On the occurrence of scyphozoan ephyrae (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa, Semaeostomeae and Rhizostomeae) in the southeastern Brazilian coast

ARTICLES

On the occurrence of scyphozoan ephyrae (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa, Semaeostomeae and Rhizostomeae) in the southeastern Brazilian coast

Valquiria Baddini Tronolone^{I, II}(correspondence author; autor para correspondência); André Carrara Morandini^II; Alvaro Esteves Migotto^{I, II}

^ICentro de Biologia Marinha, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 83, 11600-970, São Sebastião, SP, Brasil. Tel.:[phone] Fax: [phone]

^IIDepartamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 11461, 05422-970, São Paulo, SP, Brasil. Tel.:[phone] Fax: [phone] e-mails: [e-mail], [e-mail], [e-mail]

ABSTRACT

The occurrence of ephyrae of the scyphozoan orders Semaeostomeae and Rhizostomeae is reported for the first time for the Brazilian coast. The specimens, caught in plankton tows in the São Sebastião Channel and the Cananéia lagoon estuarine system, are: Chrysaora lactea (Semaeostomeae), Phyllorhiza punctata (Rhizostomeae), and an unidentified species of Pelagia (Semaeostomeae). A table with all species of scyphozoan with the known life cycle is provided.

Palavras-chave: Scyphozoa, Semaeostomeae, Rhizostomeae, ephyra, life cycle, Brazil.

RESUMO

A ocorrência de éfiras de cifozoários das ordens Semaeostomeae e Rhizostomeae é registrada pela primeira vez para a costa brasileira. Os espécimes, coletados com arrastos de plâncton no Canal de São Sebastião e no Sistema estuarino-lagunar de Cananéia, são: Chrysaora lactea (Semaeostomeae), Phyllorhiza punctata (Rhizostomeae), e uma espécie não identificada de Pelagia (Semaeostomeae). Uma tabela, com todas as espécies de cifozoários com ciclo de vida conhecido, é apresentada.

Palavras-chave: Scyphozoa, Semaeostomeae, Rhizostomeae, éfira, ciclo de vida, Brasil.

Full text available only in PDF format.

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Dr Fábio L. da Silveira ( IB-USP, Brazil) for assistance and the critical reading of the manu-script. We also thank the Departamento de Zoologia (IB-USP), Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo (IO-USP), and Centro de Biologia Marinha (CEBIMar-USP) for providing collecting and logistic support. Dr. H.W. Mianzan (INIDEP, Argentina) and MSc. A. Lindner ( Duke University, USA) provided important literature. VBT and AEM had financial support from the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) and from CAPES/DS/PROAP. ACM received financial support from the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP 99/05374-7).

References

ARAI, M.N., 1997. A Functional Biology of Scyphozoa. Chapman & Hall, London, 316 p.

AVIAN, M., 1986. Biological cycle of Cotylorhiza tubercolata (Macri 1778): morphological aspects of the development from ephyra to young medusa. Nova Thalassia, 8(suppl.2): 47-58.

BIGELOW, R.P., 1900. The anatomy and development of Cassiopea xamachana. Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 5: 193-237.

CALDER, D.R., 1972. Development of the sea nettle Chrysaora quinquecirrha (Scyphozoa, Semaeostomeae). Ches. Sci., 13: 40-44.

CALDER, D.R., 1973. Laboratory observations on the life history of Rhopilema verrilli (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae). Mar. Biol., 21: 109-114.

CALDER, D.R., 1982. Life history of the cannonball jelly-fish, Stomolophus meleagris L. Agassiz, 1860 (Scyphozoa, Rhizostomida). Biol. Bull., 162: 149-162.

COLLINS, A.G., 2002. Phylogeny of Medusozoa and the evolution of cnidarian life cycles. J. Evol. Biol., 15: 418-432.

D'AMBRA, I.; J.H. COSTELLO & F. BENTIVEGNA, 2001. Flow and prey capture by the scyphomedusa Phyllorhiza punctata von Lendenfeld, 1884. Hydrobiologia, 451 (Dev. Hydrobiol. 155): 223-227.

DELAP, M.J., 1901. Notes on the rearing of Chrysaora isos-celes in an aquarium. Ir. Nat., 10: 25-28.

DING, G. & J. CHEN, 1981. The life history of Rhopilema esculenta Kishinouye. J. Fish. China, 5: 93-104. [In Chi-nese]

GARCÍA, J.R., 1990. Population dynamics and production of Phyllorhiza punctata (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) in La-guna Joyuda, Puerto Rico. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 64: 243-251.

GERSHWIN, L., 2001. Systematics and biogeography of the jellyfish Aurelia labiata (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa). Biol. Bull., 201: 104-119.

GERSHWIN, L. & A.G. COLLINS, 2002. A preliminary phy-logeny of Pelagiidae (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa), with new observations of Chrysaora colorata comb. nov. J. Nat. Hist., 36(2): 127-148.

GOETTE, A., 1893. Vergleichende Entwicklungsgeschichte von Pelagia noctiluca Pér. Z. wiss. Zool., 55: 645-695.

GOHAR, H.A.F. & A.M. EISAWY, 1960. The development of Cassiopea andromeda. Publ. Mar. Biol. Sta., Al-Ghardaqa, 11: 148-190.

GOY, J. 1979. Campagne de la Calypso au large des côtes atlantiques de l'Amérique du Sud (1961-1962) - 35. Méduses. Rés. scient. Camp. Calypso, 11: 263-296.

GREVE, W., 1968. The "planktonkreisel", a new device for culturing zooplankton. Mar. Biol., 1: 201-203.

GRÖNDAHL, F., 1988. A comparative ecological study on the scyphozoans Aurelia aurita, Cyanea capillata and C. lamarckii in the Gullmar Fjord, western Sweden, 1982 to 1986. Mar. Biol., 97: 541-550.

HAECKEL, E. 1880. Das system der medusen. I, 2: System der Acraspeden. Zweite Hälfte des Systems der Medusen. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 361-672.

JARMS, G., 1990. Neubeschreibung dreier Arten der Gattung Nausithoe (Coronata, Scyphozoa) sowie Wiederbeschreibung der Art Nausithoe marginata Kölliker, 1853. Mitt. hamb. zool. Mus. Inst., 87: 7-39.

JARMS, G., 1997. The polyps of Coronatae (Scyphozoa), a review and some new results. In: den HARTOG, J.C. (ed.), Proceedings of the 6^th International Conference on Co-elenterate Biology, 1995. Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden, p. 271-278.

JARMS, G., 2001. The life cycle of Nausithoe hagenbecki sp. nov. (Scyphozoa, Coronatae). Mitt. hamb. zool. Mus. Inst., 98: 13-22.

JARMS, G.; U. BÅMSTEDT ; H. TIEMANN; M.B. MARTINUSSEN & J.H. FOSSÅ, 1999. The holopelagic life cycle of the deep-sea medusa Periphylla periphylla (Scyphozoa, Coronatae). Sarsia, 84: 55-65.

JARMS, G.; A.C. MORANDINI & F.L. da SILVEIRA, in press. Methods and experiences with cultivating polyps and medusae of Coronatae (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa) with a re-view of important characters. Helgol. Mar. Res.

KAKINUMA, Y., 1967. Development of a scyphozoan, Dactylometra pacifica Goette. Bull. Mar. Biol. Sta. Asamushi, 13: 29-32.

KAWAGUTI, S. & A. MATSUNO, 1981. A new species of the Coronatae, Scyphozoa, from the Japan Sea; Atorella japonica n.sp. Bull. Kawasaki Paramed. coll., 1: 15-21.

KIKINGER, R., 1992. Cotylorhiza tuberculata (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) - life history of a stationary population. P.S.Z.N. I: Mar. Ecol., 13(4): 333-362.

KIKINGER, R. & L. von SALVINI-PLAWEN, 1995. Develop-ment from polyp to stauromedusa in Stylocoronella (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa). J. mar. biol. Ass. U. K., 75: 899-912.

KOMAI, T. & Y. TOKUOKA, 1939. Further observations on the strobilation of Stephanoscyphus. Mem. Coll. Sci., Kyoto Imp. Univ., ser. B, 15(2): 127-133.

LANGE, J. & R. KAISER, 1995. The maintenance of pelagic jellyfish in the Zoo-Aquarium Berlin. Int. Zoo Yb., 34: 59-64.

LITTLEFORD, R.A., 1939. The life cycle of Dactylometra quinquecirrha. L. Agassiz in the Chesapeake Bay. Biol. Bull., 77: 368-381.

LOTAN, A.; R. BEN-HILLEL & Y. LOYA, 1992. Life cycle of Rhopilema nomadica: a new immigrant scyphomedusan in the Mediterranean. Mar. Biol., 112: 237-242.

LUCAS, C.H., 2001. Reproduction and life history strate-gies of the common jellyfish, Aurelia aurita, in relation to its ambient environment. Hydrobiologia, 451 (Dev. Hydrob. 155): 229-246.

MIANZAN, H.W., 1989a. Las medusas Scyphozoa de la Bahía Blanca, Argentina. Bolm Inst. oceanogr., 37(1): 29-32.

MIANZAN, H.W., 1989b. Sistematica y zoogeografía de Scyphomedusae en aguas neriticas argentinas. Invest. Mar. CICIMAR, 4(1): 15-34.

MIANZAN, H.W. & P.F.S. CORNELIUS, 1999. Cubomedusae and Scyphomedusae. In: D. BOLTOVSKOY (ed.), South Atlantic Zooplankton, Vol. I. Blackhuys Publishers, Leiden, 513-559 pp.

MIGOTTO, A.E.; A.C. MARQUES; A.C. MORANDINI & F.L. da SILVEIRA, 2002. Checklist of the Cnidaria Medusozoa of Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 2(1), 30p.

ORTIZ-CORP'S, E.; C.E. CUTRESS & B.M. CUTRESS, 1987. Life history of the coronate scyphozoan Linuche unguiculata (Swartz, 1788). Carib. J. Sci., 23: 432-443.

PASPALEFF, B.W., 1938. Über die Entwicklung von Rhizostoma pulmo Agass. Arb. biol. Meeresst Varna, 7: 1-17.

PITT, K.A., 2000. Life history and settlement preferences of the edible jellyfish Catostylus mosaicus (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae). Mar. Biol., 136: 269-279.

RIPPINGALE, R.J. & S.J. KELLY, 1995. Reproduction and survival of Phyllorhiza punctata (Cnidaria: Rhizostomeae) in a seasonally fluctuating salinity re-gime in western Australia. Mar. Freshw. Res., 46: 1145-1151.

ROTTINI SANDRINI, L. & M. AVIAN, 1983. Biological cycle of Pelagia noctiluca: morphological aspects of the de-velopment from planula to ephyra. Mar. Biol., 74: 169-174.

RUSSELL, F.S., 1970. The medusae of the British Isles II. Pelagic Scyphozoa with a supplement to the first vol-ume on hydromedusae. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 284 pp.

RUSSELL, F.S. & W.J. REES, 1960. The viviparous scyphomedusa Stygiomedusa fabulosa Russell. J. mar. biol. Ass. U. K., 39: 303-322.

SCHUCHERT, P., 1993. Phylogenetic analysis of the Cnidaria. Z. zool. syst. evolutionsforsch., 31: 161-173.

SILVEIRA, F.L. da & A.C. MORANDINI, 1997. Nausithoe aurea n. sp. (Scyphozoa, Coronatae, Nausithoidae), a species with two pathways of reproduction after strobi-lation: sexual and asexual. Contr. Zool., 66(4): 235-246.

SILVEIRA, F.L. da & A.C. MORANDINI, 1998. Asexual re-production in Linuche unguiculata (Swartz, 1788) (Scyphozoa: Coronatae) by planuloid formation through strobilation and segmentation. Proc. biol. Soc. Wash., 111(4): 781-794.

SÖTJE, I. & G. JARMS, 1999. Detailed description of Thecoscyphus zibrowii Werner, 1984 (Scyphozoa, Coronatae) with remarks on the life cycle. Mitt. hamb. zool. Mus. Inst., 96: 5-13.

STACHOWITSCH, M., 1992. The invertebrates. An illus-trated glossary. New York, Wiley. [Scyphozoa: 19-24 + one unnumbered plate. ]

SUGIURA, Y., 1966. On the life history of rhizostome medu-sae. IV. Cephea cephea. Embryologia, 9: 105-122.

UCHIDA, T., 1926. The anatomy and development of a rhizostome medusa, Mastigias papua L.Agassiz, with observations on the phylogeny of Rhizostomae. J. Fac. Sci., Imp. Univ. Tokyo, Sec. VI - Zool., 1(1): 45-95.

UCHIDA, T., 1929. Studies on the Stauromedusae and Cubomedusae, with special reference to their metamor-phosis. Jap. J. Zool., 2(2): 103-193.

UCHIDA, T. & Y. SUGIURA, 1978. On the polyp of the scyphomedusa, Sanderia malayensis and its reproduc-tion. J. Fac. Sci., Hokkaido Univ. (Zool.), 21, 279-286.

WERNER, B., 1966. Stephanoscyphus (Scyphozoa, Coronatae) und seine direkte Abstammung von den fossilen Conulata. Helgoländer wiss. Meeresunters., 13: 317-347.

WERNER, B., 1974. Stephanoscyphus eumedusoides n. spec. (Scyphozoa, Coronatae) ein Höhlenpolyp mit einem neuen Entwicklungsmodus. Helgoländer wiss. Meeresunters., 26: 434-463.

WERNER, B., 1979. Coloniality in the Scyphozoa: Cnidaria. In: D. LARWOOD & B.R. ROSEN (eds.), Biology and systematics of colonial organisms, Academic Press, Lon-don, 81-103 pp.

WERNER, B. & J. HENTSCHEL, 1983. Apogamous life cycle of Stephanoscyphus planulophorus. Mar. Biol., 74: 301-304.

WROBEL, D. & C.E. MILLS, 1998. Pacific coast pelagic in-vertebrates. A guide to the common gelatinous animals. Sea Challengers & Monterrey Bay Aquarium, Monterrey, 108 p.

Date Received 07/04/2002

Revised 08/03/2002

Accepted 10/02/2002

References

• ARAI, M.N., 1997. A Functional Biology of Scyphozoa. Chapman & Hall, London, 316 p.
• AVIAN, M., 1986. Biological cycle of Cotylorhiza tubercolata (Macri 1778): morphological aspects of the development from ephyra to young medusa. Nova Thalassia, 8(suppl.2): 47-58.
• BIGELOW, R.P., 1900. The anatomy and development of Cassiopea xamachana Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 5: 193-237.
• CALDER, D.R., 1972. Development of the sea nettle Chrysaora quinquecirrha (Scyphozoa, Semaeostomeae). Ches. Sci., 13: 40-44.
• CALDER, D.R., 1973. Laboratory observations on the life history of Rhopilema verrilli (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae). Mar. Biol., 21: 109-114.
• CALDER, D.R., 1982. Life history of the cannonball jelly-fish, Stomolophus meleagris L. Agassiz, 1860 (Scyphozoa, Rhizostomida). Biol. Bull., 162: 149-162.
• COLLINS, A.G., 2002. Phylogeny of Medusozoa and the evolution of cnidarian life cycles. J. Evol. Biol., 15: 418-432.
• D'AMBRA, I.; J.H. COSTELLO & F. BENTIVEGNA, 2001. Flow and prey capture by the scyphomedusa Phyllorhiza punctata von Lendenfeld, 1884. Hydrobiologia, 451 (Dev. Hydrobiol. 155): 223-227.
• DELAP, M.J., 1901. Notes on the rearing of Chrysaora isos-celes in an aquarium. Ir. Nat., 10: 25-28.
• DING, G. & J. CHEN, 1981. The life history of Rhopilema esculenta Kishinouye. J. Fish. China, 5: 93-104. [In Chi-nese]
• GARCÍA, J.R., 1990. Population dynamics and production of Phyllorhiza punctata (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) in La-guna Joyuda, Puerto Rico. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 64: 243-251.
• GERSHWIN, L., 2001. Systematics and biogeography of the jellyfish Aurelia labiata (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa). Biol. Bull., 201: 104-119.
• GERSHWIN, L. & A.G. COLLINS, 2002. A preliminary phy-logeny of Pelagiidae (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa), with new observations of Chrysaora colorata comb. nov. J. Nat. Hist., 36(2): 127-148.
• GOETTE, A., 1893. Vergleichende Entwicklungsgeschichte von Pelagia noctiluca Pér. Z. wiss. Zool., 55: 645-695.
• GOHAR, H.A.F. & A.M. EISAWY, 1960. The development of Cassiopea andromeda Publ. Mar. Biol. Sta., Al-Ghardaqa, 11: 148-190.
• GOY, J. 1979. Campagne de la Calypso au large des côtes atlantiques de l'Amérique du Sud (1961-1962) - 35. Méduses. Rés. scient. Camp. Calypso, 11: 263-296.
• GREVE, W., 1968. The "planktonkreisel", a new device for culturing zooplankton. Mar. Biol., 1: 201-203.
• GRÖNDAHL, F., 1988. A comparative ecological study on the scyphozoans Aurelia aurita, Cyanea capillata and C. lamarckii in the Gullmar Fjord, western Sweden, 1982 to 1986. Mar. Biol., 97: 541-550.
• HAECKEL, E. 1880. Das system der medusen. I, 2: System der Acraspeden. Zweite Hälfte des Systems der Medusen. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 361-672.
• JARMS, G., 1990. Neubeschreibung dreier Arten der Gattung Nausithoe (Coronata, Scyphozoa) sowie Wiederbeschreibung der Art Nausithoe marginata Kölliker, 1853. Mitt. hamb. zool. Mus. Inst., 87: 7-39.
• JARMS, G., 1997. The polyps of Coronatae (Scyphozoa), a review and some new results. In: den HARTOG, J.C. (ed.), Proceedings of the 6^th International Conference on Co-elenterate Biology, 1995. Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden, p. 271-278.
• JARMS, G., 2001. The life cycle of Nausithoe hagenbecki sp. nov. (Scyphozoa, Coronatae). Mitt. hamb. zool. Mus. Inst., 98: 13-22.
• JARMS, G.; U. BÅMSTEDT ; H. TIEMANN; M.B. MARTINUSSEN & J.H. FOSSÅ, 1999. The holopelagic life cycle of the deep-sea medusa Periphylla periphylla (Scyphozoa, Coronatae). Sarsia, 84: 55-65.
• JARMS, G.; A.C. MORANDINI & F.L. da SILVEIRA, in press Methods and experiences with cultivating polyps and medusae of Coronatae (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa) with a re-view of important characters. Helgol. Mar. Res.
• KAKINUMA, Y., 1967. Development of a scyphozoan, Dactylometra pacifica Goette. Bull. Mar. Biol. Sta. Asamushi, 13: 29-32.
• KAWAGUTI, S. & A. MATSUNO, 1981. A new species of the Coronatae, Scyphozoa, from the Japan Sea; Atorella japonica n.sp. Bull. Kawasaki Paramed. coll., 1: 15-21.
• KIKINGER, R., 1992. Cotylorhiza tuberculata (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) - life history of a stationary population. P.S.Z.N. I: Mar. Ecol., 13(4): 333-362.
• KIKINGER, R. & L. von SALVINI-PLAWEN, 1995. Develop-ment from polyp to stauromedusa in Stylocoronella (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa). J. mar. biol. Ass. U. K., 75: 899-912.
• KOMAI, T. & Y. TOKUOKA, 1939. Further observations on the strobilation of Stephanoscyphus Mem. Coll. Sci., Kyoto Imp. Univ., ser. B, 15(2): 127-133.
• LANGE, J. & R. KAISER, 1995. The maintenance of pelagic jellyfish in the Zoo-Aquarium Berlin. Int. Zoo Yb., 34: 59-64.
• LITTLEFORD, R.A., 1939. The life cycle of Dactylometra quinquecirrha L. Agassiz in the Chesapeake Bay. Biol. Bull., 77: 368-381.
• LOTAN, A.; R. BEN-HILLEL & Y. LOYA, 1992. Life cycle of Rhopilema nomadica: a new immigrant scyphomedusan in the Mediterranean. Mar. Biol., 112: 237-242.
• LUCAS, C.H., 2001. Reproduction and life history strate-gies of the common jellyfish, Aurelia aurita, in relation to its ambient environment. Hydrobiologia, 451 (Dev. Hydrob. 155): 229-246.
• MIANZAN, H.W., 1989a. Las medusas Scyphozoa de la Bahía Blanca, Argentina. Bolm Inst. oceanogr., 37(1): 29-32.
• MIANZAN, H.W., 1989b. Sistematica y zoogeografía de Scyphomedusae en aguas neriticas argentinas. Invest. Mar. CICIMAR, 4(1): 15-34.
• MIANZAN, H.W. & P.F.S. CORNELIUS, 1999. Cubomedusae and Scyphomedusae. In: D. BOLTOVSKOY (ed.), South Atlantic Zooplankton, Vol. I. Blackhuys Publishers, Leiden, 513-559 pp.
• MIGOTTO, A.E.; A.C. MARQUES; A.C. MORANDINI & F.L. da SILVEIRA, 2002. Checklist of the Cnidaria Medusozoa of Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 2(1), 30p.
• ORTIZ-CORP'S, E.; C.E. CUTRESS & B.M. CUTRESS, 1987. Life history of the coronate scyphozoan Linuche unguiculata (Swartz, 1788). Carib. J. Sci., 23: 432-443.
• PASPALEFF, B.W., 1938. Über die Entwicklung von Rhizostoma pulmo Agass. Arb. biol. Meeresst Varna, 7: 1-17.
• PITT, K.A., 2000. Life history and settlement preferences of the edible jellyfish Catostylus mosaicus (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae). Mar. Biol., 136: 269-279.
• RIPPINGALE, R.J. & S.J. KELLY, 1995. Reproduction and survival of Phyllorhiza punctata (Cnidaria: Rhizostomeae) in a seasonally fluctuating salinity re-gime in western Australia. Mar. Freshw. Res., 46: 1145-1151.
• ROTTINI SANDRINI, L. & M. AVIAN, 1983. Biological cycle of Pelagia noctiluca: morphological aspects of the de-velopment from planula to ephyra. Mar. Biol., 74: 169-174.
• RUSSELL, F.S., 1970. The medusae of the British Isles II. Pelagic Scyphozoa with a supplement to the first vol-ume on hydromedusae. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 284 pp.
• RUSSELL, F.S. & W.J. REES, 1960. The viviparous scyphomedusa Stygiomedusa fabulosa Russell. J. mar. biol. Ass. U. K., 39: 303-322.
• SCHUCHERT, P., 1993. Phylogenetic analysis of the Cnidaria. Z. zool. syst. evolutionsforsch., 31: 161-173.
• SILVEIRA, F.L. da & A.C. MORANDINI, 1997. Nausithoe aurea n. sp. (Scyphozoa, Coronatae, Nausithoidae), a species with two pathways of reproduction after strobi-lation: sexual and asexual. Contr. Zool., 66(4): 235-246.
• SILVEIRA, F.L. da & A.C. MORANDINI, 1998. Asexual re-production in Linuche unguiculata (Swartz, 1788) (Scyphozoa: Coronatae) by planuloid formation through strobilation and segmentation. Proc. biol. Soc. Wash., 111(4): 781-794.
• SÖTJE, I. & G. JARMS, 1999. Detailed description of Thecoscyphus zibrowii Werner, 1984 (Scyphozoa, Coronatae) with remarks on the life cycle. Mitt. hamb. zool. Mus. Inst., 96: 5-13.
• STACHOWITSCH, M., 1992. The invertebrates. An illus-trated glossary. New York, Wiley. [Scyphozoa: 19-24 + one unnumbered plate.
• SUGIURA, Y., 1966. On the life history of rhizostome medu-sae. IV. Cephea cephea Embryologia, 9: 105-122.
• UCHIDA, T., 1926. The anatomy and development of a rhizostome medusa, Mastigias papua L.Agassiz, with observations on the phylogeny of Rhizostomae. J. Fac. Sci., Imp. Univ. Tokyo, Sec. VI - Zool., 1(1): 45-95.
• UCHIDA, T., 1929. Studies on the Stauromedusae and Cubomedusae, with special reference to their metamor-phosis. Jap. J. Zool., 2(2): 103-193.
• UCHIDA, T. & Y. SUGIURA, 1978. On the polyp of the scyphomedusa, Sanderia malayensis and its reproduc-tion. J. Fac. Sci., Hokkaido Univ. (Zool.), 21, 279-286.
• WERNER, B., 1966. Stephanoscyphus (Scyphozoa, Coronatae) und seine direkte Abstammung von den fossilen Conulata. Helgoländer wiss. Meeresunters., 13: 317-347.
• WERNER, B., 1974. Stephanoscyphus eumedusoides n. spec. (Scyphozoa, Coronatae) ein Höhlenpolyp mit einem neuen Entwicklungsmodus. Helgoländer wiss. Meeresunters., 26: 434-463.
• WERNER, B., 1979. Coloniality in the Scyphozoa: Cnidaria. In: D. LARWOOD & B.R. ROSEN (eds.), Biology and systematics of colonial organisms, Academic Press, Lon-don, 81-103 pp.
• WERNER, B. & J. HENTSCHEL, 1983. Apogamous life cycle of Stephanoscyphus planulophorus Mar. Biol., 74: 301-304.
• WROBEL, D. & C.E. MILLS, 1998. Pacific coast pelagic in-vertebrates. A guide to the common gelatinous animals. Sea Challengers & Monterrey Bay Aquarium, Monterrey, 108 p.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  11 June 2013
• Date of issue
  2002

History

• Reviewed
  08 Mar 2002
• Received
  07 Apr 2002
• Accepted
  10 Feb 2002