Inequalities in food acquisition according to the social profiles of the head of households in Brazil

Sgambato, Michele Ribeiro; Lignani, Juliana de Bem; Pires, Caroline Abreu; Ribeiro, Eloah Costa de Sant Anna; Domingos, Talita Barbosa; Ferreira, Aline Alves; Sichieri, Rosely; Oliveira, Lívia Gomes de; Salles-Costa, Rosana

doi:10.1590/1413-812320222711.01582022

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FREE THEMES • Ciênc. saúde coletiva 27 (11) • Nov 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320222711.01582022 copy

Inequalities in food acquisition according to the social profiles of the head of households in Brazil

Desigualdades na aquisição de alimentos de acordo com a renda e os perfis sociais do chefe de família no Brasil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Brazil is characterized by strong social inequalities and differences in access to quality food and sufficient quantities of it, which represent a violation of the human right to adequate food. The aim was to assess food expenditures according to the social profiles of the head of the households. Data from the cross-sectional Brazilian Household Budget Survey (2017/2018) were used with a nationally representative sample of household survey participants (n=52,917). Poisson regression was used to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) to assess the association of different social profiles with the acquisition of food. The profile characterized by woman self-classified as white, with a higher education, which characteristics were positively and significantly associated with more acquisition of fruits (PR=1.22; CI95% 1.09-1.36) and vegetables and greens (PR=1.24; CI95% 1.09-1.41). Black women with low education levels showed a negative association with the consumption of soda (PR=0.53; CI95% 0.45-0.62), and prepared food (PR=0.52; CI95% 0.37-0.74). The results reveal great inequalities in the purchase of food between the social profiles of the heads of the family.

Key words:
Population surveys; Inequalities; Food; Income; Brazil

Food group	Description
Healthy food marker
Rice	Rice, risotto and rice mixed dishes
Bean	Black beans, white beans and other types of beans
Tuber	All tubers (potatoes, manioc, sweet potatoes and others)
Cassava flour	All cassava flours
Vegetables and greens	Lettuce, kale, cabbage, onions, tomato, pumpkin and others
Fruits	All fruits (banana, apple, pineapple, pear, grape and others)
Meat	Meat, beef, barbecue and meat dishes
Poultry	Poultry meat and poultry dishes
Eggs	Chicken eggs, quail eggs, duck eggs
Fish	Fish and seafood
Viscera	Liver, bovine stomach, chicken heart, chicken gizzard and others
Milk	Fluid milk, powdered milk
Yogurt	Yogurt and curd
Cheese	Cheeses in general
Coffee	Traditional coffee, espresso, cappuccino
Unhealthy food marker
Bread	White bread (pão francês)
Pasta	Spaghetti, lasagna, other types of mass
Sugar	All sugar
Salt	All salts
Oil	Vegetable oils, olive oil, lard, butter and margarine
Soda	Regular soft drinks
Sweetened juice	Flavored fruit juice bottled, powdered fruit juice, natural fruit juice
Alcoholic beverages	Wine, beer, cachaça, whisky, champagne and others
Light and diet beverages	Fruit juice or vegetable dietary bottled or in box, dietetic artificial fruit juice powder, choco milk bottled dietetic light and others
Processed meat	Sausage, bacon, hamburger, dried meat, and others
Canned	Canned sardines, canned tuna, chicken pate, ham pate canned beans, and others
Prepared food	Prepared lasagna, pasta, calzone, pancake, frozen potatoes for frying, potato chips and others
Cookies	All types of cookies
Sweet cookie	All sweet cookies (chocolate cookie, coconut cookie, milk cookie)
Cracker	Salty Cracker, cheese chips
Cakes	All cakes, brownie, cupcake, roulade, cornbread (Broa de milho), cereal bar, sonho de padaria
Sweets and desserts	Candy, ice cream, chocolate, sweet pie, churros, jelly, and others
Fast food	Sandwich, pizza, Brazilian deep-fried snacks (pastel, coxinha, empada), sfiha, hot dog, and others

Sociodemographic characteristics		Income quintile
Sociodemographic characteristics		1^st	5^th
		Mean (CI95%)
Income per capita (dollar)		106.5 (105.21-107.76)	1,413.31 (1380.76-1445.86)
		% (CI95%)
Reference person characteristic
Scholarity (years)
	<8	81.9 (80.74-83.09)	18.1 (16.91-19.26)
	>8	33.5 (31.79-35.18)	66.5 (64.81-68.21)
Sex
	Male	49.4 (47.65- 51.20)	50.6 (48.79- 52.35)
	Female	59.8 (57.92- 61.68)	40.2 (38.32- 42.08)
Race/skin color
	White	13.8(12.65-15.05)	86.2 (84.95-87.35)
	Non-white	51.2 (49.09-53.31)	48.8 (46.69-50.91)
Household characteristic
Region
	North	83.6 (81.01- 85.88)	16.4 (14.12- 18.99)
	Northeast	80.4 (78.85- 81.89)	19.6 (18.11- 21.15)
	Midwest	36.7 (32.18- 41.49)	63.3 (58.51- 67.81)
	Southeast	35.1 (32.16- 38.12)	64.9 (61.88- 67.84)
	South	26.9 (23.80- 30.15)	73.1 (69.85- 76.20)
Area
	Urban	24.9 (23.54-26.28)	75.1 (73.72-76.46)
	Rural	75.2 (71.45-78.63)	24.8 (21.37-28.55)
Number of residents per household
	<3	27.9(26.56-29.25)	72.1 (70.75-73.44)
	4-6	70.1 (68.10-72.07)	29.9 (27.93-31.90)
	>7	96.2 (93.95-97.66)	3.8 (2.34-6.05)
Water supply
	General water network	47.0 (45.28- 48.72)	53.0 (51.28- 54.72)
	Artesian water well	76.0 (72.82-78.97)	24.0 (21.03- 27.18)
Sewage
	Sewage network	34.3 (32.32-36.29)	65.7 (63.70-67.67)
	Other way	79.0 (77.67-80.18)	21.0 (19.81-22.33)

Food		Total		Income per capita quintiles*				∆^†
		Total		1^st		5^th
		Mean	CI95%	Mean	CI95%	Mean	CI95%
Healthy eating marker
	Rice	2.27	2.19-2.35	2.16	2.14-2.18	2.30	2.29-2.33	0.14
	Bean	1.14	1.10-1.19	1.04	1.03-1.06	1.17	1.16-1.18	0.13*
	Tubers	1.51	1.45-1.57	0.62	0.61-0.62	2.54	2.34-2.37	1.92*
	Cassava flour	0.42	0.39-0.45	0.75	0.74-0.77	0.38	0.37-0.38	-0,37
	Vegetables and greens	3.43	3.28-3.58	1.33	1.32-1.34	5.40	5.37-5.43	4.07*
	Fruits	4.92	4.74-5.10	1.59	1.57-1.61	8.24	8.20-8.29	5.18*
	Meat	1.19	1.10-1.28	1.45	1.43-1.47	1.58	1.56-1.61	0.13
	Poultry	4.18	4.03-4.33	3.76	3.73-3.78	5.07	5.03-5.11	1.31*
	Eggs	1.32	1.27-1.38	0.90	0.90-0.91	2.08	2.06-2.10	1.18*
	Fish	1.19	1.10-1.28	1.45	1.43-1.47	1.58	1.56-1.61	0.13
	Viscera	0.87	0.82-0.92	0.64	0.63-0.65	1.14	1.13-1.16	0.50*
	Milk	3.75	3.61-3.89	2.14	2.12-2.16	4.86	4.82-4.9	2.68*
	Yogurt	0.72	0.67-0.77	0.22	0.21-0.22	1.17	1.16-1.19	0.95*
	Cheese	2.94	2.76-3.11	0.51	0.50-0.52	5.16	5.12-5.20	4.65*
	Coffee	2.02	1.94-2.11	1.27	1.26-1.28	2.37	2.35-2.40	1.10*
Unhealthy eating marker
	Bread	2.67	2.60-2.74	1.80	1.78-1.80	2.97	2.95-2.98	1.17*
	Pasta	0.95	0.90-0.99	0.71	0.70-0.71	1.06	1.05-1.07	0.35*
	Sugar	0.97	0.93-1.00	0.82	0.81-0.83	0.97	0.96-0.98	0.15*
	Salt	0.11	0.10-0.11	0.08	0.08-0.08	0.11	0.11-0.11	0.03*
	Oil	1.16	1.10-1.22	0.81	0.80-0.81	1.35	1.34-1.37	0.54*
	Soda	2.33	2.22-2.44	0.88	0.87-0.89	3.24	3.21-3.26	2.36*
	Sweetened juice	1.28	1.20-1.37	0.36	0.36-0.37	1.96	1.94-1.98	1.60*
	Alcoholic beverages	2.99	2.70-3.29	0.39	0.37-0.40	5.54	5.47-5.61	5.15*
	Light and diet beverages	0.08	0.07-0.10	0.002	0.002-0.003	0.17	0.16-0.17	0.17*
	Processed meat	1.19	1.10-1.28	1.45	1.43-1.47	1.58	1.56-1.61	0.13
	Canned	1.02	0.94-1.10	0.40	0.39-0.40	1.59	1.57-1.61	1.19*
	Prepared food	2.05	1.83-2.25	0.50	0.49-0.51	3.35	3.30-3.40	2.85*
	Cookies	2.49	2.40-2.58	1.45	1.44-1.46	3.15	3.13-3.17	1.70*
	Sweet cookie	1.38	1.32-1.45	0.68	0.68-0.69	1.71	1.69-1.72	1.03*
	Salty cracker	1.10	1.06-1.15	0.74	0.73-0.74	1.43	1.42-1.45	0.69*
	Cakes	0.39	0.36-0.43	0.14	0.14-0.15	0.67	0.66-0.68	0.53*
	Sweets and desserts	2.14	1.99-2.29	0.44	0.43-0.45	3.48	3.45-3.52	3.04*
	Fast food	0.43	0.36-0.51	0.11	0.10-0.11	0.67	0.65-0.68	0.56*

Characteristics of head of household profile	Healthy eating markers
Characteristics of head of household profile	Vegetables and greens		Fruits		Tubers		Cheese		Milk
	PR	CI95%	PR	CI95%	PR	CI95%	PR	CI95%	PR	CI95%
Men/White/High schooling	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Men/Non-white/High schooling	0.96	0.83-1.11	0.90	0.80-1.02	1.15	0.99-1.34	0.78	0.67-0.90	0.96	0.84- 1.11
Men/White/Low schooling	1.02	0.89-1.16	0.82	0.71-0.93	1.09	0.95-1.24	0.70	0.58-0.85	1.00	0.87- 1.16
Men/Non-white/Low schooling	0.90	0.80-1.02	0.68	0.60-0.77	0.86	0.74-0.98	0.49	0.41-0.59	0.82	0.72-0.92
Women/White/High schooling	1.22	1.07-1.38	1.17	1.05-1.31	1.20	1.05-1.37	1.27	1.06-1.54	1.10	0.96-1.26
Women/Non-white/High schooling	1.13	0.94-1.35	0.93	0.83-1.04	1.12	0.97- 1.28	0.76	0.64-0.91	1.00	0.88-1.13
Women/White/Low schooling	1.25	1.01-1.55	0.82	0.71-0.94	1.25	1.06-1.47	0.70	0.59-0.83	1.14	0.99-1.31
Women/Non-white/Low schooling	0.96	0.82-1.14	0.76	0.59-0.85	0.96	0.79- 1.16	0.46	0.37-0.60	0.90	0.77-1.04
	Unhealthy eating markers
	Soda		Alcoholic beverages		Sweetened juice		Prepared food		Sweets and desserts
	PR	CI95%	PR	CI95%	PR	CI95%	PR	CI95%	PR	CI95%
Men/White/High schooling	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Men/Non-white/High schooling	0.89	0.77-1.02	1.09	0.81-1.45	0.86	0.70-1.06	0.82	0.63-1.08	0.66	0.55-0.79
Men/White/Low schooling	0.92	0.78-1.08	0.76	0.57-1.00	0.62	0.49-0.78	0.76	0.54-1.08	0.72	0.58-0.90
Men/Non-white/Low schooling	0.66	0.56-0.78	0.54	0.40-0.73	0.64	0.49-0.84	0.62	0.43-0.90	0.44	0.35-0.55
Women/White/High schooling	1.07	0.92-1.25	0.83	0.65-1.07	0.98	0.82-1.19	1.13	0.77-1.65	1.19	0.98-1.45
Women/Non-white/High schooling	0.79	0.68-0.92	0.72	0.39-1.34	0.77	0.62-0.96	0.76	0.53-1.08	0.78	0.63-0.97
Women/White/Low schooling	0.88	0.73-1.06	0.53	0.35-0.80	0.86	0.67-1.11	0.67	0.46-0.98	0.86	0.69-1.08
Women/Non-white/Low schooling	0.52	0.44-0.61	0.23	0.16-0.33	0.59	0.40-0.87	0.51	0.37-0.73	0.58	0.44-0.77

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[1] Collaborations

R Salles-Costa is the principal investigator of this study. R Salles-Costa, MR Sgambato and JB Lignani conceived and designed the study. MR Sgambato and JB Lignani wrote the paper. R Salles-Costa, MR Sgambato and JB Lignani contributed to the analysis of the data. All authors contributed to revising the manuscript and all read and approved the final manuscript.