Palavras-chave
Sono; Dislipidemias; Adolescente; Revisão
Introdução
Embora muitas questões sobre o papel do sono continuem sem resposta, sabe-se que o sono não é apenas uma função fisiológica, mas também desempenha um papel importante na promoção do crescimento, maturação e estado geral de saúde das crianças e adolescentes11. Kim J, Hakim F, Kheirandish-Gozal L, Gozal D. Inflammatory pathways in children with insufficient or disordered sleep. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2011;178(3):465-74., contribuindo significativamente para as funções cognitivas, emocionais e desempenho escolar22. National Sleep Foundation. Adolescente sleep needs and patterns: research report. Washington, DC; 2000.. Atualmente, há uma tendência entre a população jovem para ter horas de sono irregulares, com diferenças nos horários de dormir e despertar entre dias úteis e os fins de semana, especialmente à medida que ficam mais velhos22. National Sleep Foundation. Adolescente sleep needs and patterns: research report. Washington, DC; 2000.
3. Dahl R, Carskadon M. Sleep and its disorders in adolescence. In: Ferber R, Kryger MH (eds.). Principles and practices of sleep medicine in the child. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1995. p. 19-27.-44. Iglowstein I, Jenni OG, Molinari L, Largo RH. Sleep duration from infancy to adolescence: reference values and generational trends. Pediatrics. 2003;111(2):302-7..
Há um interesse crescente sobre o impacto do sono e seus distúrbios na regulação de processos inflamatórios e de morbidades, particularmente no contexto de doenças metabólicas e cardiovasculares (DCV) e suas complicações11. Kim J, Hakim F, Kheirandish-Gozal L, Gozal D. Inflammatory pathways in children with insufficient or disordered sleep. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2011;178(3):465-74.. Em crianças e adolescentes, estudos transversais55. Gupta NK, Mueller WH, Chan W, Meininger JC. Is obesity associated with poor sleep quality in adolescents? Am J Hum Biol. 2002;14(6):762-8.
6. Chaput JP, Brunet M, Tremblay A. Relationship between short sleeping hours and childhood overweight/obesity: results from the 'Quebec en Forme' Project. Int J Obes. 2006;30(7):1080-5.-77. Chen MY, Wang EK, Jeng YJ. Adequate sleep among adolescents is positively associated with health status and health-related behaviors. BMC Public Health. 2006;6:59-66. e prospectivos88. Agras WS, Hammer LD, McNicholas F, Kraemer HC. Risk factors for childhood overweight: a prospective study from birth to 9.5 years. J Pediatr. 2004;145(1):20-5.,99. Reilly JJ, Armstrong J, Dorosty AR, Emmett PM, Ness A, Rogers I, et al. Early life risk factors for obesity in childhood: cohort study. BMJ. 2005;330(7504):1357. têm mostrado uma associação entre sobrepeso ou obesidade e poucas horas de sono. Em adultos, há provas que apoiam essa associação, bem como correlações com a resistência à insulina, diabetes e doenças cardiovasculares1010. Van Cauter E, Holmback U, Knutson K, Leproult R, Miller A, Nedeltcheva A, et al. Impact of sleep and sleep loss on neuroendocrine and metabolic function. Horm Res. 2007;67 Suppl 1:2-9.
11. Taheri S. The link between short sleep duration and obesity: we should recommend more sleep to prevent obesity. Arch Child. 2006;91(11):881-4.
12. Bjorvatn B, Sagen IM, Oyane N, Waage S, Fetveit A, Pallesen S, et al. The association between sleep duration, body mass index and metabolic measures in the Hordaland Health Study. J Sleep Res. 2007;16(1):66-76.
13. Choi KM, Lee JS, Park HS, Baik SH, Choi DS, Kim SM. Relationship between sleep duration and the metabolic syndrome: Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey 2001. Int J Obes. 2008;32(7):1091-7.
14. Williams CJ, Hu FB, Patel SR, Mantzoros CS. Sleep duration and snoring in relation to biomarkers of cardiovascular disease risk among women with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(5):1233-40.-1515. Kaneita Y, Uchiyama M, Yoshiike N, Ohida T. Associations of usual sleep duration with serum lipid and lipoprotein levels. Sleep. 2008;31(5):645-52..
Poucas horas de sono também podem desempenhar um papel na etiologia de um fator de risco importante para DCV, a dislipidemia1212. Bjorvatn B, Sagen IM, Oyane N, Waage S, Fetveit A, Pallesen S, et al. The association between sleep duration, body mass index and metabolic measures in the Hordaland Health Study. J Sleep Res. 2007;16(1):66-76.,1414. Williams CJ, Hu FB, Patel SR, Mantzoros CS. Sleep duration and snoring in relation to biomarkers of cardiovascular disease risk among women with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(5):1233-40.,1515. Kaneita Y, Uchiyama M, Yoshiike N, Ohida T. Associations of usual sleep duration with serum lipid and lipoprotein levels. Sleep. 2008;31(5):645-52.. Fisiologicamente, a redução do sono está associada a alterações hormonais que podem promover o desenvolvimento de um perfil lipídico aterogênico, incluindo aumento dos níveis de cortisol e de grelina e redução de leptina, além de respostas simpatovagais1616. Taheri S, Lin L, Austin D, Young T, Mignot E. Short sleep duration is associated with reduced leptin, elevated ghrelin, and increased body mass index. PLoS Med. 2004;1(3):e62.
17. Spiegel K, Leproult R, L'hermite-Balériaux M, Copinschi G, Penev PD, Van Cauter E. Leptin levels are dependent on sleep duration: relationships with sympathovagal balance, carbohydrate regulation, cortisol, and thyrotropin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(11):5762-71.-1818. Mullington JM, Chan JL, Van Dongen HP, Szuba MP, Samaras J, Price NJ, et al. Sleep loss reduces diurnal rhythm amplitude of leptin in healthy men. J Neuroendocrinol. 2003;15(9):851-4.. A fim de obter mais informações sobre a relação entre alterações do metabolismo lipídico e duração do sono, especificamente em adolescentes, realizamos uma revisão sistemática da literatura.
Métodos
Essa revisão sistemática foi baseada nas diretrizes Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement1919. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, Altman D, Antes G, et al; PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Intern Med. 2015;151(4):264-9..
A pesquisa foi realizada nas bases de dados eletrônicas Medline via PubMed2020. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Home Pubmed. [Internet]. [Acessed in 2015 Jan 8]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed...
, Lilacs2121. BIREME. Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS). Lilacs. [Internet]. [Acesso em 2015 Maio 10]. Disponível em: http://www.lilacs.bvsalud.org.
http://www.lilacs.bvsalud.org...
, Web of Science2222. Thomson Reuters. Web of Science.[ Internet]. [Accessed in 2015 Jun 12]. Available from: http://www.apps.webofknowledge.ez67.periodicos.capes.gov.br/wos.
http://www.apps.webofknowledge.ez67.peri...
, Scopus2323. ELSEVIER. Scopus. [Internet]. [Accessed in 2015 Jun 10]. Available from: http://www.scopus.com.ez67.periodicos.capes.gov.br
http://www.scopus.com.ez67.periodicos.ca...
e Adolec2424. BIREME. Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS). Adolec. [Internet]. [Acesso em 2015 maio 10]. Disponível em http://www.adolec.org.br
http://www.adolec.org.br...
.
A seleção dos descritores utilizados no processo de revisão foi feita através de consulta ao MeSH (PubMed’s Medical Subject Headings). A pesquisa foi realizada em inglês, usando três blocos conceituais: o primeiro com termos relacionados ao sono (sleep); o segundo com termos relacionados à adolescência (adoles*, teen*, student*, youth, young); e o terceiro com termos relacionados a lipídios (lipid*, lipemia*, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglyceride*, lipoprotein*, hypercholesterolemia*, hypercholesteremia*, dyslipidemia*, dyslipoproteinemia*, hyperlipidemia*, hyperlipemia*, “high density lipoprotein cholesterol”, “low density lipoprotein cholesterol”). O operador booleano "OR" foi utilizado para a combinação dos descritores dentro de cada bloco e o operador booleano "AND" foi usado para combinar os blocos entre si. A truncagem dos termos foi aplicada quando necessário. Não foram utilizados limites de pesquisa para data, língua, desenho do estudo ou tamanho da amostra. A pesquisa foi feita em agosto de 2014, contemplando os artigos publicados até aquela data. A Tabela 1 apresenta a estratégia de busca utilizada em cada base de dados.
Os critérios para a inclusão de artigos na revisão sistemática foram os seguintes: (a) estudos em adolescentes com mais de 10 anos de idade; (b) estudos que avaliaram a relação entre a duração do sono em horas e quaisquer marcadores de lipídios; (c) artigo de pesquisa original. Foram excluídos artigos com avaliações de qualquer tipo de distúrbio de sono, estudos de revisão e estudos experimentais com animais. Foi decidido não incluir teses, dissertações e monografias. Avaliamos as referências bibliográficas de revisões, revisões sistemáticas e meta-análises encontradas nas bases de dados.
Os artigos foram selecionados por duas epidemiologistas (GAA e LAB), inicialmente com base na leitura do título, e em seguida foi feita a leitura dos resumos. A partir dos resumos selecionados, os artigos completos foram revisados. Em caso de desacordo quanto aos critérios de inclusão, o título e o resumo, ou o artigo completo, foram mantidos para uma avaliação posterior. Em caso de desacordo em relação aos critérios de inclusão, uma terceira pessoa foi consultada.
Os dados de artigos incluídos foram extraídos de forma independente, duplicados (GAA e LAB), utilizando um formulário padrão. Após a extração, os dados foram comparados e discutidos. Extraímos informações sobre autoria, data de publicação, local de estudo, estudo populacional, tipo de estudo, métodos de obtenção da duração do sono e avaliação de perfil lipídico, duração do sono em horas, marcadores de lipídios, medida de associação usada para avaliar a relação entre horas de sono e de perfil lipídico, e variáveis usadas para o ajuste de modelos de regressão.
Utilizamos uma adaptação do Newcastle-Ottawa (NOS) Quality Assessment Scale for Case-Control and Cohort Studies2525. Wells G, Shea B, O'Connell D, Peterson J, Welch V, Losos M, et al. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses: Ottawa Hospital Research Institute. [Accessed in 2010 Jun 20]. Available from: http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp.
http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epi...
, do Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, para avaliar a qualidade do estudo longitudinal incluído nessa revisão. Também utilizamos a mesma escala adaptada por Flynn e cols.2626. Flynn D, Knoedler MA, Hess EP, Murad MH, Erwin PJ, Montori VM, et al. Engaging patients in health care decisions in the emergency department through shared decision-making: a systematic review. Acad Emerg Med. 2015;19(8):959-67. para avaliar a qualidade dos estudos transversais.
Devido à grande heterogeneidade metodológica entre os estudos observados, uma abordagem narrativa, para sintetizar os resultados dos estudos incluídos na presente revisão sistemática, foi considerada a melhor estratégia.
Resultados
O fluxograma mostrando o processo de seleção é apresentado na Figura 1. No fim do processo de avaliação, dos 859 artigos escolhidos após a remoção dos duplicados, 25 s foram submetidos a uma avaliação mais completa. Sete artigos preencheram os critérios de inclusão ao final do processo.
A Tabela 2 apresenta as características relevantes dos estudos selecionados. Dos sete estudos incluídos, apenas um2727. Gangwisch JE, Malaspina D, Babiss LA, Opler MG, Posner K, Shen S, et al. Short sleep duration as a risk factor for hypercholesterolemia: analyses of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Sleep. 2010;33(7):956-61. é longitudinal. Os outros seis estudos são transversais. Cinco dos sete estudos2727. Gangwisch JE, Malaspina D, Babiss LA, Opler MG, Posner K, Shen S, et al. Short sleep duration as a risk factor for hypercholesterolemia: analyses of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Sleep. 2010;33(7):956-61.
28. Kong AP, Wing YK, Choi KC, Li AM, Ko GT, Ma RC, et al. Associations of sleep duration with obesity and serum lipid profile in children and adolescents. Sleep Med. 2011;12(7):659-65.
29. Narang I, Manlhiot C, Davies-Shaw J, Gibson D, Chahal N, Stearne K, et al. Sleep disturbance and cardiovascular risk in adolescents. CMAJ. 2012;184(17):E913-20.
30. Rey-Lopez JP, de Carvalho HB, de Moraes AC, Ruiz JR, Sjostrom M, Marcos A, et al. Sleep time and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents: The HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) study. Sleep Med. 2014;15(1):104-10.-3131. Azadbakht L, Kelishadi R, Khodarahmi M, Qorbani M, Heshmat R, Motlagh ME, et al. The association of sleep duration and cardiometabolic risk factors in a national sample of children and adolescents: The CASPIAN III Study. Nutrition. 2013;29(9):1133-41. incluíram estudantes. Os tamanhos das amostras variaram consideravelmente, de 699 no estudo de Rey-López e cols.3030. Rey-Lopez JP, de Carvalho HB, de Moraes AC, Ruiz JR, Sjostrom M, Marcos A, et al. Sleep time and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents: The HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) study. Sleep Med. 2014;15(1):104-10. a 14.267 adolescentes no estudo de Gangwisch e cols.2727. Gangwisch JE, Malaspina D, Babiss LA, Opler MG, Posner K, Shen S, et al. Short sleep duration as a risk factor for hypercholesterolemia: analyses of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Sleep. 2010;33(7):956-61..
Todos os estudos usaram questionários para obter a duração do sono. A variável "duração do sono" foi usada como contínua em três estudos2727. Gangwisch JE, Malaspina D, Babiss LA, Opler MG, Posner K, Shen S, et al. Short sleep duration as a risk factor for hypercholesterolemia: analyses of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Sleep. 2010;33(7):956-61.,2929. Narang I, Manlhiot C, Davies-Shaw J, Gibson D, Chahal N, Stearne K, et al. Sleep disturbance and cardiovascular risk in adolescents. CMAJ. 2012;184(17):E913-20.,3030. Rey-Lopez JP, de Carvalho HB, de Moraes AC, Ruiz JR, Sjostrom M, Marcos A, et al. Sleep time and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents: The HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) study. Sleep Med. 2014;15(1):104-10.; os outros estudos usaram diferentes categorias para classificar a duração do sono.
Para obter os perfis lipídicos, cinco estudos coletaram sangue venoso2828. Kong AP, Wing YK, Choi KC, Li AM, Ko GT, Ma RC, et al. Associations of sleep duration with obesity and serum lipid profile in children and adolescents. Sleep Med. 2011;12(7):659-65.,3030. Rey-Lopez JP, de Carvalho HB, de Moraes AC, Ruiz JR, Sjostrom M, Marcos A, et al. Sleep time and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents: The HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) study. Sleep Med. 2014;15(1):104-10.
31. Azadbakht L, Kelishadi R, Khodarahmi M, Qorbani M, Heshmat R, Motlagh ME, et al. The association of sleep duration and cardiometabolic risk factors in a national sample of children and adolescents: The CASPIAN III Study. Nutrition. 2013;29(9):1133-41.
32. Berentzen NE, Smit HA, Bekkers MB, Brunekreef B, Koppelman GH, De Jongste JC, et al. Time in bed, sleep quality and associations with cardiometabolic markers in children: the Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy birth cohort study. J Sleep Res. 2014;23(1):3-12.-3333. Lee JA, Park HS. Relation between sleep duration, overweight, and metabolic syndrome in Korean adolescents. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;24(1):65-71., um coletou sangue capilar2929. Narang I, Manlhiot C, Davies-Shaw J, Gibson D, Chahal N, Stearne K, et al. Sleep disturbance and cardiovascular risk in adolescents. CMAJ. 2012;184(17):E913-20., e outro utilizou informação auto-relatada2727. Gangwisch JE, Malaspina D, Babiss LA, Opler MG, Posner K, Shen S, et al. Short sleep duration as a risk factor for hypercholesterolemia: analyses of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Sleep. 2010;33(7):956-61.. Cinco estudos mediram o colesterol total2828. Kong AP, Wing YK, Choi KC, Li AM, Ko GT, Ma RC, et al. Associations of sleep duration with obesity and serum lipid profile in children and adolescents. Sleep Med. 2011;12(7):659-65.
29. Narang I, Manlhiot C, Davies-Shaw J, Gibson D, Chahal N, Stearne K, et al. Sleep disturbance and cardiovascular risk in adolescents. CMAJ. 2012;184(17):E913-20.
30. Rey-Lopez JP, de Carvalho HB, de Moraes AC, Ruiz JR, Sjostrom M, Marcos A, et al. Sleep time and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents: The HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) study. Sleep Med. 2014;15(1):104-10.
31. Azadbakht L, Kelishadi R, Khodarahmi M, Qorbani M, Heshmat R, Motlagh ME, et al. The association of sleep duration and cardiometabolic risk factors in a national sample of children and adolescents: The CASPIAN III Study. Nutrition. 2013;29(9):1133-41.-3232. Berentzen NE, Smit HA, Bekkers MB, Brunekreef B, Koppelman GH, De Jongste JC, et al. Time in bed, sleep quality and associations with cardiometabolic markers in children: the Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy birth cohort study. J Sleep Res. 2014;23(1):3-12. e colesterol HDL2828. Kong AP, Wing YK, Choi KC, Li AM, Ko GT, Ma RC, et al. Associations of sleep duration with obesity and serum lipid profile in children and adolescents. Sleep Med. 2011;12(7):659-65.
29. Narang I, Manlhiot C, Davies-Shaw J, Gibson D, Chahal N, Stearne K, et al. Sleep disturbance and cardiovascular risk in adolescents. CMAJ. 2012;184(17):E913-20.-3030. Rey-Lopez JP, de Carvalho HB, de Moraes AC, Ruiz JR, Sjostrom M, Marcos A, et al. Sleep time and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents: The HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) study. Sleep Med. 2014;15(1):104-10.,3232. Berentzen NE, Smit HA, Bekkers MB, Brunekreef B, Koppelman GH, De Jongste JC, et al. Time in bed, sleep quality and associations with cardiometabolic markers in children: the Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy birth cohort study. J Sleep Res. 2014;23(1):3-12.,3333. Lee JA, Park HS. Relation between sleep duration, overweight, and metabolic syndrome in Korean adolescents. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;24(1):65-71., quatro mediram triglicérides2828. Kong AP, Wing YK, Choi KC, Li AM, Ko GT, Ma RC, et al. Associations of sleep duration with obesity and serum lipid profile in children and adolescents. Sleep Med. 2011;12(7):659-65.,3030. Rey-Lopez JP, de Carvalho HB, de Moraes AC, Ruiz JR, Sjostrom M, Marcos A, et al. Sleep time and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents: The HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) study. Sleep Med. 2014;15(1):104-10.,3131. Azadbakht L, Kelishadi R, Khodarahmi M, Qorbani M, Heshmat R, Motlagh ME, et al. The association of sleep duration and cardiometabolic risk factors in a national sample of children and adolescents: The CASPIAN III Study. Nutrition. 2013;29(9):1133-41.,3333. Lee JA, Park HS. Relation between sleep duration, overweight, and metabolic syndrome in Korean adolescents. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;24(1):65-71., e dois avaliaram o colesterol LDL2828. Kong AP, Wing YK, Choi KC, Li AM, Ko GT, Ma RC, et al. Associations of sleep duration with obesity and serum lipid profile in children and adolescents. Sleep Med. 2011;12(7):659-65.,3131. Azadbakht L, Kelishadi R, Khodarahmi M, Qorbani M, Heshmat R, Motlagh ME, et al. The association of sleep duration and cardiometabolic risk factors in a national sample of children and adolescents: The CASPIAN III Study. Nutrition. 2013;29(9):1133-41.. Quase todos os estudos realizaram o controle por gênero2727. Gangwisch JE, Malaspina D, Babiss LA, Opler MG, Posner K, Shen S, et al. Short sleep duration as a risk factor for hypercholesterolemia: analyses of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Sleep. 2010;33(7):956-61.,2828. Kong AP, Wing YK, Choi KC, Li AM, Ko GT, Ma RC, et al. Associations of sleep duration with obesity and serum lipid profile in children and adolescents. Sleep Med. 2011;12(7):659-65.,3030. Rey-Lopez JP, de Carvalho HB, de Moraes AC, Ruiz JR, Sjostrom M, Marcos A, et al. Sleep time and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents: The HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) study. Sleep Med. 2014;15(1):104-10.,3333. Lee JA, Park HS. Relation between sleep duration, overweight, and metabolic syndrome in Korean adolescents. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;24(1):65-71. e idade2727. Gangwisch JE, Malaspina D, Babiss LA, Opler MG, Posner K, Shen S, et al. Short sleep duration as a risk factor for hypercholesterolemia: analyses of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Sleep. 2010;33(7):956-61.,2828. Kong AP, Wing YK, Choi KC, Li AM, Ko GT, Ma RC, et al. Associations of sleep duration with obesity and serum lipid profile in children and adolescents. Sleep Med. 2011;12(7):659-65.,3030. Rey-Lopez JP, de Carvalho HB, de Moraes AC, Ruiz JR, Sjostrom M, Marcos A, et al. Sleep time and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents: The HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) study. Sleep Med. 2014;15(1):104-10.
31. Azadbakht L, Kelishadi R, Khodarahmi M, Qorbani M, Heshmat R, Motlagh ME, et al. The association of sleep duration and cardiometabolic risk factors in a national sample of children and adolescents: The CASPIAN III Study. Nutrition. 2013;29(9):1133-41.
32. Berentzen NE, Smit HA, Bekkers MB, Brunekreef B, Koppelman GH, De Jongste JC, et al. Time in bed, sleep quality and associations with cardiometabolic markers in children: the Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy birth cohort study. J Sleep Res. 2014;23(1):3-12.-3333. Lee JA, Park HS. Relation between sleep duration, overweight, and metabolic syndrome in Korean adolescents. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;24(1):65-71.; a circunferência da cintura foi ajustada em dois estudos2828. Kong AP, Wing YK, Choi KC, Li AM, Ko GT, Ma RC, et al. Associations of sleep duration with obesity and serum lipid profile in children and adolescents. Sleep Med. 2011;12(7):659-65.,2929. Narang I, Manlhiot C, Davies-Shaw J, Gibson D, Chahal N, Stearne K, et al. Sleep disturbance and cardiovascular risk in adolescents. CMAJ. 2012;184(17):E913-20., a atividade física em quatro2727. Gangwisch JE, Malaspina D, Babiss LA, Opler MG, Posner K, Shen S, et al. Short sleep duration as a risk factor for hypercholesterolemia: analyses of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Sleep. 2010;33(7):956-61.,3030. Rey-Lopez JP, de Carvalho HB, de Moraes AC, Ruiz JR, Sjostrom M, Marcos A, et al. Sleep time and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents: The HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) study. Sleep Med. 2014;15(1):104-10.,3131. Azadbakht L, Kelishadi R, Khodarahmi M, Qorbani M, Heshmat R, Motlagh ME, et al. The association of sleep duration and cardiometabolic risk factors in a national sample of children and adolescents: The CASPIAN III Study. Nutrition. 2013;29(9):1133-41.,3333. Lee JA, Park HS. Relation between sleep duration, overweight, and metabolic syndrome in Korean adolescents. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;24(1):65-71., o estágio de Tanner em dois2828. Kong AP, Wing YK, Choi KC, Li AM, Ko GT, Ma RC, et al. Associations of sleep duration with obesity and serum lipid profile in children and adolescents. Sleep Med. 2011;12(7):659-65.,3232. Berentzen NE, Smit HA, Bekkers MB, Brunekreef B, Koppelman GH, De Jongste JC, et al. Time in bed, sleep quality and associations with cardiometabolic markers in children: the Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy birth cohort study. J Sleep Res. 2014;23(1):3-12., escolaridade materna em dois3131. Azadbakht L, Kelishadi R, Khodarahmi M, Qorbani M, Heshmat R, Motlagh ME, et al. The association of sleep duration and cardiometabolic risk factors in a national sample of children and adolescents: The CASPIAN III Study. Nutrition. 2013;29(9):1133-41.,3232. Berentzen NE, Smit HA, Bekkers MB, Brunekreef B, Koppelman GH, De Jongste JC, et al. Time in bed, sleep quality and associations with cardiometabolic markers in children: the Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy birth cohort study. J Sleep Res. 2014;23(1):3-12., condição socioeconômica em dois3030. Rey-Lopez JP, de Carvalho HB, de Moraes AC, Ruiz JR, Sjostrom M, Marcos A, et al. Sleep time and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents: The HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) study. Sleep Med. 2014;15(1):104-10.,3131. Azadbakht L, Kelishadi R, Khodarahmi M, Qorbani M, Heshmat R, Motlagh ME, et al. The association of sleep duration and cardiometabolic risk factors in a national sample of children and adolescents: The CASPIAN III Study. Nutrition. 2013;29(9):1133-41., índice de massa corporal (IMC) de um2828. Kong AP, Wing YK, Choi KC, Li AM, Ko GT, Ma RC, et al. Associations of sleep duration with obesity and serum lipid profile in children and adolescents. Sleep Med. 2011;12(7):659-65., e ingestão calórica em um estudo3333. Lee JA, Park HS. Relation between sleep duration, overweight, and metabolic syndrome in Korean adolescents. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;24(1):65-71..
A avaliação da qualidade metodológica dos sete estudos incluídos é apresentada na Tabela 3. Apenas dois estudos transversais2828. Kong AP, Wing YK, Choi KC, Li AM, Ko GT, Ma RC, et al. Associations of sleep duration with obesity and serum lipid profile in children and adolescents. Sleep Med. 2011;12(7):659-65.,3131. Azadbakht L, Kelishadi R, Khodarahmi M, Qorbani M, Heshmat R, Motlagh ME, et al. The association of sleep duration and cardiometabolic risk factors in a national sample of children and adolescents: The CASPIAN III Study. Nutrition. 2013;29(9):1133-41. obtiveram quatro pontos em seis na avaliação do risco de viés. O estudo longitudinal apresentou um risco de viés moderado2727. Gangwisch JE, Malaspina D, Babiss LA, Opler MG, Posner K, Shen S, et al. Short sleep duration as a risk factor for hypercholesterolemia: analyses of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Sleep. 2010;33(7):956-61..
A Tabela 4 apresenta os principais resultados das associações encontradas e as variáveis de controle utilizadas em cada estudo. Considerando os sete estudos incluídos, somente três encontraram uma associação entre duração do sono e perfil lipídico2727. Gangwisch JE, Malaspina D, Babiss LA, Opler MG, Posner K, Shen S, et al. Short sleep duration as a risk factor for hypercholesterolemia: analyses of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Sleep. 2010;33(7):956-61.,2828. Kong AP, Wing YK, Choi KC, Li AM, Ko GT, Ma RC, et al. Associations of sleep duration with obesity and serum lipid profile in children and adolescents. Sleep Med. 2011;12(7):659-65.,3333. Lee JA, Park HS. Relation between sleep duration, overweight, and metabolic syndrome in Korean adolescents. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;24(1):65-71.. Dois estudos mostraram que a duração mais curta do sono estava associada com um perfil lipídico pior (colesterol total e colesterol LDL)2727. Gangwisch JE, Malaspina D, Babiss LA, Opler MG, Posner K, Shen S, et al. Short sleep duration as a risk factor for hypercholesterolemia: analyses of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Sleep. 2010;33(7):956-61.,2828. Kong AP, Wing YK, Choi KC, Li AM, Ko GT, Ma RC, et al. Associations of sleep duration with obesity and serum lipid profile in children and adolescents. Sleep Med. 2011;12(7):659-65., e os resultados de um terceiro estudo3333. Lee JA, Park HS. Relation between sleep duration, overweight, and metabolic syndrome in Korean adolescents. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;24(1):65-71. mostraram que a duração prolongada do sono estava associada a níveis elevados de triglicérides. Os outros quatro estudos2929. Narang I, Manlhiot C, Davies-Shaw J, Gibson D, Chahal N, Stearne K, et al. Sleep disturbance and cardiovascular risk in adolescents. CMAJ. 2012;184(17):E913-20.
30. Rey-Lopez JP, de Carvalho HB, de Moraes AC, Ruiz JR, Sjostrom M, Marcos A, et al. Sleep time and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents: The HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) study. Sleep Med. 2014;15(1):104-10.
31. Azadbakht L, Kelishadi R, Khodarahmi M, Qorbani M, Heshmat R, Motlagh ME, et al. The association of sleep duration and cardiometabolic risk factors in a national sample of children and adolescents: The CASPIAN III Study. Nutrition. 2013;29(9):1133-41.-3232. Berentzen NE, Smit HA, Bekkers MB, Brunekreef B, Koppelman GH, De Jongste JC, et al. Time in bed, sleep quality and associations with cardiometabolic markers in children: the Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy birth cohort study. J Sleep Res. 2014;23(1):3-12. não encontraram qualquer associação.
Em quatro estudos2727. Gangwisch JE, Malaspina D, Babiss LA, Opler MG, Posner K, Shen S, et al. Short sleep duration as a risk factor for hypercholesterolemia: analyses of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Sleep. 2010;33(7):956-61.,2929. Narang I, Manlhiot C, Davies-Shaw J, Gibson D, Chahal N, Stearne K, et al. Sleep disturbance and cardiovascular risk in adolescents. CMAJ. 2012;184(17):E913-20.,3131. Azadbakht L, Kelishadi R, Khodarahmi M, Qorbani M, Heshmat R, Motlagh ME, et al. The association of sleep duration and cardiometabolic risk factors in a national sample of children and adolescents: The CASPIAN III Study. Nutrition. 2013;29(9):1133-41.,3333. Lee JA, Park HS. Relation between sleep duration, overweight, and metabolic syndrome in Korean adolescents. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;24(1):65-71. a odds ratio foi relatada, enquanto que os outros estudos2828. Kong AP, Wing YK, Choi KC, Li AM, Ko GT, Ma RC, et al. Associations of sleep duration with obesity and serum lipid profile in children and adolescents. Sleep Med. 2011;12(7):659-65.,3030. Rey-Lopez JP, de Carvalho HB, de Moraes AC, Ruiz JR, Sjostrom M, Marcos A, et al. Sleep time and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents: The HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) study. Sleep Med. 2014;15(1):104-10.,3232. Berentzen NE, Smit HA, Bekkers MB, Brunekreef B, Koppelman GH, De Jongste JC, et al. Time in bed, sleep quality and associations with cardiometabolic markers in children: the Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy birth cohort study. J Sleep Res. 2014;23(1):3-12. mostraram os coeficientes β a partir da análise de regressão.
Discussão
A presente revisão sistemática mostrou falta de evidências consistentes em relação à associação entre a duração do sono e o perfil lipídico em adolescentes. Foram encontrados poucos estudos e alguns apresentaram limitações metodológicas. Houve grande heterogeneidade na classificação e na forma de análise da duração do sono e dos marcadores do metabolismo lipídico, o que provavelmente contribuiu para a inconsistência dos resultados observados.
No que diz respeito à heterogeneidade entre os estudos, essa revisão sistemática incluiu estudos que avaliaram o resultado utilizando diferentes métodos (auto-relato2727. Gangwisch JE, Malaspina D, Babiss LA, Opler MG, Posner K, Shen S, et al. Short sleep duration as a risk factor for hypercholesterolemia: analyses of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Sleep. 2010;33(7):956-61., amostra de sangue capilar2929. Narang I, Manlhiot C, Davies-Shaw J, Gibson D, Chahal N, Stearne K, et al. Sleep disturbance and cardiovascular risk in adolescents. CMAJ. 2012;184(17):E913-20., amostra de sangue venoso2828. Kong AP, Wing YK, Choi KC, Li AM, Ko GT, Ma RC, et al. Associations of sleep duration with obesity and serum lipid profile in children and adolescents. Sleep Med. 2011;12(7):659-65.,3030. Rey-Lopez JP, de Carvalho HB, de Moraes AC, Ruiz JR, Sjostrom M, Marcos A, et al. Sleep time and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents: The HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) study. Sleep Med. 2014;15(1):104-10.
31. Azadbakht L, Kelishadi R, Khodarahmi M, Qorbani M, Heshmat R, Motlagh ME, et al. The association of sleep duration and cardiometabolic risk factors in a national sample of children and adolescents: The CASPIAN III Study. Nutrition. 2013;29(9):1133-41.
32. Berentzen NE, Smit HA, Bekkers MB, Brunekreef B, Koppelman GH, De Jongste JC, et al. Time in bed, sleep quality and associations with cardiometabolic markers in children: the Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy birth cohort study. J Sleep Res. 2014;23(1):3-12.-3333. Lee JA, Park HS. Relation between sleep duration, overweight, and metabolic syndrome in Korean adolescents. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;24(1):65-71.) ou com diferentes intervalos de tempo entre a medida de exposição e o desfecho3232. Berentzen NE, Smit HA, Bekkers MB, Brunekreef B, Koppelman GH, De Jongste JC, et al. Time in bed, sleep quality and associations with cardiometabolic markers in children: the Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy birth cohort study. J Sleep Res. 2014;23(1):3-12..
Gangwisch e cols.2727. Gangwisch JE, Malaspina D, Babiss LA, Opler MG, Posner K, Shen S, et al. Short sleep duration as a risk factor for hypercholesterolemia: analyses of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Sleep. 2010;33(7):956-61. não excluíram adolescentes com dislipidemia basal, assim, a incidência de dislipidemia nos adolescentes não pôde ser determinada. Além disso, como o resultado estabelecido foi auto-relatado, e o diagnóstico de dislipidemia depende do acesso a cuidados médicos, um viés pode ter ocorrido se os adolescentes de diferentes níveis socioeconômicos tiverem diferentes hábitos de sono.
Todos os estudos incluídos nessa revisão sistemática obtiveram informações sobre duração do sono com base em questionários, um método frequentemente utilizado em pesquisas do sono devido à sua fácil aplicação e baixo custo. No entanto, a validade das informações obtidas por meio de questionários é motivo de preocupação, especialmente quando as ferramentas não são submetidas a um processo de validação. Os adolescentes podem relatar somente as horas de sono e de despertar socialmente desejáveis3434. Wolfson AR, Carskadon MA, Acebo C, Seifer R, Fallone G, Labyak SE, et al. Evidence for the validity of a sleep habits survey for adolescents. Sleep. 2003;26(2):213-6.. Embora todos os estudos utilizem questionários, a avaliação da duração do sono também foi heterogênea: um estudo perguntou aos pais sobre a duração do sono dos adolescentes3131. Azadbakht L, Kelishadi R, Khodarahmi M, Qorbani M, Heshmat R, Motlagh ME, et al. The association of sleep duration and cardiometabolic risk factors in a national sample of children and adolescents: The CASPIAN III Study. Nutrition. 2013;29(9):1133-41., um segundo usou categorias pré-definidas de tempo para dormir e acordar3232. Berentzen NE, Smit HA, Bekkers MB, Brunekreef B, Koppelman GH, De Jongste JC, et al. Time in bed, sleep quality and associations with cardiometabolic markers in children: the Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy birth cohort study. J Sleep Res. 2014;23(1):3-12. e outros perguntaram sobre a duração do sono através de uma questão aberta2727. Gangwisch JE, Malaspina D, Babiss LA, Opler MG, Posner K, Shen S, et al. Short sleep duration as a risk factor for hypercholesterolemia: analyses of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Sleep. 2010;33(7):956-61.
28. Kong AP, Wing YK, Choi KC, Li AM, Ko GT, Ma RC, et al. Associations of sleep duration with obesity and serum lipid profile in children and adolescents. Sleep Med. 2011;12(7):659-65.
29. Narang I, Manlhiot C, Davies-Shaw J, Gibson D, Chahal N, Stearne K, et al. Sleep disturbance and cardiovascular risk in adolescents. CMAJ. 2012;184(17):E913-20.-3030. Rey-Lopez JP, de Carvalho HB, de Moraes AC, Ruiz JR, Sjostrom M, Marcos A, et al. Sleep time and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents: The HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) study. Sleep Med. 2014;15(1):104-10.,3333. Lee JA, Park HS. Relation between sleep duration, overweight, and metabolic syndrome in Korean adolescents. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;24(1):65-71..
A actigrafia – baseada no monitoramento de atividades – foi estabelecida como um método válido e confiável para avaliar os padrões de sono-vigília em crianças, adolescentes e adultos3535. Sadeh A, Sharkey KM, Carskadon MA. Activity-based sleep-wake identification: an empirical test of methodological issues. Sleep. 1994;17(3):201-7.,3636. Acebo C, Sadeh A, Seifer R, Tzischinsky O, Wolfson AR, Hafer A, et al. Estimating sleep patterns with activity monitoring in children and adolescents: how many nights are necessary for reliable measures? Sleep. 1999;22(1):95-103.. Métodos objetivos para a quantificação da duração do sono em um estudo de base populacional são difíceis de executar, particularmente em estudos com amostras relativamente grandes. Kong e cols.2828. Kong AP, Wing YK, Choi KC, Li AM, Ko GT, Ma RC, et al. Associations of sleep duration with obesity and serum lipid profile in children and adolescents. Sleep Med. 2011;12(7):659-65. utilizaram actigrafia em apenas 7%, aproximadamente, de sua amostra de estudo (138 de 2.053), e demonstraram uma correlação razoável entre a actigrafia e os auto-relatos dos adolescentes (coeficiente de correlação intra-classe = 0,72, 95% IC: 0,61 -0,80).
Nos estudos incluídos nessa revisão, a duração do sono foi medida de duas maneiras diferentes, como variável contínua2727. Gangwisch JE, Malaspina D, Babiss LA, Opler MG, Posner K, Shen S, et al. Short sleep duration as a risk factor for hypercholesterolemia: analyses of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Sleep. 2010;33(7):956-61.,2929. Narang I, Manlhiot C, Davies-Shaw J, Gibson D, Chahal N, Stearne K, et al. Sleep disturbance and cardiovascular risk in adolescents. CMAJ. 2012;184(17):E913-20.,3030. Rey-Lopez JP, de Carvalho HB, de Moraes AC, Ruiz JR, Sjostrom M, Marcos A, et al. Sleep time and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents: The HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) study. Sleep Med. 2014;15(1):104-10. ou variável categórica2828. Kong AP, Wing YK, Choi KC, Li AM, Ko GT, Ma RC, et al. Associations of sleep duration with obesity and serum lipid profile in children and adolescents. Sleep Med. 2011;12(7):659-65.,3131. Azadbakht L, Kelishadi R, Khodarahmi M, Qorbani M, Heshmat R, Motlagh ME, et al. The association of sleep duration and cardiometabolic risk factors in a national sample of children and adolescents: The CASPIAN III Study. Nutrition. 2013;29(9):1133-41.
32. Berentzen NE, Smit HA, Bekkers MB, Brunekreef B, Koppelman GH, De Jongste JC, et al. Time in bed, sleep quality and associations with cardiometabolic markers in children: the Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy birth cohort study. J Sleep Res. 2014;23(1):3-12.-3333. Lee JA, Park HS. Relation between sleep duration, overweight, and metabolic syndrome in Korean adolescents. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;24(1):65-71.. A falta de consenso sobre o melhor ponto de corte para definir a duração do sono curta faz com que seja difícil comparar os diferentes estudos, o que seria mais fácil caso a duração do sono fosse utilizada como uma variável contínua.
A presente revisão sistemática incluiu um estudo longitudinal com limitações importantes e os estudos transversais apresentaram associações em direções distintas. Não foi possível avaliar o viés de publicação, devido ao pequeno número de estudos identificados. Em resumo, ainda é incerto se existe uma associação entre a duração do sono e o perfil lipídico em adolescentes. A heterogeneidade na forma como as durações do sono foram classificadas e analisadas, bem como o uso de diferentes analitos dos perfis lipídios, podem ter contribuído para a inconsistência dos resultados. Mais estudos devem ser realizados sobre essa questão para clarificar a natureza dessa associação e os mecanismos biológicos envolvidos. Esses estudos futuros devem ser longitudinais, usar a duração do sono como uma variável contínua e considerar o papel de potenciais fatores de confusão ou modificadores de efeito. Cuidados devem ser tomados para evitar o excesso de ajustes, incluindo variáveis que possam ser intermediárias na relação entre a duração do sono e dislipidemia, como o IMC e o consumo de alimentos.
Devido à sua forte associação com doença cardiovascular em adultos, é importante identificar e modificar fatores associados com o perfil lipídico1515. Kaneita Y, Uchiyama M, Yoshiike N, Ohida T. Associations of usual sleep duration with serum lipid and lipoprotein levels. Sleep. 2008;31(5):645-52. em adolescentes. Se a duração do sono curta é responsável por um perfil lipídico desfavorável, as intervenções que melhoram a qualidade e a duração do sono podem contribuir para diminuir o risco cardiovascular em longo prazo.
Agradecimentos
Gostaríamos de agradecer a Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) por fornecer uma bolsa de doutorado para GAA (processo nº E26 / 100,332 / 2013). KVB (processo nº 303594 / 2009-8) e MS (processo nº 302.877 / 2009-6) foram parcialmente financiadas pelo CNPq.
-
Fontes de financiamentoO presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.
-
Vinculação acadêmicaEste artigo é parte de tese de Doutorado de Gabriela de Azevedo Abreu pela Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.
References
-
1Kim J, Hakim F, Kheirandish-Gozal L, Gozal D. Inflammatory pathways in children with insufficient or disordered sleep. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2011;178(3):465-74.
-
2National Sleep Foundation. Adolescente sleep needs and patterns: research report. Washington, DC; 2000.
-
3Dahl R, Carskadon M. Sleep and its disorders in adolescence. In: Ferber R, Kryger MH (eds.). Principles and practices of sleep medicine in the child. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1995. p. 19-27.
-
4Iglowstein I, Jenni OG, Molinari L, Largo RH. Sleep duration from infancy to adolescence: reference values and generational trends. Pediatrics. 2003;111(2):302-7.
-
5Gupta NK, Mueller WH, Chan W, Meininger JC. Is obesity associated with poor sleep quality in adolescents? Am J Hum Biol. 2002;14(6):762-8.
-
6Chaput JP, Brunet M, Tremblay A. Relationship between short sleeping hours and childhood overweight/obesity: results from the 'Quebec en Forme' Project. Int J Obes. 2006;30(7):1080-5.
-
7Chen MY, Wang EK, Jeng YJ. Adequate sleep among adolescents is positively associated with health status and health-related behaviors. BMC Public Health. 2006;6:59-66.
-
8Agras WS, Hammer LD, McNicholas F, Kraemer HC. Risk factors for childhood overweight: a prospective study from birth to 9.5 years. J Pediatr. 2004;145(1):20-5.
-
9Reilly JJ, Armstrong J, Dorosty AR, Emmett PM, Ness A, Rogers I, et al. Early life risk factors for obesity in childhood: cohort study. BMJ. 2005;330(7504):1357.
-
10Van Cauter E, Holmback U, Knutson K, Leproult R, Miller A, Nedeltcheva A, et al. Impact of sleep and sleep loss on neuroendocrine and metabolic function. Horm Res. 2007;67 Suppl 1:2-9.
-
11Taheri S. The link between short sleep duration and obesity: we should recommend more sleep to prevent obesity. Arch Child. 2006;91(11):881-4.
-
12Bjorvatn B, Sagen IM, Oyane N, Waage S, Fetveit A, Pallesen S, et al. The association between sleep duration, body mass index and metabolic measures in the Hordaland Health Study. J Sleep Res. 2007;16(1):66-76.
-
13Choi KM, Lee JS, Park HS, Baik SH, Choi DS, Kim SM. Relationship between sleep duration and the metabolic syndrome: Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey 2001. Int J Obes. 2008;32(7):1091-7.
-
14Williams CJ, Hu FB, Patel SR, Mantzoros CS. Sleep duration and snoring in relation to biomarkers of cardiovascular disease risk among women with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(5):1233-40.
-
15Kaneita Y, Uchiyama M, Yoshiike N, Ohida T. Associations of usual sleep duration with serum lipid and lipoprotein levels. Sleep. 2008;31(5):645-52.
-
16Taheri S, Lin L, Austin D, Young T, Mignot E. Short sleep duration is associated with reduced leptin, elevated ghrelin, and increased body mass index. PLoS Med. 2004;1(3):e62.
-
17Spiegel K, Leproult R, L'hermite-Balériaux M, Copinschi G, Penev PD, Van Cauter E. Leptin levels are dependent on sleep duration: relationships with sympathovagal balance, carbohydrate regulation, cortisol, and thyrotropin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(11):5762-71.
-
18Mullington JM, Chan JL, Van Dongen HP, Szuba MP, Samaras J, Price NJ, et al. Sleep loss reduces diurnal rhythm amplitude of leptin in healthy men. J Neuroendocrinol. 2003;15(9):851-4.
-
19Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, Altman D, Antes G, et al; PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Intern Med. 2015;151(4):264-9.
-
20U.S. National Library of Medicine. Home Pubmed. [Internet]. [Acessed in 2015 Jan 8]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed
» http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed -
21BIREME. Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS). Lilacs. [Internet]. [Acesso em 2015 Maio 10]. Disponível em: http://www.lilacs.bvsalud.org.
» http://www.lilacs.bvsalud.org -
22Thomson Reuters. Web of Science.[ Internet]. [Accessed in 2015 Jun 12]. Available from: http://www.apps.webofknowledge.ez67.periodicos.capes.gov.br/wos.
» http://www.apps.webofknowledge.ez67.periodicos.capes.gov.br/wos -
23ELSEVIER. Scopus. [Internet]. [Accessed in 2015 Jun 10]. Available from: http://www.scopus.com.ez67.periodicos.capes.gov.br
» http://www.scopus.com.ez67.periodicos.capes.gov.br -
24BIREME. Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS). Adolec. [Internet]. [Acesso em 2015 maio 10]. Disponível em http://www.adolec.org.br
» http://www.adolec.org.br -
25Wells G, Shea B, O'Connell D, Peterson J, Welch V, Losos M, et al. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses: Ottawa Hospital Research Institute. [Accessed in 2010 Jun 20]. Available from: http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp.
» http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp -
26Flynn D, Knoedler MA, Hess EP, Murad MH, Erwin PJ, Montori VM, et al. Engaging patients in health care decisions in the emergency department through shared decision-making: a systematic review. Acad Emerg Med. 2015;19(8):959-67.
-
27Gangwisch JE, Malaspina D, Babiss LA, Opler MG, Posner K, Shen S, et al. Short sleep duration as a risk factor for hypercholesterolemia: analyses of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Sleep. 2010;33(7):956-61.
-
28Kong AP, Wing YK, Choi KC, Li AM, Ko GT, Ma RC, et al. Associations of sleep duration with obesity and serum lipid profile in children and adolescents. Sleep Med. 2011;12(7):659-65.
-
29Narang I, Manlhiot C, Davies-Shaw J, Gibson D, Chahal N, Stearne K, et al. Sleep disturbance and cardiovascular risk in adolescents. CMAJ. 2012;184(17):E913-20.
-
30Rey-Lopez JP, de Carvalho HB, de Moraes AC, Ruiz JR, Sjostrom M, Marcos A, et al. Sleep time and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents: The HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) study. Sleep Med. 2014;15(1):104-10.
-
31Azadbakht L, Kelishadi R, Khodarahmi M, Qorbani M, Heshmat R, Motlagh ME, et al. The association of sleep duration and cardiometabolic risk factors in a national sample of children and adolescents: The CASPIAN III Study. Nutrition. 2013;29(9):1133-41.
-
32Berentzen NE, Smit HA, Bekkers MB, Brunekreef B, Koppelman GH, De Jongste JC, et al. Time in bed, sleep quality and associations with cardiometabolic markers in children: the Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy birth cohort study. J Sleep Res. 2014;23(1):3-12.
-
33Lee JA, Park HS. Relation between sleep duration, overweight, and metabolic syndrome in Korean adolescents. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;24(1):65-71.
-
34Wolfson AR, Carskadon MA, Acebo C, Seifer R, Fallone G, Labyak SE, et al. Evidence for the validity of a sleep habits survey for adolescents. Sleep. 2003;26(2):213-6.
-
35Sadeh A, Sharkey KM, Carskadon MA. Activity-based sleep-wake identification: an empirical test of methodological issues. Sleep. 1994;17(3):201-7.
-
36Acebo C, Sadeh A, Seifer R, Tzischinsky O, Wolfson AR, Hafer A, et al. Estimating sleep patterns with activity monitoring in children and adolescents: how many nights are necessary for reliable measures? Sleep. 1999;22(1):95-103.
-
37Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res. 1989;28(2):193-213.
-
38Perry CL, Sellers DE, Johnson C, Pedersen S, Bachman KJ, Parcel GS, et al. The Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health (CATCH): intervention, implementation, and feasibility for elementary schools in the United States. Health Educ Behav. 1997;24(6):716-35.
-
39Lipid Research Clinics. Population studies data book. Volume 1. NIH Publication No.80-1527. Washington, DC; US Department of Health and Human Services; 1980.
Datas de Publicação
-
Publicação nesta coleção
25 Set 2015 -
Data do Fascículo
Out 2015
Histórico
-
Recebido
18 Jan 2015 -
Revisado
29 Jun 2015 -
Aceito
01 Jul 2015