Mohamed El Wathig |
2016 |
Al-jouf |
camel |
195 blood samples and 118 serum samples |
T. evansi
|
*ELISA/T. evansi *CATT test *PCR analysis |
25% (49/195) and 3% (4/118) |
Alanazi et al. |
2018 |
Central Region (Riyadh) |
camel |
237 |
T. evansi
|
*PCR analysis. *Sequencing and phylogenetic trees analysis |
116 (49%) |
|
Eastern Province |
|
221 |
|
|
106 (48%) |
|
Al-Qaseem Province |
|
156 |
|
|
79 (50.1%) |
|
Hail |
|
116 |
|
|
33(28.4%) |
|
Northern Borders |
|
102 |
|
|
18 (17.6%) |
Alanazi et al. |
2018 |
Saudi Arabia |
horses |
368 |
T. evansi
|
*RoTat1.2-PCR |
12, 3.3% |
Alanazi et al. |
2018 |
Saudi Arabia |
donkeys |
142 |
T. evansi
|
*RoTat1.2-PCR |
4, 2.8% |
Mossaad et al. (2017a)
|
2017 |
Sudan (Wd-Alhlio, Alshagrab and Khor Wd-Omer) |
camels |
189 |
T. evansi
|
*conventional parasitological techniques of Giemsa-stained blood smears, wet blood smears, the microhematocrit centrifugation technique (MHCT)and PCR |
7% (13/189), 11% (21/189), 19% (36/189) and 37% (70/189)respectivel |
|
|
|
189 |
T. vivax
|
PCR |
25% (47/189). |
|
|
|
189 |
T. evansi And T. vivax
|
They used a T. evansi-specific PCR (RoTat1.2 VSG gene) to analyze the KIN-PCR-positive samples and a T. vivax-specific PCR (Cathepsin L-like gene) to analyse all of the samples |
* T. evansi was 59% (41/70) * T. vivax was 31% (59/189). |
Mossaad et al.(2017b)
|
2017 |
Sudan(Khartoum State) |
German shepherddogs |
50 |
T. evansi T.congolense T. vivaxin
|
*serological (CATT/Trypanosoma evansi) and molecular (KIN-PCR, RoTat1.2 VSG-PCR and TviCatL-PCR)tests |
*CATT/T. evansi detected antibodies against T. evansi in 15 (30%) dogs, while parasite DNA was detected in 17 (34%) dogs by RoTat1.2 PCR * KIN-PCR detected the subgenus Trypanozoon, Trypanosoma congolense savannah, T. congolense Kenya and T. vivaxin 36(72%),3(6%), 1(2%), and 2 (4%) dogs, respectively. However, a species-specific PCR for Trypanosoma vivax was detected 7 (14%) positive cases. |
Bashir Salim et al. |
2011 |
Sudan |
camels |
*Kassala 50 *Halfa Butana region” 205 *Umshadeeda 67 *South Darfur 365 |
T. evansi
|
*diagnosis by a single PCR. Using ITS1 primer-based PCR |
* 24.0% (12/50) *57.1% (117/205) * 6.0% (4/67) * 7.1% (26/365) |
Bashir Salim et al. |
2011 |
Sudan (Kurmuk District, Blue Nile State) |
cattle + a few samples were also collected from other domestic animals species |
210 Cattle 8Donkeys 2Camels 3Sheep |
T. vivax, T. congolense, T. simiae and T. brucei
|
*diagnosis by hematocrit centrifugation techniques (HCT) and Giemsa-stained thin blood films were carried out.Also, by ITS1-PCR, which provides a multi-species-specific diagnosis in a single PCR |
In Cattle: *70(33.3%) T. vivax * 21 (10%) T. congolense In Donkey: *3(37.5%)T.vivax In Camels: *2(100%)T.evansi In sheep: *2(66,7%)T.vivax but ITS1-PCR was able to identify four Trypanosoma species namely T. vivax, T. congolense, T. simiae and T. brucei in 56.7% (80/141). T. brucei showed the highest prevalence of 36.9% (52/141) and the lowest 19% (27/141) was displayed by T. congolense.
|
Bashir Salima et al. |
2014 |
Sudan |
393horses and 116donkeys |
509 |
T. brucei T. simiae T. vivax T. congolense
|
*In horse: T. brucei 4.3% T. simiae4.1% T. vivax 3.6% T. congolense 1.5% *In donkeys T. vivax 3.4% |
using the generic ITS1-PCR diagnostic methods. |
Ahmed A. Hassan-Kadle et al. |
2019 |
Somalia |
camel (Camelus dromedarius) |
182 blood samples |
T. evansi
|
* All samples were negative for Trypanosoma spp. by STDM * 125/182 camels were seropositive for T. evansi by CATT/T. evansi. |
using standard trypanosome detection methods (STDM), serological (CATT/T. evansi) and molecular (ITS1-PCR) methods. |
Adel |
2014 |
Egypt |
one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) |
106 |
T. evansi
|
*Clinical examination 18 (17%) *Microscopical examination 7(6.6%) *Formol gel test 13 (12.26%) |
*Clinical examination *Microscopical examination *Formol gel test |
|
|
|
15 |
T. evansi
|
*TBR –PCR 13(86.6%) * RoTat –PCR0(0%) |
*TBR –PCR * RoTat –PCR |
Souzan et al. |
2016 |
Egypt |
camel |
187 |
T. evansi
|
*Giemsa stained blood smears 6(3.21%) *Haematochrite centrifugation 8(4.28%) *CATT 21(11.23%) *PCR 138 |
*Giemsa stained blood smears *Haematochrite centrifugation *CATT *PCR |
Ahmed et al. |
2016 |
from Sudan to Egypt |
camel |
396 |
T. evansi
|
*blood film technique was 12.17% *using TBR 1/2 primer-based PCR 43.3%. |
*using thin blood film * PCR techniques |
Abdel-Rady |
2014 |
Egypt |
camels (Camelus dromedaries) |
460 |
T. evansi
|
9.5% |
blood smears |
Abdullah D. Alanazi(2) |
2018 |
Riyadh |
Dogs |
117 |
T. evansi
|
*smear 5.6% *WBF 3.4% *MHCT3.4% *PCR(ITS1)4.3% *Rotat VSG 1.7% |
*using 3 parasitological tests (wet blood film, Giemsa staining, and microhematocrit centrifugation technique) * polymerase chain reaction (PCR) |
El-Naga and Barghash |
2016 |
Northern West Coastal zone of Egypt |
camels (Camelus dromedaries) |
331 |
T. evansi
|
*blood smear20.24%*PCR 67.06% |
*Giemsa-stain blood smears (GSBS) *Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) |