Three new species of terrestrial isopods (Crustacea, Isopoda, Oniscidea) from Brazilian caves

ABSTRACT

A second amphibian species of terrestrial isopods in the genusXangoniscus Campos-Filho, Araujo & Taiti, 2014 and two new species of Trichorhina Budde-Lund, 1908 are described from the Bambuí karst area in the state of Minas Gerais. Xangoniscus odara n. sp. and Trichorhina cipoensis n. sp. were collected in Lapa do Cipó cave, municipality of Itacarambi, andTrichorhina pataxosi n. sp. in Gruta do Sufoco and Gruta do Nei, municipality of Pedro Leopoldo.

Key words: Styloniscidae; Platyarthridae; Bambuí group; Neotropic

Introduction

The Brazilian karst areas have the largest number of caves in the whole South America. Approximately 15,000 caves have been recorded so far (CECAV, 2015), but they represent only about 7% of the estimated total number of caves (ca. 100,000) (Auler, 2002; Sallun Filho and Karmann, 2012). Most of Brazilian caves have a Precambrian origin and are mainly constituted by carbonate rocks (limestone and dolomite) (Auler, 2002). Caves in other lithologies, such as iron ore, sandstone and granite are also frequently reported and have a great potential for troglobiotic fauna. Nowadays, the Brazilian caves are distributed in 19 groups or formations, mostly located in northeastern and southern regions (Auler, 2002).

Currently, more than 300 species of troglobiotic terrestrial isopods in 16 families are known, mostly described for caves in the northern hemisphere (Taiti, 2004; Taiti and Gruber, 2008; Taiti and Xue, 2012; Tabacaru and Giurginca, 2013; Campos-Filho et al., 2014, 2015; Taiti, 2014; Souza et al., 2015; Taiti and Wynne, 2015). In Brazil, 30 species have been recorded from cave environment, but only nine are troglobiotic, i.e., Iuiuniscus iuiuensis Souza, Ferreira & Senna, 2015, Spelunconiscus castroi Campos-Filho, Araujo & Taiti, 2014, and Xangoniscus aganju Campos-Filho, Araujo & Taiti, 2014 (Styloniscidae), Leonardoscia hassalliCampos-Filho, Araujo & Taiti, 2014 (Philosciidae), Amazoniscus eleonorae Souza, Bezerra & Araújo, 2006, Amazoniscus leistikowi Campos-Filho, Araujo & Taiti, 2014, Circoniscus buckupi Campos-Filho & Araujo, 2011, Circoniscus carajasensis Campos-Filho & Araujo, 2011 (Scleropactidae), andTrichorhina guanophila Souza-Kury, 1993 (Platyarthridae) (Souza-Kury, 1993; Souza et al., 2006, 2015; Campos-Filho and Araujo, 2011; Campos-Filho et al., 2014).

In the present work three new species of terrestrial isopods from Brazilian caves in the states of Minas Gerais are described. One species represents the fourth case of Oniscidea with an amphibian way of life in Brazil.

Material and Methods

Specimens were stored in 75% ethanol and identifications were based on morphological characters. The species were illustrated with the aid of a camera lucida mounted on Wild M5 and M20 microscopes and with pictures obtained with a JSM 6060 Scanning Electron Microscope. For each new species the material examined, description, etymology and remarks are given. The coordinates of the noduli laterales were obtained and figured as in Vandel (1962). The classification of subterranean animals is based mainly on Sket (2008) and Culver and Pipan (2009).

Abbreviations

MZUF: Natural History Museum, Section Zoology 'La Specola', Florence, Italy.

MZUSP: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.

PCNP: Peruaçu Caves National Park.

Study Area

Bambuí Group, Peruaçu Caves National Park and Lagoa Santa region, southeastern Brazil: The Bambuí Group represents the largest karstic area in Brazil (ca. 105,000 km²⁾, which corresponds to over half of all karst areas in the country (Auler, 2004; Auler and Piló, 2015) and is located in the states of Bahia, Goiás, Minas Gerais and Tocantins (Dardenneet al., 1986; Auler, 2002, 2004). The Bambuí group comprises a sequence of six carbonate-siliciclastic rock formations dated from Late Proterozoic, 950-600 my (Dardenne et al., 1986), with two of them mainly consisting of carbonates: Lagoa do Jacaré and Sete Lagoas (Auler, 2004). The caves of Oniscidean new species occurrence are located in the karst plateau of San Francisco at 500-700 m of altitude.

Lapa do Cipó cave is located in the Peruaçu Caves National Park at Sete Lagoas Formation (Auler and Piló, 2015), biogeographically inserted in Cerrado (Brazilian Savannah-like vegetation) and Paraná Forest Provinces, Chacoan Subregion (Morrone, 2014). The climate domain (sensuKottek et al., 2006) is Equatorial Savannah Climate with dry winter (Aw) and sclerophyllous vegetation as dominant (Pennington et al., 2006). Lapa do Cipó cave is not touristic and shows an excellent conservation status, including the surrounding vegetation (Fig. 1A, B). This cave has a small drainage inside and terrestrial substrate formed by silt, gravel and organic matter, such as guano and leaf litter. The two caves Gruta do Sufoco and Gruta do Nei are located at Lagoa Santa region and have similar biogeographical, geomorphological and climatological characteristics of Peruaçu karst area. These caves have small extension (ca. 200 m) with rocky and miscellaneous organic substrates (roots, guano and leaf litter) and are impacted by nearby mining projects.

Figure 1
Lapa do Cipó cave, Peruaçu Caves National Park, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. A, cave entrance; B, surrouding area.

Systematics

Styloniscidae Vandel, 1952a

Xangoniscus Campos-Filho, Araujo & Taiti, 2014

Type species. Xangoniscus aganju Campos-Filho, Araujo & Taiti, 2014 by original designation and monotypy.

Xangoniscus odara n. sp.

(Figs. 2-7, 14)

Type material. Holotype: 1 ♂ (MZUSP 34104), Minas Gerais, Itacarambi, PCNP, Lapa do Cipó cave, 15º03'13"S 44º11'38"W, II.2015, leg. J.E. Gallão, D. von Schimonsky & B.G.O. Monte.Paratypes: 3 ♀♀ (MZUSP 34105), 1 ♂ (part in micropreparations), 2 ♀♀ (MZUF 9615), same data as holotype.

Description. Body length: ♂ 4.5 mm, ♀ 5.5 mm. Body colorless, elongated with almost parallel sides (Figs. 2A,7A, B). Dorsal surface smooth with scattered fringed scale setae (Fig. 2B). Eyes absent. Cephalon (Fig. 2C, D ) with large quadrangular antennary lobes; profrons with V-shaped suprantennal line. Posterior corners of pereonites 1-4 right-angled, of pereonites 5-7 progressively more acute; pleonites 3-5 with falciform epimera (Fig. 2A, E). Telson (Fig. 2E) with well pronounced concave sides and broadly rounded apex. Antennula (Fig. 2F) with three articles, proximal and distal articles subequal in length, second article shorter with brush of setae on outer margin and long seta on inner margin, distal article with two long apical aesthetascs. Antenna (Fig. 2G) with fifth article of peduncle slightly longer than flagellum; flagellum with four articles, first article longest, second and third articles subequal in length, fourth article shortest. Right mandible with one penicil and lacinia mobilis leaf-shaped with pointed apex (Fig. 3A), left mandible with two penicils (Fig. 3B). Maxillula (Fig. 3C) outer branch with 5 + 5 teeth, apically entire, and two thick plumose stalks; inner branch with three penicils, proximal penicil longer than two apical. Maxilla (Fig. 3D) with setose and bilobate apex, outer lobe smaller. Maxilliped (Fig. 3E) basis enlarged on distal portion; endite rectangular, outer and medial margins setose, apically with two triangular teeth and large rounded penicil. Uropod (Fig. 4A) with endopod slightly longer than exopod, inserted at same level.

Figure 2
Xangoniscus odara n. sp. (male paratype). A, dorsal habitus; B, dorsal scale-seta; C, cephalon, frontal view; D, cephalon and pereonite 1, lateral view; E, pleonites 4 and 5, telson and uropod; F, antennula; G, antenna.

Figure 3
Xangoniscus odara n. sp. (male paratype). A, right mandible; B, left mandible; C, maxillula; D, maxilla; E, maxilliped.

Male. Pereopods 1-4 (Fig. 4B-E) merus, carpus and propodus with fringed scales on sternal margin. Pereopods 4-6 (Figs 4E, 5A, B) carpus concave on distal half of sternal margin, more evident on carpus 6. Pereopods 5-7 (Fig. 5A-C) propodus much longer than in previous pereopods. Pereopods 5 and 6 (Fig. 5A, B) merus and proximal part of carpus with rows of scales on sternal margin. Pereopod 7 (Fig. 5C) basis with scales of water conduction system, ischium with straight sternal margin, merus and carpus with no distinct modifications. Genital papilla (Fig. 6A) lanceolate, enlarged on median portion, apical part narrow and pointed. Pleopod 1 (Fig. 6B) exopod subtriangular, fringed with fine setae; endopod longer than exopod, with narrow basal article and flagelliform distal article; basipod with triangular medial part fringed with fine and long setae on outer and distal margin. Pleopod 2 (Fig. 6C) exopod triangular, distal margin bearing five setae; endopod of two thickset articles, second article about three times as long as first, with complex apical part: distal margin rounded with narrow transverse process and longitudinal ridge on ventral surface. Pleopod 3 exopod (Fig. 6D) triangular, longer than wide, covering pleopods 1 and 2, fringed with short setae. Pleopod 4 and 5 exopods (Fig. 6E, F) trapezoidal, wider than long, with margins bearing several short setae.

Figure 4
Xangoniscus odara n. sp. (male paratype). A, uropod; B, pereopod 1; C, pereopod 2; D, pereopod 3; E, pereopod 4.

Figure 5
Xangoniscus odara n. sp. (male paratype). A, pereopod 5; B, pereopod 6; C, pereopod 7.

Figure 6
Xangoniscus odara n. sp. (male paratype). A, genital papilla; B, pleopod 1; C, pleopod 2; D, pleopod 3 exopod; E, pleopod 4 exopod; F, pleopod 5 exopod.

Etymology. The new species is named after Odara, a word of Hindu origin meaning peace and tranquility, commonly used in the Afro-Brazilian religions of Candomblé and Umbanda.

Remarks. The genus Xangoniscus was erected by Campos-Filho et al. (2014) to include the amphibious species X. aganju from a cave at Cariranha, Bahia. The genus is mainly characterized by the male pleopod 2 endopod thickset with distal portion presenting a complex structure. In X. odara n. sp. the male specimens have the pleopods 1 and 2 not visible in ventral view since they are covered by the pleopod 3 exopod (Fig. 7B), probably to protect the complex structure of pleopod 2 endopod. This peculiar arrangement of the pleopods is present also in X. aganju, and is probably typical of the genus.

Xangoniscus odara n. sp. is distinguished from X. aganju by the cephalon without frontal carena, shape of dorsal scale-setae, antennal flagellum of four articles (three in X. aganju), uropod with exopod shorter than endopod (viceversa inX. aganju), male pereopod 6 ischium without flattened sternal part, male pleopod 2 exopod triangular (trapezoidal in X. aganju), and distal portion of male pleopod 2 endopod with rounded, instead of concave, distal margin and lacking a triangular outer lobe.

This species has amphibian habits like X. aganju, and it was collected in pools inside the cave (^{Supplementar Online Material}), with bottom formed by silt and gravels (Fig. 7C, D).

Figure 7
Xangoniscus odara n. sp. (male paratype). A, habitus, dorsal view; B, habitus, lateral view; C, Lapa do Cipó cave, collecting site; D, specimen in pool.

Platyarthridae Verhoeff, 1949

Trichorhina Budde-Lund, 1908

Type species. Bathytropa thermophila Dollfus, 1896 ENT#091;= Trichorhina tomentosa (Budde-Lund, 1893)ENT#093; by original designation.

Trichorhinacipoensis n. sp.

(Figs. 8-10, 14)

Type material. Holotype: 1 ♂ (MZUSP 34106), Minas Gerais, PCNP, Lapa do Cipó cave, 15º3'13"S 44º11"38"W, 5.VI.2014, leg. J.E. Gallão, D. von Schimonsky & B.G.O. Monte. Paratypes: 2 ♂♂ (one in micropreparations), 1 ♀ (MZUF 9616), 1 ♂, 4 ♀♀ (MZUSP 34107), same data as holotype.

Description. Body length: ♂ 4.5 mm, ♀ 5 mm. Body colorless, slightly convex (Fig. 8A). Dorsal surface covered with fan-shaped scale-setae (Fig. 8B); pereon epimera with glandular pores; small noduli laterales (Fig. 8E) inserted on one line close to posterior margins and more or less at same distance from lateral margins of pereonites, d/c and b/c coordinates as in Fig. 9A, B, respectively. Cephalon (Fig. 8C, D) with lateral lobes triangular, slightly protruding frontwards; suprantennal line, frontal line and eyes absent; vertex with no scale-setae at sides. Pleon (Fig. 8A, F) with outline continuous with that of pereon; epimera of pleonites 3-5 falciform, directed backwards. Telson (Fig. 8F) triangular, lateral margins slightly concave and apex narrowly rounded. Antennula (Fig. 8G) with three articles, distal article longest with several aesthetascs inserted apically and sub-apically. Antenna (Fig. 8H) when extended posteriorly surpassing posterior margin of pereonite 1; flagellum with two articles, second article about three times as long as first, bearing two rows of two aesthetascs each, apical organ short with long free sensilla. Mandibles (Fig. 9C, D) with molar penicil simple, left mandible with 2+1 penicils, right mandible with 1+1 penicils. Maxillula (Fig. 9E) inner branch with two subequal penicils, distal portion bearing lateral tip; outer branch with 3+4 teeth, outer set with accessory tooth, inner set with two cleft teeth. Maxilla (Fig. 9F) with setose and bilobate apex; outer lobe about three times as wide as inner lobe, distal margin rounded. Maxilliped (Fig. 9G) basis rectangular bearing sparse scale-setae; endite subrectangular, medial seta surpassing distal margin. Uropod (Fig. 8I) protopod grooved on outer margin, exopod slightly longer than endopod, endopod inserted proximally. Pereopod sternal setae with cleft apex; pereopod 1 with antennal grooming brush reaching median margin of carpus; dactylus with long inner claw, ungual and dactylar seta with simple apex.

Figure 8
Trichorhina cipoensis n. sp. (male paratype). A, habitus, dorsal view; B, dorsum and scale-setae; C, cephalon, dorsal view; D, cephalon, frontal view; E, dorsum surface, scale-setae andnodulus lateralis; F, pleonites 4 and 5, and telson; G, antennula; H, antenna; I, uropod; J, pereopod 7.

Figure 9
Trichorhina cipoensis n. sp. (male paratype). A, d/c coordinates of noduli laterales; B, b/c coordinates ofnoduli laterales; C, left mandible; D, right mandible; E, maxillula; F, maxilla; G, maxilliped.

Male. Pereopod 1-3 (Fig. 10A) merus and carpus with brush of setae on sternal margin. Pereopod 7 (Fig. 7J) ischium with sternal margin slightly convex. Genital papilla as in Fig. 10B. Pleopod 1 (Fig. 10C) exopod subtriangular, twice as broad as long, rounded apex; endopod three times as long as exopod, distal part acute. Pleopod 2 (Fig. 10D) exopod triangular, outer margin concave bearing six setae; endopod slightly longer than exopod. Pleopod 3 and 4 exopods as in Fig. 10E, F. Pleopod 5 exopod (Fig. 10G) triangular, outer margin convex bearing seven setae.

Figure 10
Trichorhina cipoensis n. sp. (male paratype). A, pereopod 1; B, genital papilla; C, pleopod 1; D, pleopod 2; E, pleopod 3 exopod; F, pleopod 4 exopod; G, pleopod 5 exopod.

Etymology. This new species is named after the locality where specimens were collected: Lapa do Cipó cave, Peruaçu caves National Park, Minas Gerais.

Remarks. The genus Trichorhina comprises about 70 described species widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas (Schmalfuss, 2003; Souza et al., 2011; Campos-Filho et al., 2014). In Brazil, the genus includes 23 species, five of which occurring in caves: Trichorhina anhanguera Campos-Filho, Araujo & Taiti, 2014, Trichorhina curupira Campos-Filho, Araujo & Taiti, 2014, Trichorhina guanophila Souza-Kury, 1993, Trichorhina kaingangiCampos-Filho, 2015, and Trichorhina yiara Campos-Filho, Araujo & Taiti, 2014 (Souza-Kury, 1993; Campos-Filho et al., 2014,2015).

In the absence of eyes Trichorhina cipoensis n. sp. is similar toT. anhanguera, Trichorhina anophthalma Arcangeli, 1936,Trichorhina boneti Rioja, 1956, Trichorhina brasilensis Andersson, 1960, Trichorhina buchnerorum(Verhoeff, 1942), Trichorhina caeca Vandel 1952b, T. guanophila, T. kaingangi, Trichorhina paolae Caruso, 1978,Trichorhina sicula Vandel, 1969, Trichorhina simoni (Dollfus, 1893), Trichorhina xoltunae Mulaik, 1960, and Trichorhina zimpanensis Mulaik, 1960. It is distinguished from all these species by the different shape of the male pleopod 1 exopod; fromT. anhanguera in having more developed pleon epimera, telson with narrowly rounded apex, maxillula outer branch with two cleft teeth (vs. all entire); from T. anophthalma in the cephalon with triangular instead of quadrangular frontal lateral lobes and male pereopod 7 ischium with convex instead of slightly concave sternal margin (see Reboleira et al., 2015); fromT. brasilensis in the cephalon with shorter lateral lobes, mandibles with molar penicil simple (vs. dichotomized); fromT. buchnerorum, T. caeca, T. paolae, T. siculaand T. simoni in having narrowly rounded apex (vs. obtuse or broadly rounded apex); from T. guanophila, T. xoltunaeand T. zimpanensis in having the antennula with many aesthetascs subapically and apically inserted (vs. few aesthetascs inserted apically), mandibles with simple molar penicil (vs. dichotomized); and from T. kaingangi in having narrower body shape, mandibles with simple molar penicil (vs. dichotomized), maxillula outer branch with two cleft teeth.

This species occurs in the same cave of Xangoniscus odara n. sp. It was collected from organic matter substrate, such as guano and leaf litter.

Trichorhinapataxosi n. sp.

(Figs. 11-14)

Type material. Holotype: 1 ♂ (MZUSP 34108), Minas Gerais, Pedro Leopoldo, Gruta do Sufoco, 19º25'53"S 44º2'8"W, 12-15.I.2009, leg. F.P. Franco. Paratypes: many ♂♂ and ♀♀ (MZUSP 34109), 4 ♂♂ (one in micropreparations), 4 ♀♀ (MZUF 9617), same data as holotype; 1 ♂ (MZUSP 34110), same locality and collector as holotype, 5-6.X.2009, 1 ♀ (MZUSP 34111), Pedro Leopoldo, Gruta do Nei, 19º37'45"S 44º0'30"W, 5-6.X.2009, leg. F.P. Franco, 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀, 1 manca (MZUSP 34112) same locality, 12-15.I.2009, leg. F.P. Franco.

Description. Body length: ♂ 3.5 mm, ♀ 4.5 mm. Body (Fig. 11A) colorless, slightly convex, outline of pleon continuous with that of pereon. Dorsal surface covered with fan-shaped scale-setae (Fig. 11B); one line ofnoduli laterales inserted close to the posterior margins and more or less at same distance from lateral margins of pereonites, d/c and b/c coordinates as in Fig. 11F, G, respectively. Cephalon with lateral lobes triangular, slightly protruding frontwards, suprantennal line, frontal line and eyes absent (Fig. 11C, D). Pereonites 1 and 2 epimera with posterior corners right-angled, pereonites 3-7 gradually directed backwards. Pleon (Fig. 11A, E) with epimera falciform, directed backwards. Telson (Fig. 11E) triangular, lateral margins concave with narrowly rounded apex. Antennula (Fig. 11H) with three articles, distal article with tuft of aesthetascs subapically and apically inserted. Antenna (Fig. 11I) when extended posteriorly surpassing posterior margin of pereonite 1; flagellum with two articles, second article about three times as long as first, bearing two aesthetascs, apical organ short with long free sensilla. Mandibles (Fig. 12A, B) with molar penicil simple, left mandible with 2+1 penicils, and right mandible with 1+1 penicils. Maxillula (Fig. 12C) inner branch with two subequal penicils, distal portion bearing lateral tip; outer branch with 3+5 teeth. Maxilla (Fig. 12D) with setose and bilobate apex; outer lobe about three times as wide as inner lobe, distal margin rounded. Maxilliped (Fig. 11E) basis rectangular bearing sparse setae; endite subrectangular, medial seta surpassing distal margin, distal margin rounded bearing one hook-like short spine. Pereopod 1 with antennal grooming brush transverse reaching median part of carpus; dactylus with inner claw reaching median portion of outer claw, dactylar and ungual setae with simple apices. Uropod (Fig. 13A) protopod grooved on outer margin bearing glandular fields, exopod slightly longer than endopod, endopod inserted proximally.

Figure 11
Trichorhina pataxosi n. sp. (male paratype). A, dorsal habitus; B, dorsal scale-seta; C, cephalon, dorsal view; D, cephalon, frontal view; E, pleonites 3-5 and telson; F, d/c coordinates of noduli laterales; G, b/c coordinates ofnoduli laterales; H, antennula; I, antenna.

Figure 12
Trichorhina pataxosi n. sp. (male paratype). A, left mandible; B, right mandible; C, maxillula; D, maxillula; E, maxilliped.

Male. Pereopods 1-7 (Fig. 13B, C) merus and carpus with brush of long setae on sternal margin; ischium 7 triangular, sternal margin straight and distal margin bearing three large setae. Pleopod 1 (Fig. 13D) exopod subtriangular, slightly wider than long with broadly rounded apical part; endopod tapering, twice as long as exopod, medial margin bearing minute setae. Pleopod 2 (Fig. 13E) exopod triangular, outer margin slightly concave bearing nine setae; endopod as long as exopod. Pleopod 3 and 4 exopods as in Fig. 13F, G. Pleopod 5 exopod (Fig. 13H) triangular, outer margin slightly convex bearing 10 setae.

Etymology. The new species is named after the native people Pataxós who originally inhabited the Brazilian states of Bahia and Minas Gerais.

Remarks. Trichorhina pataxosi n. sp. can be distinguished from Trichorhina cipoensis n. sp. by the different shape of dorsal scale-setae, the maxillula outer branch with inner teeth simple, maxilliped endite with hook-like distal spine, more acute distal part of telson, and male pereopods 1-7 merus and carpus densely setose. This species was collected in guano and leaf litter in two caves of Lagoa Santa region, which are under severe threat by mining.

Figure 13
Trichorhina pataxosi n. sp. (male paratype). A, uropod; B, pereopod 1; C, pereopod 7; D, pleopod 1; E, pleopod 2; F, pleopod 3 exopod; G, pleopod 4 exopod; H, pleopod 5 exopod.

Figure 14
Map of distribution. ●, Xangoniscus odara n. sp.; ■,Trichorhina cipoensis n. sp.; ▲,Trichorhina pataxosi n. sp..

Discussion

According to the faunistic subterranean classification adopted here,Xangoniscus odara n. sp. can be considered as a stygobiont. As mentioned by Campos-Filho et al.(2014), the troglobiotic condition of the new species ofTrichorhina is not certain, since many species in this genus have an endogean way of life, showing similar morphological adaptations to troglobiotic forms. More extensive collections in endogean habitats outside caves are needed in order to determine whether they are troglobiotic or rather troglophilic.

In the last years, biospeleological surveys have been conducted throughout Brazil and many unidentified terrestrial isopods have been reported (e.g. Trajano and Bichuette, 2010; Gallão, 2012; Silva and Ferreira, 2015) but the taxonomic impediment has prevented to describe the numerous subterranean taxa encountered. The Brazilian laws (BRASIL, 1990, 2008) guarantee cave preservation when rare or endemic troglobiotic or stygobiotic species are present (e.g. Campos-Filho et al., 2014; Cardoso et al., 2014). Delay in taxonomic research in subterranean environments may lead to loss of biodiversity in caves, even before the species are discovered and described (e.g. Bichuette and Trajano, 2005;Campos-Filho et al., 2014, 2015). The troglobioticXangoniscus odara n. sp. and Trichorhina cipoensis n. sp. coexist in the Lapa do Cipó cave, located in limits of PCNP and protected by environmental laws (Fig. 14). Trichorhina pataxoensis n. sp. from Lagoa Santa region (Fig. 14), is threatened by nearby mining activities which may lead to loss or reduction of the habitat. This karst area should therefore be considered to be of high priority for conservation.

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Profs Marcos Tavares and Maria José from MZUSP for assisting with depositing material; CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) for the scholarship granted to ISC-F (PDE 204468/2014-0) and grants to MEB; CNR (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per lo Studio degli Ecosistemi, Florence, Italy) for hosting ISC-F during his Postdoctoral; FAPESP (Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo) for financial support to the collections of MEB; ICMBIO (Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade) for collecting permit to MEB; J.E. Gallão, D. von Schimonsky and B.G.O. Monte for collecting in Lapa do Cipó cave and making the movie in the natural habitat of the new species of Xangoniscus; photos: C.S. Fernandes (Fig. 7A, B), J.E. Gallão (Fig. 7D), and M.P. Bolfarini (Figs. 1A, B and 7C ) and map confection.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  2016

History

• Received
  12 Nov 2015
• Accepted
  15 Dec 2015