Jung and cols., 2015 (3838. Jung CH, Lee MJ, Kang YM, Hwang JY, Kim EH, Park JY, et al. The risk of chronic kidney disease in a metabolically healthy obese population. Kidney Int. 2015;88(4):843-50.) |
South Korea |
3.2 years |
47.9 (60% male) |
Total (41194/356) MHNW (20329/86) MUNW (4835/56) MHO (8587/89) MUHO (7443/ 125) |
Metabolic syndrome: ≤ 1 of the ATP III criteria: (1) a systolic BP ≥ 130 mmHg and/or a diastolic BP ≥ 85 mmHg, or on antihypertensive treatment; (2) TG ≥ 1.7 mmol/l; (3) FPG ≥ 5.6 mmol/l or on antidiabetic treatment; and (4) HDL-C < 1.0 mmol/l in men and < 1.3 mmol/l in women. |
Normal-weight < 25 Obese ≥ 25 |
GFR < 60 (CKD-EPI) |
Age, sex, baseline GFR, history of cardiovascular disease, drinking, smoking, and exercise habits, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), LDL-C, uric acid, and hs-CRP |
9 |
Mottaghi and cols., 2015 (39) |
Iran |
9.4 years |
40.3 (45.2% male) |
Total (5672/1162) MHNW (1817/246) MUNW (202/70) MHOW (1603/314) MUHOW (786/ 212) MHO (500/116) MUHO (764/204) |
1) Metabolic syndrome: ≤ 2 of the ATP III criteria: (1) FBG ≥ 100 mg/dl or medication use for treatment of impaired fasting glucose; (2) TG ≥ 150 mg/dl or medication use; (3) HDL-C < 40 mg/dl for men and <50 for women or medication use; (4) BP ≥ 135/85 mmHg or medication use and (5) WC ≥ 95 cm for both sexes. 2) having diabetes |
Normal-weight < 25 Overweight 25-29.9 Obese ≥ 30 |
GFR < 60 (MDRD) |
Age, sex, smoking, hypertension , waist circumference |
9 |
Cao and cols., 2015 (40) |
China |
5 years |
46.5 (36.7% male) |
Total (6852/740) MHNW (3632/248) MUNW (232/16) MHOW (1852/248) MUHOW (656/ 104) MHO (204/56) MUHO(276/68) |
Metabolic syndrome: ≤ 2 of the ATP III criteria: 1) WC: ≥ 90 cm (males) or ≥ 80 cm (females); 2) elevated TG: ≥ 1.69 mmol/l or the use of lipid medications; 3) elevated BP: systolic BP ≥ 130 mmHg, or diastolic BP ≥ 85 mmHg, or the use of antihypertensive medications; 4) elevated FPG: ≥ 5.6 mmol/l or the use of diabetes medications; 5) reduced HDL-c: < 1.04 mmol/l (male) or < 1.29 mmol/l (female) |
Normal-weight < 24 Overweight 24-27.9 Obese ≥ 28 |
GFR < 60 (modified Chinese equation) or proteinuria > 30 mg/dL |
age, sex, smoking, plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, medication use, and physical inactivity |
8 |
Hashimoto and cols., 2015 (41) |
Japan |
8 years |
46.58 (58% male) |
Total (3136/123) MHNW (2122/56) MUNW (445/30) MHO (302/8) MUHO (267/ 29) |
Metabolic syndrome: ≤ 1 of the International Diabetes Federation. criteria: 1) impaired fasting glucose or diabetes (FPG ≥ 100 mg/dl or who were under medical treatment), 2) hypertension (systolic BP ≥ 130 mmHg and/or a diastolic BP ≥ 85 mmHg or who were under medical treatment), 3) hypertriglyceridemia (TG ≥ 150 mg/dl or treatment of hyperlipidemia), and 4) low HDL cholesterol concentration HDL < 40 mg/dl in men and < 50 mg/dl in women) |
Normal-weight < 25 Obese ≥ 25 |
GFR < 60 (Japanese Society of Nephrology equation) |
Age, sex, smoking status and alcohol use, creatinine, uric acid, systolic blood pressure, HDL cholesterol, and impaired fasting glucose or diabetes. |
9 |
Song and cols., 2015 (42) |
South Korea |
3.7 years |
44.1 (37% male) |
Total (1881/62) |
metabolic syndrome: ≤ 2 of the following criteria: WC ≥ 90 cm for men and ≥ 85 cm for women; BP ≥ 130/85 mmHg or history of hypertension; FPG ≥ 5.6 mmol/L (100 mg/dL); HDL < 1.03 mmol/L (40 mg/dL) for men or 1.29 mmol/L (50 mg/dL) for women; and TG ≥ 1.7 mmol/L (150 mg/dL) |
Normal-weight < 25 Obese ≥ 25 |
GFR < 60 (MDRD) |
sex, alcohol use, smoking amount, and physical activity at baseline |
7 |
Chang and cols., 2016 (37) |
South Korea |
5 years |
36.1 (50.5% male) |
Total (62249/906) MHNW (36490/456) MHOW (13149/232) MHO (8149/177) |
Metabolic syndrome and insulin sensitivity: Metabolic health was defined as a HOMA-IR < 2.5 and the absence of any component of the metabolic syndrome. |
Normal-weight < 23 Overweight 23-24.9 Obese ≥ 25 |
GFR < 60 (MDRD) |
age, sex, study center, year of screening examination, smoking status, alcohol intake, and physical activity at baseline |
7 |
Lin and cols., 2017 (43) |
China |
3.9 years |
59.5 (38.8% male |
Total (2491/243) MHNW (758/34) MUNW (485/57) MHO (441/37) MUHO (807/ 115) |
Metabolic syndrome: ≤ 2 of the ATP III criteria |
Normal-weight < 25 Obese ≥ 25 |
GFR < 60 Or urinary albumin-to creatinine ratio ≥ 30 mg/g |
age and sex, baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate, history of cardiovascular disease, drinking, smoking and exercise habits, education levels, and occupation, alanine aminotransferase, cglutamyltransferase, uric acid, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. |
8 |
Nam and cols., 2018 (28) |
Korea |
9.3 years |
51.9 (47.9% male |
Total (3249/782) MHNW (1568/77) MUNW (478/85) MHO (384/39) MUHO (819/ 156) |
Metabolic syndrome: ≤ 2 of the ATP III criteria |
Normal-weight < 25 Obese ≥ 25 |
GFR < 60 mL |
age, sex, residence, history of cardiovascular disease, smoking status, alcohol intake, and new development of malignancy and cardiovascular disease during follow-up period, ALT, GGT, HOMA-IR, albumin, CRP, and proteinuria |
9 |
Echouffo-Tcheugui and cols., 2019 (44) |
USA |
14 years |
44.7 (47.9% male |
Total (2049/423) MHNW (848/129) MUNW (162/22) MHO (608/145) MUHO (431/ 127) |
Metabolic syndrome: ≤ 2 of the ATP III criteria |
Non-obese < 30 Obese ≥ 30 |
GFR < 60 mL and/or microalbuminuria |
age, sex, current smoking |
9 |