation. Binary restenosis was defined as a percent diameter stenosis > 50% in angiography performed at six months after implantation in the stent segment, and up to 5mm proximal and distal to the edges. Control angiographies were performed at six months after implantation or earlier, if clinically indicated.

Secondary endpoints were major cardiac event rates at one and six months after implantation. The patients were seen in the hospital's outpatient service at one and six months after implantation. Myocardial infarction (MI) was defined as the occurrence of a new Q wave > 0.04 seconds in two contiguous leads with elevation of CK-MB levels. Non-ST elevation MI was defined as the absence of new Q waves and elevation of CK-MB levels at more than three times the upper normal limit.

Calculation of a sample of 180 patients divided into two equal groups was based on the supposition of a 0.05 type I error, with a power of test of 80%, and an angiographic restenosis rate of 30% for Penta stents¹⁷ and of 12% for Phytis stents¹⁸. In order to test the hypothesis of equality of means in the groups, the Student's t test was used for independent samples. For comparison between the proportions, the chi-square test or Fisher test was used when expected frequencies below 5 occurred. To assess the correlations (univariate) between restenosis and clinical and angiographic variables, the Pearson's correlation coefficient was used; and to study these correlations in a multivariate fashion, the multivariate linear regression model with stepwise variable selection was used. The significance level used for the tests was 5%. Data were expressed as mean ± SD for continuous variables, and as frequency for categorical variables. Statistical analyses were performed with the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) version 6.12.

Results

From January, 2003 to July, 2004, 90 patients were randomly assigned to Phytis™ stent implantation and 90 to Penta™ stent implantation.

The clinical characteristics of the patients are listed in Table 1. Both groups were similar as regards all variables analyzed. Characteristics and location of the lesions treated are shown in Table 2, and no statistically significant differences were observed.

Procedure variables were comparable in the two groups, except for stent length which was shorter in the Penta™ group (Table 3). No difference was observed between the groups with respect to procedural success (98.9% in both groups). One death occurred in each group due to MI with cardiogenic shock and, except for these, no elevations in enzyme levels above the established criteria were observed after the procedure.

Three patients in the Phytis™ group and 12 in the Penta™ group dropped out of the protocol, so that 86 patients (95.5%) and 77 patients (85.5%) remained in each group, respectively. Clinical assessment at six months after implantation was performed for all patients who remained in the protocol, showing 75 asymptomatic patients (87.2%) in the Phytis™ group and 67 (87%) in the Penta™ group. Control coronary angiography of the patients who remained in the protocol was performed in 70 patients of the Phytis™ group and in 55 patients of the Penta™ group (81.4% vs 71.5%, p=0.63), at 208.4±54.88 days and 203.97±45.77 days (p=0.26), respectively. Angiographic analysis at six months and restenosis rate were based on the coronary angiography performed in these patients.

Results of the quantitative analysis of the angiographies performed before, immediately after, and at six months after Phytis™ and Penta™ stent implantation are listed in Table 4. Reference diameter was larger in the Penta™ group. Percent diameter stenosis and minimum lumen diameter immediately after implantation and acute gain were higher in the Penta™ group. Cumulative distribution curves of minimum lumen diameter before, immediately after, and at six months after stent implantation are shown in Figure 1. Late loss (1.06 ± 0.73 vs 1.08 ± 0.89, respectively, p=0.02) and restenosis rate (24.5% vs 21.8%, respectively, p=0.84) did not show statistically significant differences.

Univariate analysis showed that diabetes mellitus, post-implantation reference diameter, lesion length and stent type had a statistically significant association with restenosis. However, only the pre-implantation reference diameter and lesion length were independently associated with restenosis (Table 5).

Cumulative rates of major cardiac events at six months were similar in both groups (16.8% vs 17.5%, respectively, p=1). Target-lesion revascularization rates were similar in both groups (15.7% vs 16.4%, respectively, p=1).

Discussion

This randomized, prospective, comparative study between diamond-like carbon coated stainless steel stents and uncoated stainless steel stents did not show statistically significant differences in restenosis rates at six months after implantation between the two groups.

Few results of diamond-like carbon coated stent implantation in human coronary arteries are published in the medical literature, and only one randomized comparative study with stents of similar design, differing only as to the diamond-like carbon coating was published, showing no differences in restenosis rates and late loss between the two stents at six months after implantation. The limitation of this study was that the findings could not be extended to other types of stents with different designs or different carbon coatings¹⁹. Thus, the present study adds new information on the influence of the design of diamond-like carbon coated or uncoated stainless steel stents on restenosis rates and late loss at six months after implantation.

Phytis™ and Penta™ are stainless steel stents with equal diameters and different lengths (9, 12, 16, 20 and 25 mm vs. 8, 13, 15, 18, 23, 28 and 33 mm, respectively), a difference that did not influence the immediate post-implantation outcomes as assessed by the stent/lesion length ratio (1.11 ± 0.30 vs. 1.09 ± 0.32, respectively, p=0.62). These stents have different designs with similar strut diameters (90 and 91 µm, respectively)¹⁷, and are considered thin-strut stents, a characteristic that has a favorable impact on late outcomes^20-23. Therefore, we believe that the stents used in the two groups are adequately comparable.

In the present study, stent reference diameter, minimum lumen diameter, and acute gain were higher in the Penta™ stent group. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed the reference diameter as an independent predictor of restenosis. This higher diameter may have favored Penta™ stents, because a wider vessel could accommodate intimal hyperplasia more adequately. Nevertheless, if we focus on in-stent late loss, which is considered the measurement that best reflects the real and pure biological effect of coronary stent performance²⁴, we will observe that late loss was similar between the two stents, of approximately 1 mm, a value that is comparable to that observed in previous studies with diamond-like carbon¹⁸, silicon carbide²⁵ and carbon-coated^26,27 stainless steel stents.

One of the theoretical advantages of diamond-like carbon coating is the lower incidence of acute or subacute thrombosis because of a better biocompatibility with low platelet activation^10,13,26,27. The present study used the same antiplatelet therapy in both groups (aspirin and clopidogrel) for the same period (30 days). Despite the predominance of acute coronary syndrome in the Phytis™ group (61.1% of the patients) and lesion complexity (approximately 64% of the lesions in both groups were B2 and C types), acute/subacute thrombosis and MI rates were low (1.1% for both stents), and no advantages were observed in diamond-like carbon coated over uncoated stents.

Clinical⁸ and laboratory⁹ studies suggest that stent surface coating with hemocompatible and biocompatible material reduces the inflammatory response by decreasing the release of cytotoxic metal ions. However, when the concentration of inflammation markers (C-reactive protein and cytokines) was comparatively assessed after carbon-coated or uncoated stent implantation²⁸, the inflammatory response was not affected. It is possible that only patients allergic to nickel or molybdenum benefit from stent coating with inert material⁷.

The present study had the following limitations: 1) subgroups of patients with more complex coronary artery disease were not included because patients with longer lesions (> 20 mm), lesions in unprotected left main coronary artery lesions and in bifurcations, chronic total stenosis, and restenotic lesions were excluded; 2) control coronary angiography rates for both groups were lower than those recommended (<80%) to assess the presence of restenosis as the main endpoint, which may create a selection bias; thus, the lack of evidence that patients treated with coated stent present better results than those treated with uncoated stents may indicate that these differences do not exist or that they could not be detected in this study.

Conclusions

The results of this study did not show any differences in restenosis and major cardiac event rates at one and six months after diamond-like carbon coated stainless steel stent implantation in comparison with uncoated stainless steel stents.

References

Manuscript received June 19, 2006; revised manuscript received September 25, 2006; accepted November 24, 2006.

References

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  24 May 2007
• Date of issue
  Apr 2007

History

• Accepted
  24 Nov 2006
• Received
  19 June 2006
• Reviewed
  25 Sept 2006