Accelerated artificial aging of particleboards from residues of CCB treated Pinus sp. and castor oil resin

Accelerated artificial aging of particleboards from residues of CCB treated Pinus sp. and castor oil resin

Marília da Silva Bertolini^I,*; Francisco Antonio Rocco Lahr^I; Maria Fátima do Nascimento^I; José Augusto Marcondes Agnelli^II

^IWood and Timber Structures Laboratory, Department of Structural Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo - USP, Av. Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, Parque Arnold Schmidt, CEP 13566-590, São Carlos, SP, Brazil

^IIDepartament of Materials Engineering - DEMa, Federal University of Sao Carlos - UFSCar, Rod. Washington Luís, Km 235, Monjolinho, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil

ABSTRACT

Tests simulating exposure to severe weather conditions have been relevant in seeking new applications for particleboard. This study aimed to produce particleboards with residues of CCB (chromium-copper-boron oxides) impregnated Pinus sp. and castor oil-based polyurethane resin, and to evaluate their performance before and after artificial accelerated aging. Panels were produced with different particle mass, resin content and pressing time, resulting eight treatments. Particles moisture and size distribution were determined, beyond panel physical and mechanical properties, according to NBR14810-3: 2006. After characterization, treatments B and G (small adhesive consumption and better mechanical performance, respectively) were chosen to artificial aging tests. Statistical results analysis showed best performances were achieved for waterproof aged samples, of both B and G treatments. As example, in treatment B, MOR and MOE values were 23 MPa and 2,297 MPa, samples before exposure; 26 MPa and 3,185 MPa, 32 MPa and 3,982 MPa for samples after exposure (non-sealed and sealed), respectively.

Keywords: particleboard, impregnated wood residues, mechanical properties, accelerated artificial aging

1. Introduction

Technological progress in the timber sector, coupled with availability of planted forests, have enabled several alternatives to forest resource use, among them the panel production. Particleboards stand out among these products with the highest production volume worldwide and the possibility of employing wood residues in its production.

These panels are widely used in furniture industry, with little representation in building and packaging, always looking for indoor applications. In this sense, tests simulating weathering conditions have been relevant in seeking new applications for these products.

New inputs can bring benefits to outdoor application. Beyond impregnated wood waste, allowing resistance to biological agents, two-component castor oil based polyurethane resin is characterized as an adhesive with environmental appeal related to origin of one component and no formaldehyde emission. This is an important difference comparing with usual adhesives employed in industry, besides its properties of resistance to moisture and significant increase in mechanical properties.

Under this scenario, this study aimed to produce particleboards using CCB (chromium-copper-boron oxides) impregnated Pinus sp. residues and castor oil based polyurethane resin based oil and their characterization before and after artificial accelerated aging test, simulating cycle of one year exposure year to natural weathering.

2. Literature Review

According to Campos¹, wood-based products provide an interesting alternative to expand the range of materials for use in civil construction and furniture industry. Brazil is an important worldwide producer/supplier of general purpose boards and possesses updated technology to produce these products.

Among wood based products, particleboard (recently called Medium Density Particleboard, MDP) use, as pointed by Trianoski², has presented one of the highest expansion rates, reaching more than 90 million cubic meters in 2009 (globally), according to Food and Agriculture Organization, FAO³, and more than 3 million cubic meters in 2010, in Brazil, as mentioned by Brazilian Association of Wood Panels, ABIPA⁴.

Particleboards are conceptualized by Iwakiri⁵, Maloney⁶ and Moslemi⁷ such as panels made from wood particles, incorporating synthetic resins or other adhesives, consolidated by a process in which temperature and pressure are applied.

Particleboards are usually intended for indoor uses. According to ABIPA⁴, applications of MDP have been focused in furniture industry. About 4% are employed in building construction, such as floors, walls, ceilings⁸. Packaging industry is also considered a promising scenario, once researches aimed superior properties for these panels by applying new inputs, industrial plants expansion and increased production capacity.

In this way, there are few studies about particleboards strength variation when exposed to weathering, i.e., evaluating possible outdoor uses.

Nascimento⁹, studying particleboards manufactured with native species from northeastern Brazil, Jurema Preta (Mimosa tenuiflora), Algaroba (Prosopis juliflora) and Angico (Anadenanthera macrocarpa), and urea-formaldehyde resin, exposed these panels to natural weathering with and without coating. Samples were fixed in clean soil and remained under rain, sun, microorganisms and so. After 45 days, some samples broke up with the simple extraction, due to severe exposure conditions. Nascimento⁹ also conducted testing of artificial weathering aging in chamber for a three months period, equivalent to 2.5 years of natural exposure, in samples from the same panels, but sealed with three coats at 24 hours intervals of other products. Visual classification was assumed to performance analysis. In general, best results were obtained to coating with castor oil polyurethane resin.

Kojima and Suzuki¹⁰ analyzed particleboard durability of several wood based products, as MDF (Medium Density Fiberboard), OSB (Oriented Strand Board) and plywood used in Japanese building. Authors evaluated performance of these products in bending after five types of accelerated aging cycles, recommended or modified from codes: JIS-B and APA D-1, considering immersion, boiling and drying cycles; V313 of the European Standard and ASTM D1037, consisting of dipping, drying and freezing. It's interesting to mention that ASTM code also adopt vaporization aging cycles and VPSD (not based on standard codes) involves immersion in vacuous, followed by immersion and drying under pressure. To establish a correlation with natural aging, authors compared the panels bending properties aged in laboratory with a five years air exposed to air panel (in Shizuoka, Japan). This study provided correlations about one to one between methods JIS-B, APA D-1 and ASTM D1037, both after 6 cycles, and natural aging in bending properties. Bending performance of deteriorated panels was similar to natural aging sample in six repetitions of ASTM cycles. Taking in account the good correlation obtained by the authors, it is opportune to mention that environmental exposure conditions were consistent with tests conditions, yet at another location with different weather conditions, it would be possible different correlations.

Nascimento⁹ register that particleboards require similar care that concerning to protection even they have some specific characteristics in production process, such as adhesive type, pressure and temperature applied during the pressing, imposing considerable influence on its weathering resistance. Furthermore, wood species employed in production can also be an influent parameter in this behavior.

Lepage et al.¹¹ mention that chemical, mechanical and energy factors lead to occurrence of the phenomenon called "weathering" when wood is soil contact free in outdoor exposition. Factors that promote wood changes by the described phenomenon are: moisture (with cell wall contraction and swelling); light (with photochemical degradation occurring rapidly in exposed surface, inducted by UV radiation); heat (with acceleration of chemical reactions rate); SO₂ (promotion of lignin softening); abrasion (caused by solid particles carried by wind).

Beyond changes in appearance, decomposition of chemical elements and changes in microscopic structure like cells separation, half-bordered pits extension, cell wall cracks as intracellular chaps shall reduce its mechanical performance.

Some wood finishes protect it from weather action: paints, varnishes, WR (Water Repellent) or WRP (Water Repellent Preservative) and stains. Paints and varnishes are film trainers and WR, WRP and stains penetrate wood¹¹.

Wood panels industry is a large-scale user of urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesive. However, this input has drawbacks due to strength loss under moisture action, even for a relatively short time¹². Besides, it has limitations related to energy consumption (cures in temperatures above 160 ºC) and to formaldehyde emission.

Seeking outdoor uses, phenol formaldehyde resin (PF) has been conventionally used. Although increasing panel performance, PF presents the same UF drawbacks. According Iwakiri⁵, PF resin has 2.5 times the cost of urea-formaldehyde.

Castor oil based polyurethane resin has been an alternative in wood products manufacture, as shown by Jesus¹³, Campos¹⁴, Dias¹² and Bertolini¹⁵, by expressive performance added to the products, like moisture resistance and mechanical properties. This adhesive was originated in the 1940s¹⁶. Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, produced the first two-component adhesive from castor-oil, composed of polyol, extracted from castor beans, and prepolymer (isocyanate), resulting in polyurethane, which cure, reached at room temperature, can be accelerated at 60-90 ºC^[12].

Despite cost slightly higher than usual adhesives in this market, the trend for products with environmental appeal have already placed PU resin based on castor oil in standard products, designed for floors manufacturing with a singular concept. This confirms that cost can be reduced over time if demand for products from renewable sources increases.

Another application of castor oil resin, taking into account the cited characteristics, is wood panel polymeric coating. Researches developed using this input to increase particleboard impermeability when exposed to artificial accelerated aging showed excellent results according to Nascimento⁹ and Bertolini¹⁵.

Almeida¹⁷ highlights versatility of polyurethane resin, characterized by high chemical resistance when used as a polymeric coating, applied as films to cementitious matrices in building construction. In this usage, the polymeric material protects concrete, preserving its integrity. However, Almeida and Ferreira¹⁸ point out that properties alteration will be detected in these polymeric materials under solar radiation action combined with oxygen.

Literature review permits to understand contribution of the present work in analysis of outdoor particleboard employments, by evaluating its performance after weathering exposure.

3. Experimental Procedures

3.1. Material

In particleboard production, CCB impregnated Pinus sp. residues (supplied by Matra Treated Timber LTDA, São Carlos, SP) were employed (Figure 1a). CCB is a mix of chromium, copper and boron oxides that contributes to retard biological attack in wood. Impregnation was performed under pressure, with retention of 7.5 kg.m^-3 of active ingredients, obeying NBR 7190:1997¹⁹ recommendation (minimum of 4.0 kg.m^-3).

Particles were obtained by processing waste into the knife mill, Willye Marconi model MA 680. All material passing through a sieve of 2.8 mm was used in panel manufacture⁹. The so-called "thin" allows better adhesion of the resin particles, if used in small amount (less than 10% of particle mass), according to Bertolini¹⁵.

Particles classification by size distribution was performed in equipment SOLOTEST, using sieves with openings 7, 10, 16, 30, 40 and 50 mesh. The test was conducted in triplicate, with a 200 g sample of material and 10 minutes vibration time. Particles moisture content was determined employing a thermo scale OHAUS, model MB 200.

In panel production, a two-component castor oil based polyurethane resin was used (Figure 1b) in 1:1 components (prepolymer and polyol) ratio, considering the high mechanical performance obtained in comparison with other ratios, according Bertolini¹⁵. Resin was provided by Plural Chemical Industry LTDA.

3.2. Methods

3.2.1. Panels production

The following production parameters were adopted based on Bertolini¹⁵: two quantities of particles (1300 and 1400 g), two adhesive levels (12 and 15%) and two pressing times (10 and 12 minutes). Variation in particles amount aimed to search for an effective panel compaction ratio, once CCB impregnated Pinus sp. residues were used (with higher density than the same species without treatment). Changes in pressing time aimed gains with lower production periods. Furthermore, adhesive proportions were based on related works, also employing a castor oil based PU resin, like Fiorelli et al.²⁰, Rodrigues²¹ and Campos¹⁴. Combining these factors, eight treatments are obtained. Six panels of each treatment were produced, as shown in Table 1, according once more to Bertolini¹⁵.

After homogenized in an appropriate recipient, particles and adhesive mixture was previously compressed in a small press (0.01 MPa pressure) and then subjected to hot (100 ºC) pressing (4 MPa) in semiautomatic equipment Marconi Model MA 098/50. Panels nominal dimension were 40 cm × 40 cm, 10 mm thickness. After 72 hours of seasoning, panels were square in 35 cm × 35 cm (Figure 2).

3.2.2. Panels characterization

Particleboard characterization was performed according to NBR 14810-3: 2006²². The following parameters were determinate: density (to obtain compaction ratio); moisture content (MC); modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) in bending, before and after artificial accelerated aging test.

Aiming to analyze the influence on samples bending performance (by means of MOR and MOE), after a period of exposure to critical conditions of heat and moisture, artificial accelerated aging test was carried out obeying ASTM G155: 1999²³ in an Atlas Weather-Ometer Equipment, model XW 65-WR1, operating with a 6500 W xenon lamp, was employed. The set consists of a rotating carousel for sample holder, automatic temperature and relative humidity control inside the chamber aging, as shown in Figure 3. The cycle of samples maintenance in equipment was 55 days (1200 hours, considering possible stops). According to manufacturer information, this time is equivalent to one year age²⁴. Specimens for accelerated weathering test were placed "in natura" and also sealed with two coats of castor oil based polyurethane resin, with components of resin in ratio 1:1 and interval between coats 24 hours.

For artificial accelerated aging test, treatment B was selected, because of panel's behavior in these conditions attended normative requirements with lower resin consumption content in its production, compared to the treatment G, which showed superior performance to other treatments, but higher adhesive consumption. Figure 4 shows positions of panels cutting in order to obtain test specimens.

Table 2 shows specimens employed to moisture, density and bending properties MOR and MOE determination, before and after artificial accelerated aging test, according to cutting scheme.

3.2.3. Results analysis

Tests results were compared with code requirements related to particleboards: NBR 14810-2: 2006; ANSI A208.1: 1999; CS 236-66: 1968 and EN 312: 2003 (Table 3).

Two steps were adopted for statistical analysis. Firstly, using variance analysis (ANOVA) to 95% probability for the Tukey test, average values related to physical and mechanical properties were compared to determine production parameters influence, aided by software Minitab 16. Second step took in account MOR and MOE values, before and after artificial accelerated aging, samples "in nature" (AAA) and coated (AAA_S). This comparison was conducted using a variance analysis (ANOVA) with repeated measurements, aided by software STATISTICA v.8.

MOE and MOR in static bending were chosen because are fundamental properties fairly applied in wood based products characterization. According to Silva et al.²⁹, MOR and MOE values express the combination of several factors as wood morphology, chemistry and anatomy.

4. Results and Discussion

4.1. Particles characterization

For CCB impregnated Pinus sp. particles, mean value of moisture content (MC) was 8.6%. Kollmann et al.³⁰ and Moslemi⁷ report that recommended moisture for particles should be between 3-6%. However, values reported in literature refer to particleboards made with formaldehyde based adhesives. Isocyanate in castor oil base PU resin requires more MC particles, as outlined by Nascimento⁹, to promote the reaction with hydroxyl groups compounding lignocellulosic material³¹. According to Silva³², besides the main reaction among resin components, other reactions can occur, as isocyanate (highly reactive group) with water, releasing carbon dioxide (CO₂) and thereby facilitating polymer expansion.

Particle size classification (Table 4 and Figure 5) showed large fraction of particles (70%) with dimensions between 0.595 mm and 1.19 mm, and about 10% of "thin", i.e., particles smaller than 0.30 mm. Peixoto and Brito³³, comparing two compositions of different particle size distributions (4.37 to 0.61 mm; and 2.0 to 0.61 mm), found that particleboards with the smaller range of particle size distribution resulted in higher mechanical properties, as in internal bond and bending. According to authors it happens likely because to better uniformity of the material and occurrence of smaller internal spaces³³. Figure 5 shows particles percentage retained in the sieves.

4.2. Particleboards properties

Table 5 presents average values to particleboards density, compaction ratio and moisture content.

Treatments C and D (with smaller quantities of particles and greater resin content) are statistically different of E and F (which have a larger amount of particles and smaller resin content). In this regard, it appears that particles and adhesive are variables influencing on this property, and treatments with the greatest particles amount and a lower resin content lead to greater panel moisture content.

Particleboards density of both treatments (Table 5), statistically equivalent to each other, can be classified as high density panels (>0.8 g.cm ^-3), according to ANSI A208.1:1999²⁶, CS236-66: 1968²⁷ and Moslemi⁷. This classification becomes important because panel properties are closely related to density³⁴. Compaction ratio values were similar to Maloney⁶ indication, even the author refers to particleboards based in low to medium density species, diverse condition compared with CCB Pinus sp. in this study, 0.70 g.cm ^-3 as Rocco Lahr et al.³⁵.

Bowyer et al.³⁶ emphasize that lower density species are indicated to particleboard production, to reduce panels density variation. However, it is observed that average density values from different regions of the panels (Figure 4), of both treatments, resulted in lower coefficients of variation.

Table 6 shows bending properties (MOR and MOE) for analyzed treatments.

Treatments A and D presented statistical difference only between MOE values. So it's possible to correlate larger particle and resin content amounts with superior performance, for MOE. Considering mechanical properties, it appears that most of the treatments leaded to a superior performance, using codes requirements as reference (Table 3). Exceptions occurred to treatment A, related to ANSI 208.1: 1999²⁶ requirements about MOE.

MOR values were about 50% higher than standards requirements. Even treatment with lower values of MOR (24 MPa) is compatible to furnish particleboards to outdoor applications, based on American and Canadian standards indications (20.5 and 23.6 MPa, respectively). Iwakiri et al.³⁷ found that Pinus spp. panels with density exceeding 0.8 g.cm ^-3 resulted in higher bending properties (MOR and MOE: 18.8 MPa and 2250 MPa, respectively), emphasizing good performance achieved with treated wood particles.

Peixoto and Brito³³ produced particleboard with Pinus taeda and phenol-formaldehyde resin (8% dry weight basis) employing particles from 2.00 to 0.61 mm, resulting in MOR and MOE values , respectively, 196.20 kgf.cm ^-2 (19.24 MPa) and 30,110 kgf.cm ^-2 (2,953 MPa). Hashim et al.³⁸ produced particleboards, for exterior uses, with biomass obtained from fronds palm (industrial waste oil extraction) and 10% phenol-formaldehyde resin, pressed at 180º C and 5 MPa during 20 minutes. Panels resulted in values of MOR (16.5 MPa) higher than Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS A-5908:2003) requirements, used as a reference³⁸. Thus, it appears that the particleboards produced with CCB treated Pinus sp. residues and castor oil based PU resin showed analog performance than other authors in same area, using phenol-formaldehyde adhesive.

It is observed that moisture content and mechanical properties in static bending (MOR and MOE) are influenced by resin content. In this work, samples with 12% of adhesive (similar to industrial-scale production with formaldehyde based resins) were employed and the results showed concordance to standard requirements. So, smaller adhesive amounts to reduce costs with this input would be possible.

4.3. Weathering effect in mechanical properties

Tables 7 and 8 show MOR and MOE values for non-aged samples conditions (NA) and after artificial accelerated aging, provided with and without aging sealing (AAA and AAA_S, respectively). Average values followed by coefficients of variation and ANOVA (with repeated measures on time) are presented to permit comparison between treatments (B and G) and in relation to time (or aging time).

For comparative purposes by using statistical analysis between properties before and after artificial accelerated aging, panel 1 of each treatment was dismissed for average values calculation, once these panels, as described in Table 2, have not been subjected to weathering.

About MOR (Table 7), standing the treatment and observing its behavior, for both B and G treatments, under conditions for NA and AAA, no statistical difference was detected. Statistically significant difference was obtained when AAA_S was compared with NA and AAA samples, for both treatments. It is an indication that weathering period improved samples AAA_S performance. If treatment and settling time are considered, it can observed that within the same condition (NA, AAA or AAA_S), treatment B and G did not differ significantly.

According to Table 8, when fixing treatment and observing its behavior in terms of time, MOE differed statistically, for the treatment B, all conditions, NA, AAA or AAA_S. In G treatment, no equivalence statistic was observed only for NA samples compared to aged samples. Settling times and observing each treatment in a given condition, it is noticeable that treatments B and G show performance with statistical difference only in NA condition.

Using statistical analysis, it is noted superior performance for both MOR and MOE, after aging. This may be related to a possible increase in polyurethane resin crystallinity degree in the adopted aging period. It is possible to consider that cycles of greater exposure can result in more expressive degradation and in subsequent reduction of these properties.

Almeida and Ferreira¹⁸ analyzed castor oil based polyurethane resin film coated plates (intended for outdoor application), exposed to artificial weathering in accordance with ASTM G53, to check their mechanical properties after exposure, according to the method ASTM D 638M: 1996. Authors found performance in tensile test to modulus of elasticity and tensile strength at break higher than the initial, approximately after 55 days of exposure, the voltage drop occurring at break after about 175 days in accordance with Figure 6. Furthermore, the Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) was found close to 54 ºC, verifying that operating temperatures must not be close to Tg, can therefore result in changes, affecting polymer performance. Almeida and Ferreira¹⁸ performed dynamic-mechanical tests; however Cassu and Felisberti³⁹ cited that not always results obtained by mechanical testing and dynamic-mechanical tests establish a direct relation, once it is primarily dependent on the nature of material analyzed.

In this sense, wood or preservative may also be responsible for the aged panel performance. Lepage et al.¹¹ point out that pre-treatments applied (in dilute aqueous solution) to wood surface can slow down its degradation by UV light. Best pre-treatments contain chromium in their composition, both under natural and artificial conditions, as showed in researches developed by "Forest Products Laboratory". So, the use of CCB treated Pinus sp. may have influenced the satisfactory particleboard performance, here presented. Important information could be obtained by analyzing chemical composition of this particleboard after aging or by studying longer periods of exposure to artificial accelerated aging.

Kojima and Suzuki¹⁰ analyzed the performance in the bending of commercial particleboard made from waste wood and two types of adhesive, phenol formaldehyde and MDI (methylene diphenyl diisocyanate), after 1 to 5 years outdoor exposure. After aging in fifth time periods, retention properties of MOE and MOR were, respectively 59, 44, 33, 29 and 25% and 47, 30, 22, 19 and 14%, for panels with phenol-resin formaldehyde; and 96, 86, 67, 63 and 56% and 76, 70, 42, 49 and 40% for MDI panels with adhesive.

Results obtained by Kojima and Suzuki¹⁰ demonstrate adhesive influence in properties after aging, once panels containing isocyanate-based resin had better properties retention. According Papadopoulos et al.³¹, wood-based panels bonded with MDI exhibit extreme resistance to humidity, low levels of swelling and high mechanical strength.

Figure 7 shows bending specimens before and after aging, samples in conditions NA, AAA and AAAS.

Specimens after aging, with and without PU coating, presented dark color, probably due to lignin decomposition by photochemical degradation that occurs on the surface exposed to UV light, as highlighted by Lepage et al.¹¹.

Garzón et al.⁴⁰ analyzed durability of panels produced from agro-industrial waste (sugar cane bagasse) and 15% castor oil PU resin based on ASTM D1037:2006 recommendations: cyclically immersion in water at 49 ºC for 1 hour; steam at 93 ºC (3 hours), freezing at -12 ºC (20 hours); drying at 99 ºC (3 hours), steam at 93 ºC (3 hours) and drying at 99 ºC (18 hours). Each specimen was tested six times in this cycle. Before aging, MOR and MOE reached 21.86 MPa and 2.77 GPa, performance of panels H1, according to ANSI A208.1 (1999). After aging, MOR and MOE were 6.25 MPa and 0.52 GPa, similar to panels LD1 performance, according to ANSI A208.1: 1999. Results were influenced by temperature, relative humidity and warm water. Authors reported that ASTM D 1037: 2006 test does not simulate the conditions of Brazilian tropical climate, and proposed new methodologies to take into account different climatic situations.

Nascimento⁹ conducted artificial accelerated aging test on equipment similar to this work, for a three months period (equivalent to aging for 2.5 years of natural exposure), using Jurema Preta (Mimosa tenuiflora), Algaroba (Prosopis juliflora), Angico (Anadenanthera macrocarpa) and urea-formaldehyde resin particleboards, sealed with different products. For data analysis, panel visual classification was performed. In general, for all particleboards best protection was obtained with castor oil based PU. This factor may be related to the diisocyanate, a component of the polyurethane resin, with good resistance to humidity. However, Nascimento⁹ observed a large cracks and ripples specimens to particleboards of all species.

5. Conclusions

Based on tests results, the following conclusions should be pointed out:

• Characteristics of particles employed in panel production present compatible moisture content (8.6%), providing good interaction with polyurethane adhesive. Particles with dimensions between 0.595 mm and 1.19 mm were consistent with literature recommendation for panel manufacture and provides better mechanical properties;

• Treatments with higher particles amounts and lower resin content resulted in higher values of moisture content. Particleboards from all treatments, resulting from variations in production parameters (particles, adhesive and time pressing) were ranked as high density. In addition, use of treated wood was satisfactory in particles compaction, as can be confirmed in 1.3 to 1.4 compaction ratio;

• Mechanical properties in bending exceeded normative requirements, highlighting MOR for all treatments. It was observed that treatments with higher inputs resulted in high MOE values. Treatments B and G (small adhesive consumption and better mechanical performance, respectively) were chosen for accelerate aging tests and subsequent mechanical characterization;

• Samples subjected to artificial aging with cycle equivalent to 1 year showed superior performance (in relation to MOR) when sealed; and to natural and sealed conditions (in relation to MOE). This may be related to an increase in resin crystallinity degree, resulting in better mechanical properties. However, after longer exposure cycles more degradation in resin might occur and subsequent reduction of these properties. In general, aged samples presented lightly dark surfaces, probably due to lignin decomposition by photochemical degradation.

Beyond, samples with 12% of adhesive (similar to industrial-scale production with formaldehyde based resins) were employed and the results reached standard requirements. So, smaller amounts of adhesive to reduce costs with this input would be possible.

Acknowledgements

To National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) and Foundation for Research Support of the State of São Paulo (FAPESP) by financial support of this work; to Montana Chemical S.A. and Plural Chemical Industry LTDA. by furnishing inputs to research development.

Received: June 18, 2012 ; Revised: October 4, 2012

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  22 Jan 2013
• Date of issue
  Apr 2013

History

• Received
  18 June 2012
• Accepted
  04 Oct 2012