THE REPORTING VERBS AS A STRATEGY FOR TRANSEDITING IN LE MONDE TRANSLATIONS INTO PORTUGUESE VIA THE RFI WEBSITE: A CORPUS-BASED ANALYSIS OF JOSTLE

ABSTRACT

This study looks at reported speech as a component of the RFI news agency’s translation procedures for the newspaper Le Monde . We examined the frequency of verb usage in a comparable-cum-parallel corpus (European French (EF) ↔ Brazilian Portuguese (BP)) named Le Monde Journalistic Corpus ( JOSTLE ), which was based on Corpus Linguistics, Corpus-based Translation Studies, and Journalistic Translation principles. We identified the most commonly used verbs in both languages. Any discrepancies in usage between the reporting verbs and other verbs employed in this discursive function were identified by applying the computer program Sketch Engine. Furthermore, a higher frequency of this discursive resource was observed in BP, with the following verbs having the highest statistical incidence in the corpus: dizer (106), lembrar (55), afirmar (42), escrever (35), and apontar (33). Our analysis discovered that these verbs are used in gatekeeping portions that translators and journalists choose, suggesting an expansion, compression, and elision of Source Texts (ST) throughout a t ransediting process.

KEYWORDS
journalistic discourse; corpus-based translation studies; journalistic translation; transediting; reporting verbs

RESUMO

Este estudo analisa o discurso relatado como um componente dos procedimentos de tradução da agência de notícias RFI para o jornal Le Monde . Examinamos a frequência do uso de verbos em um corpus comparable-cum-parallel (Francês Europeu (FE) ↔ Português Brasileiro (PB)) denominado Le Monde Journalistic Corpus (JOSTLE), baseado em Linguística de Corpus, Estudos de Tradução Baseados em Corpus e princípios de Tradução Jornalística. Identificamos os verbos mais comumente usados em ambas as línguas. Quaisquer discrepâncias no uso entre os verbos de reportagem e outros verbos empregados nessa função discursiva foram identificadas aplicando o software Sketch Engine . Além disso, observou-se a maior frequência desse recurso discursivo em PB, com os seguintes verbos apresentando a maior incidência estatística no corpus: “dizer” (106), “lembrar” (55), “afirmar” (42), “escrever” (35) e “apontar” (33). Nossa análise descobriu que esses verbos são usados em partes de gatekeeping que tradutores e jornalistas escolhem, sugerindo uma expansão, compressão e elisão dos Textos Fonte (TF) ao longo do processo de transedição .

PALAVRAS-CHAVE
Discurso Jornalístico; Estudos de Tradução Baseados em Corpus; Tradução Jornalística; Transedição; Verbos de Dizer

Introduction

News translation, also known as translation for press and/or digital media, has recently become a focus of Translation Studies ( Holland, 2006 ; Bielsa, 2007 ; Bielsa, Bassnett, 2009 ). As a result, some journalistic techniques, such as transediting, are widely used to evaluate the translation within specific news stories and journalistic texts ( Hursti, 2001 ; Van Doorslaer, 2009 ; 2010). Transediting is a concept in Communication Studies that is interconnected with the practice of gatekeeping. Both are concerned with the various actors involved in the selection and transmission of national and international news ( White, 1950 ). They include concepts such as gatekeeper, gate, and forces surrounding the gates, as well as the channel through which information flows and sections within the media, such as information gathering, messages reading, edition, graphics, and final approval ( Shoemaker, Riccio, 2015 , p. 1).

Henningham’s (1979) and Fujii’s (1988) theses were among the pioneering works on international news flows that explored the role of translation within gatekeeping . These studies suggested that translators play a crucial role in managing, modifying, enhancing, and reorganizing messages. As a result, Hernández Guerrero (2009) highlights that various translation strategies or approaches ( Bassnett , 2004; Fujii, 1988 ; Valdeon , 2012, 2015; Van Leeuwen, 2006 ) emerge in Journalistic Translation (JT), including amplification, compression, and elision.

In the present context, we examine the linguistic-discursive aspects of these procedures ( Hernandéz Guerrero, 2006 ). We establish connections between the aforementioned concepts and the theories of Corpus Linguistics (CL) (Baker; Hardie; Mcenery, 2006) and Corpus-Based Translation Studies ( Baker, 1999 , 2000 ; Laviosa). We aim to create a corpus comprising European French (EF) ↔ Brazilian Portuguese (BP) texts sourced from the newspaper Le Monde and their corresponding translations by the Brazilian news portal RFI . This corpus , named Le Monde Journalistic Corpus [JOSTLE], consists of texts collected between January and November 2020. Subsequently, we employ the computational program Sketch Engine ( Killgariff et al., 2014 ) and utilize its features, such as frequency and concordance , to analyze the compiled data.

Consequently, our research focused on identifying emerging patterns by analyzing the absolute frequency of reporting verbs in the JOSTLE using the tool WordList . We noted a significant occurrence of this type of verbs in BP, such as dizer (106), lembrar (55), afirmar (42), escrever (35), and contar (29). These verbs were consistently used by translators/journalists, serving as a “parameter” that aligns with the principles outlined by Hernandéz Guerrero (2009). This observation further confirms the concepts of transediting and gatekeeping in practice.

The use of diverse ideas often seen in news stories suggests that translators choose some reporting verbs more frequently than others. This preference is closely linked to gatekeeping mechanisms, which regulate the selection of information from the Source Texts (STs) and contribute to the transediting technique of elision in the Target Text (TT).

It is worth highlighting that Hernández Guerrero (2008 , 2010b ) was the first to establish the connection between elision and transediting. We understand that the choice of reporting verbs serves as a gatekeeping strategy to facilitate the planned transediting process by RFI , enabling the management of the platform’s discourse based on the intended audience of the news. Additionally, we propose examining the usage patterns of reported speech in the TTs using the Concordance and N-Grams tools to explore the behavior of these verbs within the context of journalistic materials translated by a news agency. Furthermore, we aim to investigate how the repetition of identical verbal structures and linguistic combinations can be analyzed using CL to demonstrate the manifestation of elision in the creation of transedited articles.

Transediting and Gatekeeping

Within the field of Translation Studies, journalistic texts have often been overshadowed by other textual categories such as literature, academia, and specialized writings. Despite extensive research on the language of journalism, there is a significant need to acknowledge the importance of translation in producing news ( Palmer, 2009 , p. 186). Consequently, more recently, the study of JT has gained recognition as a distinct branch within the field of Translation Studies ( McLaughlin, 2013 ).

JT involves various actions such as cutting, editing, reformatting, clarifying, and adapting to conform to internal stylistic preferences ( Bassnett, 2006 ). It regularly includes modifying titles, removing unnecessary information, adding new information, altering the order of paragraphs, and summarizing content ( Van Doorslaer, 2010c ). Procedures such as reorganization, deletion, addition, and substitution ( Schffner , 2012a), synthesis, omission, and generalization ( Tsai , 2006), are commonly employed in news translation.

The term transediting has been used by some scholars to describe the type of textual modifications that occur during the translation process ( Gambier, 2009 ; Hernández Guerrero, 2009 , 2011). This concept was initially proposed by Karen Stetting in 1989 . Although Stetting’s usage of the term was not limited to the journalistic context, she did provide a list of four examples of transediting in JT, including:

1. Condensing text sections into subtitles;

2. Adapting a political speech with idiomatic material and arranging it according to cultural data;

3. Cleaning up rough manuscripts;

4. Composing journalists’ new texts by drafting material in multiple languages;

Stetting (1989) categorized transediting into neatness, situational transit, and cultural transit. Neatness refers to adapting the expression to meet efficiency standards; situational transit involves adjusting the TT according to its intended function, and cultural transit consists of adapting the text to suit the needs and conventions of the target culture (p. 377). Since then, the term transediting has been used by the author to distinguish processes in JT from “conventional” translation. Other authors argue that this type of translated rewriting, not limited to news translation alone, goes beyond literal translation and suggests that in rewriting the ST, there are instances where the ST is reorganized ( Schrijver et al., 2016 ).

According to Bielsa and Bassnett (2009) , transediting is deemed unnecessary as it assumes the existence of a distinct form of news translation. However, Schäffner (2012a ) argues that “translation” already encompasses transediting activities. She argues that, similar to the terms transadapting, used in screen/audiovisual translation (Gambier, 2003), and transcreating, used in marketing and advertising translation ( Pedersen, 2014 ), transediting is meant to emphasize processes that extend beyond mere linguistic changes. Schäffner asserts that the term fails to encompass a broader definition by restricting translation to its conventional sense of literal interlanguage rewriting.

Additionally, as stated by Zanettin (2021) , translation within news contexts involves interlanguage rewriting, which is commonly known as “proper” translation in general language. This is because the process of editing and translating are intertwined. In news writing, the boundary between interlingual and intralingual translation becomes blurred, and translation is better understood as a procedure of textual change rather than aiming for strict textual equivalence, as many sources often substitute the ST.

These concepts and the gatekeeping principle form the foundation of what Vuorinen (1997) describes as gatekeeping operations in news translation. These operations encompass deletion, addition, substitution, and reorganization, and they should be recognized as integral components of the regular textual operations conducted during translation, particularly in news translation ( Vuorinen, 1997 ). Furthermore, Perrin et al. (2017 , p. 468) comprehend that the availability or lack thereof of translation specialists can also be considered a form of gatekeeping mechanism . Valdeón (2020, p. 6) proposes a differentiation between gatekeeping roles at the first and second levels of translation, where the first level pertains to news selection and the second level relates to news transformation.

Lastly, Shoemaker and Riccio (2015) observe the linear model of gatekeeping that emerged after World War II has transformed into a complex, multidirectional, transnational model. In this evolving model, gatekeeping channels intersect and extend worldwide, creating a web-like structure. Moreover, the news selection and transmission process now involves many individuals rather than a small group of journalists.

With the rise of mobile devices as the primary means of accessing information, digital giants such as Google, Facebook, and Twitter are displacing newspapers as the conduits for news consumption. As user-customized algorithms shape and filter news content, creating what Pariser (2011) refers to as filter bubbles around news users, there is growing concern that journalists may lose their traditional role as gatekeepers, as Marantz (2020) highlighted.

Journalistic Translation Studies

According to Palmer (2009) , the “News gathering and dissemination” section in the second edition of the Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies highlights the significance of studying Journalistic Translation. This field can be seen as a form of discourse that generates various effects.

Astirbei (2011) raises an intriguing point in the context of JT Studies. The author notes that there is no consensus on the definition of JT itself, as many individuals do not consider the “adaptations” seen in the written press as translations. The news production process involves multiple stages, from data gathering to publication, encompassing various actions such as adaptation, addition, expansion, explanation, summary, reformulation, and recontextualization. Different terms have been used in the literature to describe this endeavor. Stetting (1989) referred to it as a pragmatic translation strategy involving editing ( Stetting, 1989 , p. 371), while Snell-Hornby (2006) described it as translation modification or translation adaptation , with the ST being viewed as raw material with specific goals.

In news translation, Bassnett (2004) recommends that the translator’s role involves summarizing or adapting the content to suit the target readers, thereby reshaping, editing, or synthesizing the flow of information between different cultures. In turn, Van Doorslaer (2010) states that the specific context of news translation brings a distinct perspective compared to traditional translation. It entails constant reshaping and rewriting of both the STs and TTs, addressing issues beyond linguistic considerations and extending into the realms of integration and disintegration of the STs’ status. This modulation influences the potential for constructing reality. While international journalistic material requires translation, foreign language journalistic texts are utilized as sources for news production rather than being treated as journalistic texts in need of translation. Hernández Guerrero (2016 , p. 72) further supports this notion by saying that:

Translation plays an increasingly important role in the production of new information, not only in translated texts but also in an infinite number of informative works in which the translator’s activity is used as a source of information; the resulting product, whether or not interspersed with other texts or fragments of texts, gives rise to new information integrated into the receiving culture’s production. These many complex sorts of rewriting even meet the information demands of news organizations and accomplish their ultimate goal: information delivery. ¹

While the author does not explicitly address the advantages of the gatekeeping concept, her perspective aligns with the proposals put forth by Bell (1991) and van Dijk (1985). These scholars view translation as a means of controlling the movement of information through communication channels. Gatekeepers play a crucial role in this process by selecting which communications or data should be allowed to flow through these channels and determining the content and presentation of the messages.

There is a growing tendency to hire journalists instead of translators in the media industry, even though translation has always been an integral part of news production and propagation services. According to Bielsa and Bassnett (2009 , p. 57):

However, news agencies tend to employ something other than translators as such. This is because translation is not conceived as separate from other journalistic tasks of writing up and editing and is mainly assumed by the news editor, who usually works as part of a desk where news reports are edited and translated, and sent to a specific newswire.

The lack of attribution to the expert responsible for translated reports underlines a significant trend. Hernández Guerrero (2010, p. 68-69) observes the erasure of the news producer in the press, with the translator’s name being remarkably absent. This absence of identification is commonly seen when authorship is considered a collective effort and is mistakenly associated with accountability for the content generated ( Bielsa; Bassnett, 2009 , p. 70). Consequently, journalists who take on translation tasks are expanding their role.

In her work, Hernández Guerrero (2021) explains that translators/journalists employ various strategies to customize material for their target audience during news translation’s transformation and manipulation stages. In her essay “Técnicas específicas de la traducción periodistica”, the researcher revisits the topic of translation methods and defines them as procedures, often expressed verbally, that become evident in the translation’s outcome. These methods are presented in three different ways:

1. Linguistic amplification

2. Linguistic compression

3. Elision

Linguistic amplification involves adding information that is not present in the ST. This approach is commonly used in journalistic translation due to the changing circumstances of text reception. On the other hand, linguistic compression refers to combining linguistic elements.

These methods recognize the new requirements of the target channel and the format in which the translated material will be presented. This communication scenario often necessitates the use of strategies to reduce the textual content, as the available space is determined by desktop publishing. Each article is assigned a fixed length, and editors know the allotted space for their composition. Asymmetries arise when a text originally intended for one medium is published in a different channel, affecting both the handling of the material and the space allocated to it. For example, a national news story extensively covered in the outgoing cultural channel may be condensed into a brief international account in the incoming cultural channel.

Hernández Guerrero (2006) points out that applying these techniques has discursive effects, as the text differs significantly from the original. These effects can range from selecting specific passages within a text to cases where the textual variety has been altered.

Lastly, there is the technique of elision. When the TT has limited space compared to the ST, the translator employs synthesis, omission, or linguistic elision techniques. Elision is a common practice that influences various genres within journalism, although to varying extents. In previous research (Hernández Guerrero, 2004), the author notes that in news genres, the original texts serve as the foundation for creating a new text that serves as news for a different audience and adheres to new textual norms. Unsurprisingly, certain text sections, along with compression and amplification, are omitted (as they are no longer deemed essential to the contemporary reader). These strategies are necessary for news to operate effectively within the new communication context.

In this research, we view these strategies as interchangeable and stemming from the same translation practice: the deliberate removal of portions of the ST for editorial and ideological reasons, influenced by both the translator and the medium through which the translations are disseminated to the readers. To implement these strategies, as previously mentioned, we argue that translators/journalists employ reporting verbs as a “tool” to condense or eliminate sections of the TTs, providing supporting evidence for the selected news facts subject to gatekeeping . Through CL analysis, we can identify the most frequently used verbs in the JOSTLE corpus. And then, we observe how the transediting process unfolds in journalistic texts, considering text length, the transformation of facts, and the intentional omissions aligning with the objectives of RFI .

Reporting verbs and the linguistic constructions employed

Reporting verbs find frequent usage within newspaper articles to introduce or reference previously mentioned discourse indirectly. Several Style Manuals for Authors in Brazil, such as Manual de redação e estilo do Estado de S. Paulo (1990) and Manual de redação e estilo do Globo (1992), provide lists of these verbs to mark the beginning of statements and avoid “journalistic jargon.” However, there is disagreement among linguists regarding the value and usage of reporting verbs, particularly in the news genre, as they possess polyphonic and intertextual qualities and form a part of the informed discourse. In light of this, the concepts of polyphony and intertextuality must be considered in journalism ( Koch, 2013 ). Communication theories suggest that every text, including news, is influenced by the voices of multiple enunciators, sometimes in agreement and sometimes in disagreement, highlighting human language’s inherently dialogic and polyphonic nature.

Koch, Bentes, and Cavalcante (2012 ) draw attention to a set of shared characteristics in terms of structure, lexical choice, usage of verb tenses, adverbs, and other deictic elements. These elements can be identified in specific sequences within literary genres such as narrative, descriptive, and explanatory texts.

In news translation, transediting often results in explicitly indicating the source of intertextuality in the journalistic TTs. This is achieved by referencing the STs and generating intertextual connections. Using reporting verbs enhances translation by accentuating that the presenter is the original newspaper rather than the translator/journalist or the news agency. Maingueneau (1996) explains identifying intertextual passages involves differentiating between reported speech and quoted fragments. Reporting verbs , which introduce direct and indirect speech, incorporate the mentioned elements from the ST into the TT.

To better understand their role in journalistic discourse, Nascimento (2009) classifies reporting verbs into non-modalizing and modalizing. According to the author, non-modalizing verbs convey the speech of others without adding any personal judgment or evaluation. Examples of non-modalizing verbs include “to say,” “to talk,” “to enquire,” “to answer,” and “to conclude”. On the other hand, modalizing verbs present someone else’s discourse while implying an assessment, modification, or direction by the speaker. Examples of modalizing verbs include “to accuse,” “to affirm,” “to protest,” and “to declare”. The author explains that modalizing reporting verbs can be both epistemic, indicating the producer’s level of conviction about the written discourse, and evaluative, issuing a value judgment about the reported speech and guiding its interpretation.

We can observe predetermined verb structure patterns in journalistic articles, a linguistic phenomenon identified in CL. This phenomenon involves a single item being accompanied by multiple elements that react to different syntactic components, as illustrated in the chart below:

Scholars like Firth (1957) and Sinclair (1991) advocate for the frequency-based approach, which views the co-occurrence of words within a certain proximity as a concordance. Havu and McLaughlin (2021) support this concept by examining a corpus of journalistic translations from English to French. They demonstrate two sequences of reported speech connected by a transfer verb in the unfinished form in -ant (present participle or gerund). The authors noticed that news agencies like RFI often utilize indirect reported speech and employ linguistic patterns common to both English and French. While they do not specifically analyze reporting verbs, their findings contribute to our analysis by emphasizing common phrases and predefined verb usage patterns in journalistic translation.

Corpus Linguistics: Journalistic Translation as Case Study

In Corpus-Based Translation Studies, fundamental concepts regarding corpora are worth revisiting. Baker, Hardie, and McEnery (2006) introduced the notion of a corpus as a collection of texts stored in an electronic database. Corpora consist of extensive sets of machine-readable texts containing hundreds of millions of words. These texts are carefully selected to represent a specific linguistic variation or genre, serving as a reliable reference.

In Translation Studies, Mona Baker (1995) proposed three types of corpora for investigation. Comparable corpora consist of two distinct collections of texts in the same language: one contains original texts in the analyzed language. At the same time, the other comprises translations into that language from a particular source language or languages. Parallel corpora, conversely, consist of texts in the source language (language A) and their corresponding translated versions in the target language (language B). Finally, multilingual corpora comprise two or more monolingual corpora in different languages, developed at the same or different institutions according to similar design criteria.

The application of CL in Translation Studies has a notable history, with Baker (1996 , 1999 , 2000 ) and Laviosa (1998 , 2004 , 2021) as critical contributors to the field. However, until around a decade ago, there needed to be more research on news translation within this framework, as news translation was not widely recognized as a significant textual form worthy of in-depth examination.

There has been considerable research utilizing CL in the context of JT processes, as highlighted by authors such as Caimmoto and Gasparini (2018), Valdeón (2018) , and Davier and Van Doorslaer (2018) . For instance, Laviosa (2002) investigates the usage of expressions related to Europe, such as Europe, European Union, UE, and Union, and their various English counterparts. The study aims to explore how British identity is portrayed in original and translated English political speeches.

According to Baker (1995), previous research in this field has primarily utilized comparable corpora. However, Zanettin (2014) introduces the concept of a comparable-cum-parallel corpus, highlighting that in digital contexts, corpus creation involves diverse behaviors, such as translated and hybridized texts. Consequently, a translated article often combines translated content with independent and new material. This means that a large corpus of journalistic texts, consisting of both STs and TTs, can be considered both comparable and parallel (in line with the concept of comparable-cum-parallel). It contains specialized content that is similar but not always identical in size.

Moreover, studies utilizing such corpora have a constantly updated database with new texts tailored to the publication and researcher’s requirements. As an example, Gaspari (2013) conducted a phraseological study of international news agency stories published in a virtual environment. His research is based on existing English material, partially translated from original Italian sources, sometimes by journalists, from scratch by non-native English speakers, and occasionally as part of interlinguistic summaries. He also does editing or correction in cases where there is a significant Italian focus in the news, explanatory or preliminary information is often provided for the benefit of overseas readers. As a result, mediated texts ( Gaspari, 2013 ) emerge, representing a corpus that is both comparable and parallel.

Methods

A selection of 43 texts was gathered from Le Monde , a reputable French newspaper known for its focus on analysis and opinion, catering to an audience beyond French-speaking readers. While traditionally not primarily oriented toward news reporting, Le Monde aims to offer insightful perspectives and commentary.

Therefore, Le Monde Journalistic Corpus (JOSTLE) also consists of a collection of newspaper articles in French and their corresponding Portuguese translations. These texts were selected between January and November 2020 and obtained from RF1, a French news radio station that broadcasts news in French and multiple other languages worldwide. The corpus was analyzed using the Sketch Engine software. Table 1 provides detailed information about the components of JOSTLE.

Table 1
– Statistics data retrieved using the Sketch Engine

Corpus	Tokens	Words
JOSTLE (French)	74,399	61,053
JOSTLE (Portuguese)	33,508	27,399

Source: Developed by the authors (2022)

We initiated the analysis process by inputting journalistic texts from RF1 and Le Monde into Sketch Engine . Using this software, we examined the texts and generated a WordList containing the most frequently used verbs in both French and Portuguese. Table 2 presents twenty-five examples of the most common verbs in the STs and their corresponding TTs extracted from the Absolute Frequency database. The frequency, also referred to as the number of occurrences or hits, represents how many times a word or phrase appears in the corpus . For instance, a frequency of 10 indicates that the item has been encountered or existed 10 times and remains a fixed number. There is no specific formula used to calculate it.

Table 2
– Most frequent verbs according to the Sketch Engine

JOSTLE (FRENCH)	ABSOLUTE FREQUENCY	JOSTLE (PORTUGUESE)	ABSOLUTE FREQUENCY
Etrê (Ser)	1,176	Ser	425
Avoir (Ter)	1,053	Ter	151
Faire (Fazer)	160	Ir	142
Lire (Ler)	146	Dizer	106
Réserver (Reservar)	145	Publicar	98
Pouvoir (Poder)	140	Estar	87
Partager (Compartilhar)	96	Lembrar	64
Mettre (Colocar)	91	Fazer	63
Aller (Ir)	83	Poder	56
Dire (Dizer)	81	Afirmar	42
Devoir (Dizer)	79	Escrever	35
Publier (Publicar)	69	Apontar	33
Savoir (Saber)	65	Chegar	31
Voir (Ver)	64	Dar	29
Prendre (Pegar)	60	Contar	29
Ajouter (Adicionar)	59	Continuar	29
Vouloir (Querer)	57	Ver	28
Envoyer (Enviar)	56	Relatar	24
Devenir (Tornar-se)	54	Acontecer	24
Suivre (Seguir)	53	Explicar	24
Passer (Passar)	53	Começar	23
Venir (Vir)	47	Citar	23
Appeler (Chamar)	37	Ressaltar	23
Rester (Ficar)	35	Trazer	22
Contribuer (Contribuir)	32	Haver	22

Source: Developed by the authors (2022)

Furthermore, during our analysis, we sought instances of the five most frequently used reporting verbs within the Brazilian Portuguese (BP) subcorpus . To achieve this, we utilized the Concordance and N-grams tools in Sketch Engine to locate the corresponding sections in Le Monde ’s STs. Subsequently, we provide samples of the translations and the untranslated excerpts from the STs.

The N-grams tool in Sketch Engine generates lists of word sequences or expressions. We searched for combinations of two to six words for our research purposes, applying a minimum and maximum frequency threshold to refine the results. N-grams with low frequency are automatically excluded from the list. Regular expressions can be used to define complex criteria for including specific N-grams in the frequency list. Regular expressions treat the entire N-gram as a continuous sequence of letters, including spaces. Two filters can be applied: one for filtering individual characters (letters) that appear anywhere within an N-gram and another for filtering complete words or the content between two spaces.

Subsequently, we examine the Concordance lists to observe how the identified words are used in their respective contexts. The Concordance tool is potent and offers multiple search possibilities. It can locate words, phrases, tags, documents, text types, or corpus structures and display the findings concordantly, showing the word’s context. The concordance results can be sorted, filtered, counted, and further processed to obtain the desired outcome. However, when dealing with large corpora , the concordance may yield significant results, making it time-consuming to examine and interpret them, despite being an effective strategy.

Results

In the following section, we present statistics from Table 2 , which includes the most frequently used verbs in EF and BP:

The distribution of the most frequent verbs differs between the two subcorpora. This discrepancy can be attributed to two factors. Firstly, in the texts from Le Monde, reporting verbs are employed to convey reported speech in a manner consistent with other sources of information. Therefore, the frequency and recurrence of these verbs are influenced by the length of the text. In other words, longer texts tend to contain a more significant number of verbs.

On the other hand, the news agency RF1 relies on reporting verbs in their article. It includes transcribed passages of reported speech from Le Monde, which are selected through gatekeeping and undergo transediting. This duplication of reported speech leads to an increased occurrence of reporting verbs in PB. Consequently, we have identified five verbs closely associated with reported speech and have the highest frequency in the Portuguese subcorpus . Additionally, we have included the French verbs and their frequencies to facilitate interpretation and presentation.

There is a notable difference in the size of the corpora , with JOSTLE comprising 61,053 words in French and the BP subcorpus containing 27,399 words. This discrepancy of 33,654 words suggests potential compression and/or elision. Moreover, using verbs in BP as equivalents to French occurs in different situations than in the STs. This implies that the size of the TTs may have been reduced, as they represent a new form of production where information is transedited through elision facilitated by the gatekeeping decisions made by the translator/journalist.

Examining the usage of reporting verbs presented in Table 3 , we can observe that the verb “dizer” (to say) appears 25 times more frequently in the BP subcorpus , despite its smaller size compared to the EF subcorpus . This indicates that the verbs in BP are used in a broader range of contexts than simply translating original sections from Le Monde . Thus, it becomes evident that the aim is to reinforce techniques such as elision, as highlighted by Hernández Guerrero (2009) , to transform and condense the text to suit the audience’s demands better. Refer to Chart 2 for specific examples of how the verb is employed in phrases that deviate from the correct French ST.

Table 3
– The most common verbs employed as reporting verbs in the BP subcorpus , as well as their French correspondents in the EF STs

Verbs	Les verbes
Dizer (106)	Dire (81)
Lembrar (55)	Se souvenir (8)
Afirmar (42)	Affirmer (29)
Escrever (35)	Écrire (19)
Contar (29)	Raconter (não ocorre)

Source: Developed by the authors (2022)

Chart 2
– Examples of reporting verbs in non-translated sections from BP subcorpus

[...] escreve a correspondente Claire Gatinois. Ela conta como ele demitiu praticamente toda a direção do Instituto Chico Mendes, que foi substituída por ex-policiais militares, ou ainda como se livrou dos responsáveis pelo Ibama, instituição que teve um quarto de seu orçamento cortado.
O jornal escreve que “há meses, ou até anos, aquele que os seus compatriotas apelidaram de ‘Cai Cai’ é mais lembrado pelos casos de sangue, como a agressão de um torcedor descontente no fim de uma partida decepcionante entre o PSG e o Rennes, em abril.
O texto aponta que essa “ofensiva” é liderada pelo chanceler Ernesto Araújo, personagem atípico, capaz de citar Proust e uma réplica de telenovela no mesmo discurso, ironiza o correspondente.

Source: Developed by the authors (2022).

Considering this, we analyze the sentence patterns commonly utilized in constructing the translation of selected fragments obtained through gatekeeping in the TTs subcorpus. The objective is to identify the linguistic techniques employed in these instances using reporting verbs. Chart 3 presents the frequently employed sentence structures featuring the verb dizer , the most commonly used verb in the BP subcorpus, as determined by the N-grams tool.

Chart 3
– Sentences in RF1’s translations that use the verb dizer

Reported speech using the verb dizer in TTs
Diz o texto
Diz Le Monde
Diz a reportagem
Diz o título
Diz o jornal
Diz a publicação
Diz o editorial
Diz o vespertino
Diz o jornalista
Diz a autora
Disse ao Le Monde
Disse ele ao jornal francês
Diz que/Disse que

Source: Developed by the authors (2022).

The sentence structures that are mostly used are both:

1) base verb + subject

2) base verb (direct transitive verb [dizer]) + relative pronoun [que] + complement (direct object)

Chart 4 depicts five examples of the verb in context, extracted from the Concordance tool, as well as the STs excerpts that created the reported speech:

Chart 4
– Examples of dizer usage in the RFI ’s BP subcorpus and fragments from STs

RFI	Le Monde
a) Segundo o jornal, para defender o presidente e resistir ao risco de um golpe, os manifestantes cometem excessos, como a dança em torno de caixões, as agressões a enfermeiras e jornalistas, os apelos a invadir o Congresso e os hospitais. “O movimento pode ser extravagante, mas não tem nada espontâneo”, diz Le Monde .	[…] Ces dernières semaines, des bolsonaristes se sont illustrés, dansant joyeusement autour de faux cercueils, agressant physiquement des infirmières et des journalistes, appelant sur Internet à envahir le Congrès ou les hôpitaux, voire à accrocher des rubans rouges aux portes des personnes refusant de retourner au travail… Extravagant, le mouvement est tout sauf spontané. […]
b) “Tem alguma coisa de podre no reino do Brasil”, diz editorial do Le Monde sobre governo Bolsonaro.	The fragment was not found in the STs
c) Justiça brasileira foi instrumentalizada para fins políticos, dizem juristas brasileiras no Le Monde .	Brésil : « La justice a été instrumentalisée à des fins politiques »
d) As juristas concluem o texto dizendo que as eleições presidenciais de 2018 foram decididas pela Lava-Jato, já que Lula, tido como favorito, não pôde participar das eleições.	[…] Dans un contexte de crise économique et de déstabilisation politique, la présidentielle de 2018 a été dans une large mesure décidée par « Lava Jato ». Condamné par le système mis en place par les procureurs et les juges de Curitiba, emprisonné, Lula n’a pas pu se présenter à l’élection, dont il était le favori. La voie était ouverte pour l’élection de Jair Bolsonaro, qui a par la suite remercié le juge responsable de la condamnation de Lula, Sergio Moro, en le nommant ministre de la justice. [...]
e) Quatro anos após as últimas conquistas, Preta Rara diz que escreveu seu livro para evitar que as domésticas brasileiras continuem a sofrer abusos.	The fragment was not found in the STs

Source: Developed by the authors (2022).

The utilization of reported speech in occurrences A, B, and C can be observed, wherein the content is derived from translating portions of the newspaper Le Monde . The direct reference to the publication’s name is a basis for the expression. Additionally, we present examples of reference versions, which enhance the credibility of the journalistic text by indicating the source of information to the reader and maintaining the flow of the text. This is achieved through various nominalizations referring to the daily newspaper Le Monde .

The examples D and E, we encounter another significant application of reporting verbs , wherein the discourse is generated using the structure of a direct transitive verb ( reporting verb [dizer]) + relative pronoun [que] + complement (direct or indirect object). In other words, this structure represents a subordinate clause with the ST translations as the object. It is important to note that the TTs undergo a translation process that condenses them, as seen in the occurrences in Chart 3 , resulting in significantly shorter texts compared to the STs. For instance, in the French version, we find the phrase voire à accrocher des rubans rouges aux portes des personnes refusant de retourner au travail... which is not translated in RFI ’s publication. This indicates an instance of elision in the journalistic transediting process.

This fragment was omitted because, as these stories pertain to political concerns in Brazil, local news would be less informative than the article from Le Monde . After all, the Brazilian population is already well-versed in this context and its events. The corpus’s second most frequently observed verb is lembrar , which appears 64 times. Although it is not always used as a reporting verb , RFI’s content mentions its reporting function (55 occurrences). Here are five examples from JOSTLE:

The notion of lembrar exists in the formulation of the reported speech, and it also has sentence structures similar to the verb dizer , as seen in Chart 6:

Chart 6
– Sentences in RF1’s translations that use the verb lembrar

Reported speech using the verb lembrar in TTs
A reportagem lembra que
O entrevistador lembra que
O crítico lembra que
O texto lembra que
O texto lembra o [...]
Lembra o Le Monde
Lembra o diretor
Lembra a revista do Le Monde
Le Monde lembra que
Le Monde lembra de
O jornal francês lembra que
Lembra ao Le Monde

Source: Developed by the authors (2022).

As we can observe, the following structures are used with the verb lembrar:

1) base verb + subject

2) base subject + verb

3) base subject + verb + preposition [a] + complement

4) base verb (direct transitive verb [lembrar]) + relative pronoun [que] + complement (sentence as a direct object)

5) base subject + verb (direct transitive [lembrar]) + relative pronoun [que] + complement (sentence as a direct object)

We would like to draw attention to examples A and B from Chart 4 , where the corresponding translated sources could not be located. This reinforces the elision strategy employed by news organizations through gatekeeping , which involves selecting and transediting multiple foreign language texts to create a single news story. However, it is not specified or indicated which texts are translations, even if they are partial translations.

Considering the structure in occurrences C, D, and E, we notice that these instances involve subordinate clauses that incorporate Le Monde newspaper articles translations. However, the final output of this process needs to be explicitly presented to the reader as such, as is the case with the verb dizer . The reporting verb afirmar , which appears 42 times in RFI ’s BP subcorpus , is classified as a verb that conveys another person’s speech without expressing a value judgment (Neves, 2009). In contrast, the other more frequently used verbs carry specific ideological orientations, although their usage presents news items in a “neutral” manner. Chart 7 provides additional examples:

Chart 7
– Use of the reporting verb afirmar

a) Le Monde afirma que imunidade coletiva contra a Covid-19 em Manaus é uma ilusão.	The fragment was not found in the STs
b) Diplomatas brasileiros afirmam serem vítimas de um clima de “caça às bruxas” e uma “perseguição ideológica”.	C’est un climat de chasse aux sorcières » : dans le Brésil de Bolsonaro, le grand blues des diplomates […] De lui, nous ne révélerons ni le nom ni la fonction. « Depuis que l’extrême droite de Jair Bolsonaro est au pouvoir, quiconque développe une pensée critique est puni, lâche-t-il. C’est un climat de chasse aux sorcières. » Une demi-douzaine d’autres diplomates ont tout de même accepté de témoigner auprès du Monde , le plus souvent anonymement, sur ce qu’ils considèrent être la « destruction » en cours de leur ministère. Et, avec elle, celle de l’image du Brésil dans le monde. […]
c) O especialista ressalta, no entanto, que a ideologia que une a Câmara dos Deputados brasileira é “hegemonicamente conservadora e de direita”. “Brasil assume uma política antiecológica”, afirma Le Monde .	[…] Est-on passé d’une république présidentielle à une république « semi-parlementaire », comme le suggèrent certains chercheurs ? Autrefois démoralisée, symbole de corruption et d’inefficacité, toujours éclatée entre vingt-quatre partis, la Chambre des députés « a été largement renouvelée lors du scrutin de 2018 et a récupéré une partie de sa légitimité. Elle est unie dans l’idéologie, hégémoniquement conservatrice et de droite », insiste Christian Lynch, politologue et historien à l’université de l’Etat de Rio de Janeiro. […]
d) Mas existe uma diferença importante, afirma: “Enquanto no passado os generais reivindicavam a defesa de uma democracia atacada, o Brasil de Bolsonaro habita um mundo paralelo, um teatro do absurdo onde os fatos e a realidade não existem mais.”	The fragment was not found in the STs
e) O chefe de Estado brasileiro afirmou sua “rejeição a ideologias totalitárias e genocidas” e seu “apoio total e irrestrito à comunidade judaica”.	[…] La pression était trop forte, venue de l’influent président de la chambre des députés, Rodrigo Maia, mais aussi des autorités religieuses et de l’ambassade israélienne. Pas question pour M. Bolsonaro de perdre le soutien de son « ami » Benyamin Nétanyahou : dénonçant dans la journée des « propos malheureux », le chef de l’Etat a affirmé son « rejet des idéologies totalitaires et génocidaires » et son « soutien total et sans restriction à la communauté juive » . […]

Source: Developed by the authors (2022).

In example A, we observe the formulation of a reported discourse using translated content, wherein the name of the journalistic source, specifically the newspaper Le Monde , is explicitly referenced. The sentence consists of the following elements:

1) base subject + verb (direct transitive verb [afirmar]) + relative pronoun [que] + complement.

The subject of sentences containing the verb afirmar typically refers to the newspaper Le Monde or any other mention of it. This approach is consistent with the pattern observed in Chart 7 . Additional examples of this sentence structure can be found in Chart 8:

In contrast, it is viable to form sentences in the order of the base verb + subject when employing this verb. This sentence structure emphasizes the substance of the statement rather than highlighting the topic being discussed. Chart 9 presents several instances of this particular sentence pattern:

Chart 9
– Examples of the verb afirmar in the structure base verb + subject

“Até agora ele não tomou nenhuma decisão contra nós”, afirma Malafaia, que reitera seu apoio ao presidente.	Malgré les nuages qui s’accumulent, « il n’y a aucune rupture, aucune déception, tout va très bien », assure pourtant Malafaia. Face à la presse, le pasteur de la Penha se montre certes critique de certaines décisions, mais sans jamais attaquer directement le président. « Bolsonaro est très intelligent, insiste-t-il. Il maintient un contact rapproché avec la communauté évangélique et ses leaders religieux. Il n’a jusqu’à présent pris aucune décision contre nous. »
O negacionismo alimentado pelo poder (...) e a aposta política inacreditável de Bolsonaro, que pensa que os efeitos devastadores da crise na saúde serão atribuídos a seus opositores, mostra que esse obscuro ex-deputado de extrema direita não tinha nada de um homem de Estado”, afirmou o jornal.	The fragment was not found in the STs
“Associado ao distanciamento, ao negacionismo, à desinformação, à mentira, acaba suprimindo, ainda que temporariamente, nossa revolta, nossa resistência e nossa indignação”, afirma o ex-jogador.	Ce mal, qui a ses propres variants, est l’œuvre d’un clan. Associé au détachement, au négationnisme, à la désinformation, au mensonge, il finit par comprimer, même temporairement, notre révolte, notre résistance et notre indignation.

Source: Developed by the authors (2022).

Likewise, the sources or references from the ST, including the newspaper, are acknowledged. As an illustration, let’s examine the sentence structures presented in Chart 10 , which were selected using the N-grams tool:

Chart 10
– Sentences in RF1’s translations that use the verb afirmar

Reported speech using the verb afirmar in TTs
O vespertino afirma que
Le Monde afirma que
O artigo afirma que
Afirma Le Monde
Afirma o texto
Afirma o jornal francês
Afirma a imprensa francesa
Afirma ao Le Monde
Afirma o vespertino [explicando aos franceses]

Source: Developed by the authors (2022).

The verb escrever falls into the category of reporting verbs when used in specific contexts. It is observed 35 times in the BP subcorpus of JOSTLE. Chart 11 provides the data obtained from the N-grams tool:

Chart 11
– Sentences in RF1’s translations that use the verb escrever

Reported speech using the verb escrever in TTs
Escreve o vespertino francês
Escreve o correspondente do vespertino no Brasil
Escreve o jornal francês
Escreve o correspondente do jornal no Brasil
Escreve o vespertino
Escreve a correspondente
Escreve a jornalista
Escreve a correspondente do jornal no Brasil
Escreve a correspondente do Le Monde
Escreve a pesquisadora
O jornal escreve que
O diário espanhol escreve que
O correspondente escreve que
Escreve Le Monde

Source: Developed by the authors (2022).

In the case of the verb escrever , the chosen structure by translators/journalists remains relatively consistent. The following sequences are observed in the three instances where it is used as a reporting verb:

$\text{base verb}+\text{subject}$

$\text{base subject}+\text{verb}$

Chart 12 shows some examples:

Chart 12
– Examples of the verb escrever in the structure base verb + subject

a) “Natureza e magia são tão intimamente ligados que cada evento captado pela câmera ganha um brilho maravilhoso”, escreve o vespertino francês, ressaltando as belas imagens, o registro dos rituais e da musicalidade da língua dos personagens.	Li o original várias vezes e não encontrei nenhuma passagem referente à ligação entre natureza e magia ou belas imagens, registros de rituais ou musicalidade da língua.
b) Braga Netto na Casa Civil é derrota para “ala ideológica” do governo, escreve Le Monde .	La nomination d’un général au poste le plus important du gouvernement est considérée comme une victoire pour ceux que les spécialistes désignent comme « l’aile militaire » du gouvernement, plus pragmatique que l’ « aile idéologique » , composée notamment de disciples du sulfureux philosophe Olavo de Carvalho.
c) Chocados, os moradores foram colocados em ginásios ou na casa de amigos e familiares, tremendo diante da ideia de terem escapado de uma nova tragédia como a de Brumadinho”, escreve a correspondente do jornal no Brasil.	Sous le choc, les habitants, relogés dans des gymnases ou chez des proches, attendent de savoir de quoi demain sera fait, tremblants à l’idée d’avoir échappé à une tragédie similaire à la catastrophe de Brumadinho ( ) : la rupture d’un barrage désactivé de Vale contenant 12,7 millions de m3de déchets miniers a provoqué un tsunami de boue, le 25 janvier, faisant, à ce jour, 157 morts et 182 disparus.
d) “Muita gente suspeitava que o governo de extrema-direita brasileiro tinha simpatia pelo 3° Reich e, agora, tiveram a prova”, escreve o jornal francês.	Nombreux sont ceux qui soupçonnaient le pouvoir d’extrême droite brésilien d’avoir des sympathies pour le IIIeReich. Jeudi soir, avec la diffusion d’une vidéo du secrétaire d’Etat à la culture, s’inspirant directement de Joseph Goebbels, ils ont été servis.

Source: Developed by the authors (2022).

On the contrary, we observe an irregular tendency to associate content with newspapers, specifically concerning the verb apontar . This verb has the highest frequency (33) in the subcorpus analyzed in this research and is used to construct reported speech. The use of apontar in reported speech is a neutral representation, as it does not imply any value judgment regarding the academic information referred to, as demonstrated in Chart 13 .

Chart 13
– Sentences in RF1’s translations that use the verb apontar

Reported speech using the verb apontar in TTs
Aponta o jornal
Aponta o texto
Aponta o vespertino
Aponta o Le Monde
Le Monde aponta que
Aponta a reportagem
Aponta estudo francês
O jornal aponta que

Source: Developed by the authors (2022).

Therefore, we observe the structures:

1) base verb + subject

2) base subject + verb (direct transitive verb [apontar]) + relative pronoun [que] + complement.

Below, we can verify some examples in context:

JOSTLE corpus encompasses various characteristics, including suppression, reformulation, elision, and compression. When examining the translation process from French to Portuguese, we emphasize the unique aspects of the news genre and the expanded role of the translator/journalist, which extends beyond conventional notions of translation. The translator/journalist has the freedom to modify the translation, producing a new text that selects specific portions from the STs through gatekeeping . This process involves rearranging, reformulating, omitting, and transediting the journalistic discourse to create the TTs.

Conclusions

The CL approach is currently utilized for analyzing various newspaper texts and applies to the study of newspaper translation. For instance, Hernández Guerrero’s techniques (2006, 2009, 2010) can be examined in terms of linguistic materiality using the CL. However, it is essential to acknowledge that these techniques can also be disproven since each corpus represents only a fraction of the overall linguistic production, not the entire body of material.

Based on the theoretical framework presented and our data analysis, we observe not only a shift from print to digital media but also an increased demand for information from news outlets, as evidenced by Bassnett (2006), Valdeón (2018) , Davier and Van Doorslaer (2018) , and Laviosa (2002) . This necessitates a new perspective on journalism, given the global audience. These texts undergo significant changes when compared to the STs. The process begins with selecting specific passages from one or more articles and may even result in extreme textual variation ( Hernández Guerrero, 2006 ).

Our investigation revealed that elision, synthesizing or omitting text sections through compression or linguistic omission, was the most commonly employed translation strategy among Hernández Guerrero’s techniques. This finding supports the theory that the RFI news agency utilizes the text of the Le Monde newspaper as a source for new stories rather than providing “integral” translations of the STs. This may explain the agency’s publication of such texts without the involvement or approval of a dedicated translator or translator/journalist.

Reporting verbs in newspaper translations hold crucial significance for two reasons. Firstly, from a linguistic perspective, these verbs consistently appear with transcribed information complements in the TTs, regardless of whether the texts are attributed to specific translators. When these verbs are contextualized within the TTs, they reveal the involvement of one or more professionals in creating and disseminating digital news.

Examining reporting verbs in the TTs reveals that translator/journalists engage in a gatekeeping process wherein they selectively choose sections from the STs to incorporate into their writings. Once the informational fragments are selected, they undergo the translation and transediting process, which is shaped by the interests of the journalist-translators or, in some cases, the editorial policy.

Consequently, reporting verbs constitute the linguistic material through which the documented facts are presented, shedding light on portions of the STs that have been transedited during the production of the TTs. This approach justifies the adjustments and modifications made to the STs, resulting in independent acts of transformation. Therefore, using elision can be easily identified as one of Hernández Guerrero’s recommended strategies, as it involves reconstructing reported facts based on reporting verbs as a foundation.

When we utilize tools like Sketch Engine to analyze the frequency of reporting verbs in constructing the TTs and their relationship with the surrounding context, we observe a close alignment with the principles of transediting and gatekeeping. Reporting verbs are a linguistic resource for journalist-translators to select information for composing the journalistic text and a linguistic foundation for guiding readers’ understanding of the news.

The significance of focusing on the use of reporting verbs in constructing and reproducing reported facts in translated journalistic texts arises from the fact that this choice shapes the narrative. This attributes the credibility of the facts to the newspaper Le Monde . Consequently, the RFI agency can distance itself from any potential repercussions its publications may have on readers.

Chart 1
– The most common structures with reporting verbs

base verb + subject

base subject + verb

base verb (direct transitive verb) + relative pronoun [que] + complement (direct object)

base subject + verb (direct transitive [lembrar]) + relative pronoun [que] + complement (sentence as a direct object)

base subject + verb + preposition [a] + complement

base verb (direct transitive verb) + relative pronoun [que] + complement (sentence as a direct object)

Source: Developed by the authors (2022)

Chart 5
– Examples of the verb lembrar in the RFI ’s TTs subcorpus and STs fragments in EF

RFI	Le Monde
a) O líder petista lembra ao Le Monde que durante seu governo foram criados fundos, financiados pela Alemanha e a Noruega, para proteger a floresta, além de 144 zonas naturais protegidas, permitindo diminuir o desmatamento ilegal.	The fragment was not found in the STs
b) Já o ministro da Educação, Ricardo Vélez Rodriguez, prometeu lutar contra o pseudomarxismo nas escolas, lembrou Le Monde .	The fragment was not found in the STs
c) Os pesquisadores lembram que a cada tentativa de reação por meio de vias legais, o governo faz novas ameaças de impor uma ditadura.	[…] Mais cette description passe à côté de l’essentiel : Jair Bolsonaro n’est pas tant fragilisé que poussé à une fuite en avant pouvant mener à l’instauration d’un régime autoritaire. Appuyé par la majorité des états-majors militaires et par un secteur fanatisé de l’opinion, soutenu par les églises évangéliques les plus réactionnaires, le président brésilien s’apprête à détruire la Nouvelle République, née en 1988 des ruines de la dictature militaire. Et ce, dans la plus grande indifférence de la communauté internationale. [...]
d) A reportagem lembra que a tragédia de 25 de janeiro, que deixou mais de 150 mortos, foi um “drama humano, social e ecológico”, que aconteceu pouco mais de três anos após um outro desastre similar, quando a cidade de Mariana viu desmoronar a barragem da Samarco, empresa gerada pela Vale e pela BHP Billinton.	[…] Sous le choc, les habitants, relogés dans des gymnases ou chez des proches, attendent de savoir de quoi demain sera fait, tremblants à l’idée d’avoir échappé à une tragédie similaire à la catastrophe de Brumadinho () : la rupture d’un barrage désactivé de Vale contenant 12,7 millions de m3de déchets miniers a provoqué un tsunami de boue, le 25 janvier, faisant, à ce jour, 157 morts et 182 disparus. Un drame humain, social et écologique survenu un peu plus de trois ans après le désastre de Mariana (Minas Gerais), où un barrage de Samarco, société commune entre Vale et BHP Billiton, retenant quatre fois plus de déchets, avait dévasté, sur 650 kilomètres, le fleuve rio Doce faisant 19 morts et des dommages environnementaux inestimables. […]
e) Eles lembram que Bolsonaro é apoiado por militantes “fanáticos” que realizam nas redes sociais uma campanha em prol de uma intervenção militar.	[…] Accusé d’avoir fait le ménage à la tête de la police pour préserver d’éventuelles poursuites sa famille, proche des milices mafieuses de Rio de Janeiro, il a multiplié les provocations contre la Cour suprême et appuyé les manifestants réclamant sa fermeture pure et simple. Brésil, un Etat fortement militarisé À cela s’ajoute une intense campagne sur les réseaux sociaux, portée par un hashtag aussi long qu’explicite : #intervençaomilitarcombolsonaronopoder (intervention militaire avec Bolsonaro au pouvoir). Cette « intervention militaire » n’est pas un simple épouvantail. Sa perspective est désormais agitée quotidiennement, non seulement par des manifestants et sur les réseaux d’extrême droite, mais par des membres du gouvernement et, le 28 mai, par Bolsonaro lui-même. Pour la justifier, ses proches invoquent un article de la Constitution qui autorise les forces armées à agir pour le « maintien de la loi et de l’ordre » si elles y sont appelées par « n’importe lequel des pouvoirs constitutionnels » . […]

Source: Developed by the authors (2022).

Chart 8
– Examples of the verb afirmar in the structure base subject + verb (direct transitive verb [afirmar]) + relative pronoun [que] + complement

Com chamada na primeira página, o vespertino afirma que o país vive “uma crise institucional grave”.	[…] Le président a partagé auprès de proches une vidéo, créée par ses partisans, appelant à des manifestations pour le défendre contre les pouvoirs législatif et judiciaire. Depuis, une crise institutionnelle majeure agite le pays. […]
O artigo afirma que apesar de minoritários, esses manifestantes têm uma grande visibilidade midiática nas redes sociais e são capazes de mobilizar centenas de pessoas em todas as grandes cidades do país.	[…] Ces manifestants sont une minorité, certes. Mais une minorité bruyante, médiatique, ultraprésente sur les réseaux sociaux, capable de mobiliser dans toutes les grandes villes, par centaines et parfois davantage. Ainsi le dimanche 3 mai : une grande « marche » sur la capitale a réuni plusieurs milliers de personnes, acclamant Jair Bolsonaro face au palais du Planalto. Un véritable coup de force, célébré par les manifestants comme une « nouvelle indépendance du Brésil ». […]
Os repórteres afirmam que “a extraordinária energia” de Lula se mantém intacta apesar dos cabelos e da barba brancos, e começam a conversa questionando a possível candidatura de Lula para a próxima eleição.	[…] Le pas ferme, Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva surgit dans une pièce anonyme du siège de la police fédérale de Curitiba (Parana), réaménagée en salle de presse. C’est ici, dans ce bâtiment sans âme, que l’ancien chef de l’Etat, condamné pour corruption, effectue, depuis avril 2018, sa peine de huit ans et dix mois de prison. A 73 ans, le chef de file de la gauche brésilienne n’a rien perdu de sa verve. Il se présente, la barbe finement taillée, costume sombre et cravate pourpre nouée autour du cou. Le style est présidentiel, et le symbole bien clair : Lula est toujours au travail, encore en action. Il a accordé au Monde son premier entretien à un média français depuis son incarcération. Lire aussi Lula, la chute de l’icône de la gauche brésilienne Après un an et demi en prison, commencez-vous à ressentir une forme de découragement ou de lassitude ? Non, je me sens bien, moralement et physiquement. J’ai l’esprit tranquille, car je sais pourquoi je suis ici. Je sais que je suis innocent et que ceux qui m’ont mis en prison sont des menteurs. Je suis un optimiste. C’est ma mère qui m’a transmis ça. Alors oui, la prison, c’est une mise à l’épreuve. Mais j’ai beaucoup d’énergie, je suis très serein. J’ai la certitude que je vais vaincre. [...]

Source: Developed by the authors (2022).

Chart 14
– Examples of apontar as a reporting verb in the context of the BP subcorpus

a) “O Brasil possui o oitavo serviço diplomático mais importante do planeta”, explica a reportagem, ressaltando que a presença do Itamaraty no mundo ultrapassa nações como Itália, Espanha ou Reino Unido. Além disso, a diplomacia brasileira é formada por profissionais altamente qualificados, aponta o jornal.	Mais la puissance de l’Itamaraty n’est seulement une affaire d’architecture. Avec 222 représentations à l’étranger (ambassades et consulats), le pays dispose du huitième service diplomatique de la planète. Mieux que l’Italie, l’Espagne ou le Royaume-Uni. « Peu de pays doivent autant à la diplomatie » , écrivit l’ambassadeur et historien Rubens Ricupero ( A Diplomacia na Construçao do Brasil , 2016, non traduit).
b) No entanto, aponta o ex-presidente, a população vem sendo bombardeada pelo discurso de ódio. “Antes, se a gente encontrava um adversário político em um restaurante, dávamos a mão para cumprimentá-lo.	The fragment was not found in the STs
c) Le Monde aponta que a Taurus também é um grande player global, pois “exporta 70% de sua produção em mais de 100 países, entre eles, os Estados Unidos, de longe o primeiro mercado mundial de armas de fogo”.	« Nos racines sont brésiliennes, mais nous sommes une entreprise globale » , enchaîne M. Nuhs. Fondée en 1939 et rachetée en 2014 par la Compagnie brésilienne de cartouches (CBC), Taurus exporte désormais 70 % de la production dans plus de 100 pays, dont les Etats-Unis, de loin le premier marché au monde pour les armes à feu, où Taurus tient une place de choix : quatrième plus gros vendeur du pays, il y possède aussi une usine, installée dans l’Etat de Géorgie
d) O texto aponta que essa “ofensiva” é liderada pelo chanceler Ernesto Araújo, personagem atípico, capaz de citar Proust e uma réplica de telenovela no mesmo discurso, ironiza o correspondente.	Car sur le fond aussi, l’offensive idéologique est lancée, menée par le ministre Ernesto Araujo. Climatosceptique assumé, complotiste notoire, ce diplomate un brin farfelu, capable, dans un même discours, de citer Proust et une réplique de télénovela, prône l’édification d’un axe mondial « chrétien-conservateur », mené par l’Américain Donald Trump, « sauveur de l’âme de l’Occident » . Conséquence : à l’Itamaraty, un nouveau secrétariat à la « souveraineté nationale et à la citoyenneté » a été créé, quand celui dédié à l’environnement a disparu.
e) O vespertino aponta que, em 2017, o Instituto Nacional do Câncer concluiu que cada brasileiro consumia, em média, cerca de 5 quilos de agrotóxicos por ano.	Cette même année, l’Institut national du cancer calculait que chaque Brésilien « consommait » en moyenne 5,2 kilos de pesticides par an.

Source: Developed by the authors (2022).

REFERÊNCIAS

• ASTIRBEI, C. E. Particularités de la traduction du texte de presse: le problème du titre journalistique. Traduire: revue française de La traduction, Paris, v.225, p.33-48, 2011. Disponível em: http://traduire.revues.org/85 . Acesso em: 20 ago. 2022.
  » http://traduire.revues.org/85
• BAKER, M. In other Words: A Coursebook on Translation. London & New York: Routledge, 1992.
• BAKER, M. Corpus-based translation studies: the challenges that lie ahead. In: SOMERS, H. (ed.). Terminology, LSP, and translation studies in language engineering, in honour of Juan C. Sager. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1996. p. 175-186.
• BAKER, M. Linguística e Estudos Culturais: paradigmas complementares ou antagônicos nos Estudos da Tradução? In: MARTINS, M. A. P. (org.). Tradução e multidisciplinaridade. Rio de Janeiro: Lucerna, 1999. p.15-34.
• BAKER, M. Towards a methodology for investigating the style of a literary translator. Target , v.12:2, p.241-266, 2000.
• BAKER, P. Using Corpora in Discourse Analysis. London: Continuum, 2006.
• BAKHTIN, M./VOLOCHÍNOV, V. N. Marxismo e filosofia da linguagem. São Paulo: Hucitec, 2004. p.31-38.
• BASSNETT, S.; BUSH, P. (ed.). Writing and translating. The translator as writer. London and New York: Continuum, 2006. p.173-183.
• BELL, A. The Language of News Media . Oxford: Blackwell, 1991.
• BIELSA, E. Translation in global news agencies. Target. International Journal of Translation Studies, v.19, n.1, p.135-155, 2007.
• BIELSA, E.; BASSNETT, S. Translation in Global News. London/New York: Routledge, 2009.
• CAIMOTTO, M. C.; GASPARI, F. Corpus-based study of news translation: Challenges and possibilities. Across Languages and Cultures , v.19, n.2, p.205-220, 2018.
• COSTA, B. F. S.; FREITAS, C. Um léxico de verbos do dizer para tradutores-e considerações sobre a classificação dos verbos de elocução. Calidoscópio , v.17, n.3, 2019.
• COSTA, B. F. S.; FREITAS, C. Verbos de elocução em português: um estudo descritivo com base em grandes corpora e motivado pela linguística computacional. Fórum Linguístico , v.14, n.3, p.2266-2285, 2017.
• DAVIER, L.; VAN DOORSLAER, L. Translation without a source text: Methodological issues in news translation. Across Languages and Cultures , v.19, n.2, p.241-257, 2018.
• FIRTH, J. R. Papers in linguistics 1934-1951. Londres: Oxford University Press, 1957.
• FUJII, A. News translation in Japan. Meta, v.33, n.1, p.32-37, 1998. Disponível em: https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/002778ar . Acesso em: 13 set. 2022.
  » https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/002778ar
• GAMBIER, Y.; VAN DOORSLAER, L. (ed.). The Metalanguage of Translation. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2009.
• GAMBIER, Y. The position of audiovisual translation studies. In: MILLÁN, C.; BARTRINA, F. (ed.). The Routledge Handbook of Translation Studies. 1st. ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
• GASPARI, F. A Phraseological Comparison of International News Agency Reports Published Online: Lexical Bundles in the English-language Output of ANSA, Adnkronos, Reuters and UPI. In: HUBER, M.; MUKHERJEE, J. (ed.). Corpus Linguistics and Variation in English: Focus on Non-native Englishes. Proceedings of ICAME 31. VARIENG: Studies in Variation, Contacts and Change in English, v.13, 2013. Disponível em: www.helsinki.fi/varieng/series/ volumes/13/gaspari/ Acesso em: 27 jun. 2024.
  » www.helsinki.fi/varieng/series/ volumes/13/gaspari/
• GRANGER, S. Pre-fabricated patterns in advanced EFL writing: collocations and formulae. In: COWIE, A. P. (ed.). Phraseology: theory, analysis and applications, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. p.145-160.
• HAVU, E.; MCLAUGHLIN, M. Le discours rapporté et l'agentivité du journaliste dans les dépêches d'agences de presse. Synergies Pays Riverains de la Baltique , v.15, article 5, p.65-82, 2022. Disponível em: http://gerflint.fr/Base/Baltique15/havu_mclaughlin.pdf . Acesso em: 27 jun. 2024.
  » http://gerflint.fr/Base/Baltique15/havu_mclaughlin.pdf
• HERNÁNDEZ GUERRERO, M. J. Técnicas específicas de la traducción periodística. Quaderns. Revista de traducción , n.13, p.125-139, 2006.
• HERNÁNDEZ GUERRERO, M. J. La traducción de la información científica en la prensa española: el diario El Mundo. Sendebar , v.19, p.167-187, 2008.
• HERNÁNDEZ GUERRERO, M. J. Traducción y periodismo [Translation and journalism]. Bern: Peter Lang, 2009.
• HERNÁNDEZ GUERRERO, M. J. Translated interviews in printed media: A case study of the Spanish daily El Mundo. Across Languages and Cultures , v.11, n.2, p.217-232, 2010a.
• HERNÁNDEZ GUERRERO, M. J. Las noticias traducidas en el diario “El Mundo”: el trasvase transcultural de la información. In: VALDEÓN, R. A. Translation information. Ovedo: Universidad de Oviedo, 2010b.
• HERNÁNDEZ GUERRERO, M. J. Traducción y opinión pública global: el caso de Project Syndicate. In: MARTÍN RUANO, M. R.; CLARAMONTE, Á. V. (ed.). Traducción, medios de comunicación, opinión pública. Granada: Comares, 2016. p.53-72.
• HENNINGHAM, J. P. Kyodo gatekeepers: a study of Japanese news flow. Gazette, Leiden/, Netherlands, v.25, n.1, p.23-30, 1979. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1177/001654927902500103 . Acesso em: 12 set. 2022.
  » https://doi.org/10.1177/001654927902500103
• HOLLAND, R. Language(s) in the global news: Translation, audience design and discourse (mis)representation. Target, p.229-259, 2006.
• HOLLAND, R. News translation. In: MILAN, C.; BARTINA, F. (ed.). The Routledge Handbook of Translation Studies. Abingdon & New York: Routledge, 2013. p.332-346.
• HURSTI, K. An insider's view on transformation and transfer in international news communication: An English-Finnish perspective. The electronic journal of the Department of English at the University of Helsinki , p.1-8, 2001.
• KILGARRIFF, A. et al. The Sketch Engine: ten years on. Lexicography, v.1, n.1, p.7-36, 2014.
• KOCH, I. V. O texto e a construção dos sentidos. 10. ed. 2. reimpr. São Paulo: Contexto, 2013.
• KOCJ, I.; BENTES, A. C.; CAVALCANTE, M. M. Intertextualidade: diálogos possíveis. 2. ed. São Paulo: Cortez, 2012.
• LAVIOSA, S. The Corpus-based Approach: A New Paradigm in Translation Studies. Meta: journal des traducteurs/ Meta: Translators' Journal, v.43, n.4, p.474479, 1998.
• LAVIOSA, S. Corpus-based Translations Studies: Theory, Findings, Applications. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2002.
• LAVIOSA, S. Corpus-based translation studies: Where does it come from? Where is it going? TradTerm, n.10, p. 29-57, 2004.
• MAINGUENEAU, D. Análise de textos de comunicação. Tradução Cecília P. de Souza e Silva e Décio Rocha. São Paulo: Cortez, 2001.
• MAINGUENEAU, D. Elementos da linguística para o texto literário. Tradução Maria Augusta Bastos de Mattos. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 1996.
• MANUAL DE REDAÇÃO E ESTILO DO ESTADO DE S. PAULO. São Paulo: O Estado de São Paulo, 1990.
• MANUAL DE REDAÇÃO E ESTILO DE O GLOBO. São Paulo: Globo, 1992.
• MARANTZ, A. Big swinging brains and fashy trolls: How the world fell into a clickbait death spiral The Guardian Retrieved. 2020. Disponível em: www.theguardian.com/ technology/2020/feb/07/big-swinging-brains-fashy-trolls-clickbait-death-spiralinternet-media Acesso em: 13 set. 2022.
  » www.theguardian.com/ technology/2020/feb/07/big-swinging-brains-fashy-trolls-clickbait-death-spiralinternet-media
• MCENERY, T.; ANDREW. W. Corpus Linguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1996.
• MCLAUGHLIN, M. When Written is Spoken: Dislocation and the Oral Code1. Journal of French Language Studies , v.21, n.2, p.209-229, 2011.
• MCLAUGHLIN, M. News translation as a source of syntactic borrowing in Italian. The Italianist , v.33, n.3, p.443-463, 2013.
• MCLAUGHLIN, M. News translation past and present: Silent witness and invisible intruder. Perspectives, v.23, n.4, p.552-569, 2015.
• NASCIMENTO, E. P. Jogando com as vozes do outro: argumentação na notícia jornalística. João Pessoa: Editora da UFPB, 2009.
• NEVES, M. H. M. Gramática de usos do português. São Paulo: Unesp, 2000.
• PALMER, J. News gathering and dissemination. In: BAKER, M.; SALDANHA, G. (ed.). Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. 2nd ed. London & New York: Routledge, 2009. p. 186-189.
• PARISER, E. The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding from You. New York: The Penguin Press, 2011.
• PEDERSEN, D. Exploring the concept of transcreation – transcreation as “more than translation””. The Journal of Intercultural Mediation and Communication, Transcreation and the Professions, v.7, p.57-71, 2014.
• PERRIN, D.; EHRENSBERGER-DOW, M.; ZAMPA, M. Translation in the newsroom: Losing voices in multilingual news flows. Journal of Applied Journalism & Media Studies , v.6, n.3, p.463-483, 2017.
• SCHÄFFNER, C. Crosscultural Translation and conflicting ideologies. In: MUÑOZ-CALVO, M.; BUESA-GÓMEZ, C. (ed.). Translation and Cultural Identity. Selected Essays on Translation and Cross Cultural Communication. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2010. p.107-127.
• SCHÄFFNER, C. Rethinking transediting. Meta, v.57, p.866-883, 2012a. Disponível em: https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1021222ar . Acesso em: 13 set. 2022.
  » https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1021222ar
• SCHÄFFNER, C. Unknown agents in translated political discourse. Target, v.24, n.1, p.103-125, 2012b. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1075/target.24.1.07sch . Acesso em: 11 set. 2022.
  » https://doi.org/10.1075/target.24.1.07sch
• SINCLAIR, J. Corpus, concordance, collocation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.
• SNELL-HORNBY, M. The Turns of Translation Studies. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2006.
• STETTING, K. Transediting - A new term for coping with the grey area between editing and translating. In: GRAHAM, C.; HAASTRUP, K.; ARNT, L. J. et al. (ed.). Proceedings from the Fourth Nordic Conference for English Studies. Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen, 1989. p.371-382.
• SCHRIJVER, I. et al. The impact of writing training on transediting in translation, analyzed from a product and process perspective. Perspectives , v.24, n.2, p.218-234, 2016.
• SHOEMAKER, P. J. Gatekeeping. Communications Concepts , v.3, 1991.
• SHOEMAKER, P. J.; RICCIO J. R. Gatekeeping.The International Encyclopedia of Political Communication, Wiley-Blackwell, p.1-5, 2015.
• TSAI, C. News translator as reporter. In: SCHÄFFNER, C.; BASSNETT, S. (ed.). Political Discourse, Media and Translation. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2010. p.178-197.
• VAN DIJK, T. A. News as Discourse. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1988.
• VAN LEEUWEN, T. Translation, adaptation, globalization: The Vietnam News. Journalism , v.7, n.2, p.217-237, 2006.
• VAN DOORSLAER, L. How language and (non-)translation impact on media newsrooms. The case of newspapers in Belgium. Perspectives , p.83-92, 2009.
• VAN DOORSLAER, L. Journalism and translation. In: GAMBIER, Y.; VAN DOORSLAER, L. (ed.). Handbook of Translation Studies. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2010. p.180-184.
• VALDEÓN, R. A. On the use of the term "translation" in journalism studies. Journalism: Theory, Practice & Criticism , v.19, n.2, p.252-269, 2018.
• VUORINEN, E. News translation as gatekeeping. In: SNELL-HORNBY, M.; JETTMAROVA, Z.; KAINDL, K. (ed.). Translation as Intercultural Communication. Selected papers from the EST Congress - Prague. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1997. p.161-171.
• WHITE, D. M. The 'gatekeeper: A case study in the selection of news. Journalism Quarterly , v.27, p. 383-390, 1950.
• ZANETTIN, F. Translation-Driven Corpora: Corpus Resources for Descriptive and Applied Translation Studies. Manchester & Kinderhook, NY: St Jerome, 2012.
• ZANETTIN, F. News media translation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021.

• 1
  Original: “ La traducción desempeña un papel cada vez más importante en la producción de nueva información y no sólo en textos traducidos que gozan de dicho estatus, sino también en una infinida de textos informativos en los que se recurre a la actividad traductora como fuente generadora de informacíon; el producto resultante, entremezclado o no con otros textos o fragmentos de textos, da lugar a nueva información que se integra en la producción propia de la cultura receptora. Estos tipos de reescritura, variados y complejos, vienen a cubrir las necessidades informativas de las empresas periodísticas y sirven a su fin último: la transmisión de la información” ( Hernández Guerrero, 2016 , p. 72).

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  02 Sept 2024
• Date of issue
  2024

History

• Received
  02 Oct 2023
• Accepted
  26 Oct 2023