Insect galls of Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos (Rio de Janeiro State, Southeastern Brazil)Abstract
The Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos (PARNASO) is an integral protection conservation unit inserted in the domain of the Atlantic forest. This Park was investigated monthly from September to December/2021 and from March to May/2022 for insect galls. Host plants were identified and their exsiccates were deposited in the herbarium (R) of the Museu Nacional. Insects obtained by gall dissection and rearing were deposited in the Entomological Collection of Museu Nacional (MNRJ). The conservational status of the host plants and their origin were verified in the site Flora e Funga do Brasil (2023). New records of host plants in Brazil are presented based on comparison with literature data. PARNASO hosts a great richness of galls (290 gall morphotypes on 43 plant families). Myrtaceae, Melastomataceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae, and Rubiaceae, Mikania Willd. (Asteraceae), Miconia Ruiz & Pav. (Melastomataceae), and Eugenia L. (Myrtaceae), and Guapira opposita (Nyctaginaceae) were the botanical taxa with the highest number of gall morphotypes, all of them were previously indicated as super hosts in inventories in forest formations of the Atlantic forest, except Rubiaceae. PARNASO includes 148 gall-inducing species native to Brazil, being 69 endemic; among the last 23 are exclusive to the Atlantic forest. Eight gall-inducing species are endangered and four are near threathned. Most galls were found on leaves. The most frequent gall characters were: globoid shape, green color, and glabrous surface. Most galls were induced by Cecidomyiidae (Diptera), however galls of Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Thysanoptera, and Hymenoptera wera also found. These are the known patterns in Brazil. The secondary fauna was reported in 62 gall morphotypes and included parasitoids (Hymenoptera), successors (Collembola, Hemiptera and Thysanoptera), cecidophagous (Lepidoptera), and predators (spiders). Parasitoids were the most frequent. Seven gall midge species are recorded for the first time in this Park.
Keywords
Atlantic forest; Insect-plant interaction; Endemism; Gall richness; Secondary fauna
INTRODUCTION
Several inventories of insect galls have been developed in the Brazilian Atlantic forest in the last three decades. The first systematic inventories were carried out in restinga areas of the state of Rio de Janeiro by Monteiro et al. (1994), Maia (2001), and Oliveira & Maia (2005). Later, other restingas (Maia et al., 2008; Bregonci et al., 2010; Arriola et al., 2015; and Carvalho-Fernandes et al., 2016, for example) and forest formations (Fernandes et al., 2009; Maia et al., 2014; Santos & Ribeiro, 2015; Maia & Mascarenhas, 2017; and others) were investigated. However, these inventories only cover a small part of the entire Atlantic forest, so that the richness of this phytogeographic domains is still little known.
The Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos (PARNASO) is an integral protection conservation unit inserted in the domain of the Atlantic forest, one of the most critical biomes for the conservation of global biodiversity. This Park was created in 1939 to protect the biodiversity of Serra do Mar in Rio de Janeiro State. With about 20,000 hectares, it covers four municipalities: Teresópolis, Petrópolis, Magé, and Guapimirim (ICMBio, 2023). PARNASO has a rich flora, with more than 2,800 plant species, many exclusive to the Atlantic forest, distributed in four physiognomies, according to altitude: submontane forest (up to 500 m), montane forest (between 500 and 1,500 m), upper montane forest (above 1,500 m) and altitude fields (above 2,000 m). This Park has a large volume of rainfall (3,600 mm per year), one of the determining factors for the richness and perennial exuberance of its vegetation (ICMBio, 2023).
Regarding the fauna, around 750 vertebrate species have been identified in the Park. Nevertheless, data on the entomofauna is still scarce, with only about 120 recorded species of Coleoptera, Diptera, Ephemeroptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Odonata, and Orthoptera (ICMBio, 2023). Until now, the Park lacks a systematic survey of insect galls.
The main goal of this research is to inventory the insect galls of PARNASO and evaluate their richness, thus contributing to the knowlegde of the richness and distribution of gall-inducing insects and their host plants in the Atlantic forest.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The PARNASO was investigated monthly by the authors from September to December/2021 (in late winter and spring) and from March to May/2022 (in fall). Each campaign lasted four days, performing 32 hours of field work. All campaigns together totaled 28 days with 224 hours of field work. The number of personnel was standardized for each collection: two researchers, VCM and BM. We surveyed 11 trails in Guapimirim (Figs. 1A-G, 2A-D) and 13 trails in Teresópolis (Figs. 3A-G, 4A-F) in different months, and their geographic coordinates were obtained using GPS (Table 1).
Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos (RJ, Brazil), trails in Guapimirim: (A) Alameda Von Spix, (B) Araçari camping, (C) Caninana Trail, (D) Circular Trail, (E) Mãe d’Água Trail, (F) Museu Von Martius, (G) Poço da Capela.
Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos (RJ, Brazil), trails in Guapimirim: (A) Poço da Preguiça, (B) Poço Verde, (C) Ponte Velha, (D) Recanto das Ruínas.
Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos (RJ, Brazil), trails in Teresópolis: (A) Barragem, (B) Bosque Santa Helena, (C) Cachoeira Ceci-Peri, (D) Cachoeira do Papel, (E) Cartão Postal Trail, (F) Casa do Pesquisador, (G) Mozart-Catão Trail.
Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos (RJ, Brazil), trails in Teresópolis: (A) Poço do Beija-Flor, (B) Poço do Castelo, (C) Poço Dois Irmãos, (D) Primavera Trail, (E) Suspensa Trail, (F) 360 Trail.
Trails of Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos (Southeastern Brazil), with their respective geographic coordinates and date of investigation.
We investigated herbs, bushes and trees (up to 2 m heigh) of each trail in a search for galls on leaves, buds, stems, tendrils, aerial roots, flowers, bud flowers, and fruits. We removed, labeled, pressed and dried preferentially fertile branches of each host plant species. Dr. Ricardo Moura identified the host plants species and morphospecies. Their exsiccates were deposited in the herbarium (R) of the Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. We collected galled branches, and characterized the galls in different morphotypes according to their shape, color, presence or absence of trichomes, and plant organ of occurrence. Then we packed each morphotype individually and transported them in labelled plastic bags. The labels comprised the following data: trail name, date, number of the galled plant, and gall morphotype. We photographed all host plants and gall morphotypes. In the laboratory, we dissected samples of each morphotype in order to observe the number of internal chambers, the food habit of the dwellers and to obtain the immature insects. We conditioned other samples individually in labelled plastic pots to obtain the adults. Each pot was lined with a layer of toilet paper. We checked all pots daily. The galls were kept in the pots until the emergence of adult insects or until gall putrefaction. All insects were preserved in 70% alcohol. Later, we mounted the Cecidomyiidae specimens on microscope slides, following the methodology outlined in Gagné (1994), and identified genera based on the keys of Gagné (op. cit.). The insects were deposited in the Entomological Collection of Museu Nacional (MNRJ). The conservational status of the host plants (EN = endangered, NE = not evaluated, NT = near threatened, LC = less concerning, VU = vulnerable) and their origin (native, endemic, exotic and naturalized) were verified in the site Flora e Funga do Brasil (2023). New records of host plants in Brazil are presented based on comparison with literature data.
RESULTS
We found 290 gall morphotypes on 43 plant families, 81 genera, 93 nominated species and 91 morphospecies (63 identified to in genus and 28 to in family) (Table 2). The lack of fertile material explains this large number of plant morphospecies.
Richness of host plant species and insect gall morphotypes by plant family in the Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos (Southeastern Brazil).
Myrtaceae, Melastomataceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae, and Rubiaceae were the five plant families with the greatest richness of insect galls (Table 2). Regarding botanical genera, Mikania Willd. (Asteraceae), Miconia Ruiz & Pav. (Melastomataceae), and Eugenia L. (Myrtaceae) stood out as super hosts (Table 3). Guapira opposita (Nyctaginaceae) was the plant species with the highest number of gall morphotypes (Table 3).
Host plants and richness of insect galls of the Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos (Southeastern Brazil).
All plant species are native to Brazil, except Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae), which is naturalized. Among the native plants, 46 are endemic to Brazil, 30 of them are known only from the Atlantic forest. Native plant species shelter 148 gall morphotypes, endemic species 69, and the only naturalized species shelter two morphotypes. Endemic plant species with exclusive occurrence in the Atlantic forest shelter 23 gall morphotypes (Table 4).
Plant species origin, conservation status, phytogeographic domain of occurrence, and number of gall morphotypes. EN = endangered, NE = not evaluated, NT = near threatened, and LC = less concerning.
Concerning plant conservation status, three species are endangered, Dasyphyllum leptacanthum (Gardner) Cabrera (Asteraceae), Piper rioense Yunkc. (Piperaceae), and Plinia martinelli G.M. Barroso & M.V. Peron Cabrera (Myrtaceae); three are near threathned, Handroanthus serratifolius (Vahl.) S. Grose (Bignoniaceae), Piper sprengelianum C. DC. (Piperaceae), and Pseudopiptadenia inaequalis (Benth.) Rauschert (Fabaceae); 21 are less concerning; and 56 were not evaluated (Table 4). The first two categories shelter 8 and 4 gall-inducing species respectively, none of them identified in to species. So, PARNASO shelters at least 12 unknown gall-inducing species with some degree of threat.
Most galls were found on leaves (62.4%). Other galled organs were stems, buds, aerial roots, and fruits, with low percentages. Galls on flowers were not found (Table 5).
Number of gall morphotypes by host plant organ in the Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, RJ, Brazil. The total is higher than 100% because some gall morphotypes occurred in two or more plant organs.
The most frequent gall shape was globoid (43.4%), followed by fusiform (36.5%) (Table 6). Globoid galls occurred mainly on leaves and fusiform galls on stems and veins. Ten gall morphotypes varied in shape. Most galls were green (56.5%) and 40.8% brown. Yellow, red and black colors were also reported (Table 7). Green galls occurred mainly on leaves while brown galls mainly on stems. Some galls (8.8%) varied in color. Most galls (83.8%) were glabrous, while only 16.2% presented trichomes.
Number of gall morphotypes by shape in the Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, RJ, Brazil. The total is higher than 100% because some gall morphotypes varied in shape.
Number of gall morphotypes by color in the Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, RJ, Brazil. The total is higher than 100% because some gall morphotypes varied in color.
Galls were induced by Diptera (Cecidomyiidae), Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Thysanoptera, and Hymenoptera, being Cecidomyiidae the most frequent gall-inducing insects, being responsible for 48.3% of gall morphotypes (Table 8). Inducers of 131 morphotypes (45.2%) were not determined, as only parasitoids were obtained or because the galls were collected after adults’ emergence.
Number of gall morphotypes by gall-inducing insects in the Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, RJ, Brazil. The total is lower than 100% because some gall-inducers were not determined.
The secondary fauna was reported in 62 gall morphotypes (21.4% of the total). It included parasitoids, successors, cecidophagous, and predators. Among them, parasitoids were the most frequent, being reported in 20.0% of the gall morphotypes (Table 9). Successors were represented by Collembola, Hemiptera and Thysanoptera, cecidophagous only by Lepidoptera, and predators only by spiders.
Number of gall morphotypes with secondary fauna in the Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, RJ, Brazil.
Among gall-inducing insects, we identified seven gall midge species: Bruggmannia acaudata Maia, 2004, B. elongata Maia & Couri, 1993, B. robusta Maia & Couri, 1993, Clusiamyia nitida Maia, 1997, Neolasioptera eugeniae Maia, 1992, Proasphondylia guapirae Maia, 1993, Sphaeromyia flava Maia, 2007 and three morphospecies of three genera: Clinodiplosis sp. (n = 1), Dasineura sp. (n = 1), and Neolasioptera sp. (n = 1).
Data on host plants (in alphabetical order of families), gall morphological characterization, gall-inducer, secondary fauna, trails, date of collecting, and previous gall records on each host plant are presented below. The number of gall morphotypes in each botanical family, species, and morphospecies is shown in parentheses after the taxon name.
Acanthaceae (n = 3)
Justicia sp. (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf and bud, fusiform, with an apical cylindrical projection, green, glabrous, one or two-chambered (Fig. 5A). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trails: Teresópolis: Barragem to Cachoeira de Papel entrance (14.IX.2021), 360 (26.X.2021), Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021).
Insect galls of Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos (RJ, Brazil): (A) On Justicia sp. (Acanthaceae), bud gall, (B-C) On Guatterria cf. australis A. St.-Hill. (Annonaceae): (B) leaf gall, (C) stem gall, (D) On Forsteronia sp. (Apocynaceae), stem gall, (E-G) On Araceae: (E) On Philodendron propinquum Schott., leaf gall, (F) On Philodendron roseopetiolatum Nadruz & Mayo, leaf gall, (G) On Philodendron sp., leaf gall, (H) On Dendropanax sp. (Araliaceae), leaf gall, (I-L) On Asteraceae: (I) On Baccharis sp., bud gall, (J) On Dasyphyllum flagellare (Casar.) Cabrera, (K-L) On Dasyphyllum leptacanthum (Gardner) Cabrera: (K) Leaf gall, (L) Stem gall.
Maia & Mascarenhas (2017) and Goetz et al. (2018) reported galls on Justicia spp. in the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Southeastern Brazil) and RS.
Mendoncia velloziana Mart. (n = 2)
Gall: on leaf, globoid, intralaminar, green, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trails: Teresópolis: Casa do Pesquisador (14.IX.2021), 360 (26.X.2021), Suspensa (25.XI.2021).
Gall: on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous, multichambered. Gall-inducer: not determined. Trails: Teresópolis: Casa do Pesquisador (14.IX.2021), Suspensa (25.XI.2021).
First record of gall on this host plant.
Galls on congeneric species are known from Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Maia & Mascarenhas, 2017) and RS (Mendonça-Jr. et al., 2014).
Annonaceae (n = 3)
Guatteria cf. australis A. St.-Hill. (n = 2)
Gall: on leaf, globoid, intralaminar, green, glabrous (Fig. 5B). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trails: Teresópolis: 360 (26.X.2021), Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021, 25.V.2022); Guapimirim: Poço Verde (31.III.2022), Mãe d’Água (24.V.2022), Alameda Von Spix (25.V. 2022).
Gall: on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous, multichambered (Fig. 5C). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trails: Teresópolis: Suspensa (26.XI.2021), Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021); Guapimirim: Poço Verde (31.III.2022).
Melo-Júnior et al. (2018) recorded these galls in Babitonga (SC).
Guatteria sp. (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf, fold, green, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Teresópolis: 360 (26.X.2021).
Other galls are known on congeneric species and morphospecies in AM (Almada & Fernandes, 2011), MS (Julião et al., 2014), MG (Fernandes et al., 2001), RJ (Maia & Mascarenhas, 2017), SP (Maia et al., 2008), and SC (Arriola & Melo-Júnior, 2016; Melo-Júnior et al., 2018).
Apocynaceae (n = 1)
Forsteronia sp. (n = 1)
Gall: on stem, fusiform, woody, brown, glabrous (Fig. 5D). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trails: Guapimirim: Poço da Capela (28.III.2022), Ponte Velha (29.III.2022).
Maia et al. (2008) recorded galls on this plant genus in Bertioga, SP and Urso-Guimarães et al. (2017) in MS.
Araceae (n = 4)
Philodendron propinquum Schott. (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf, marginal roll, yellow, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 5E). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trails: Guapimirim: Poço da Capela (28.III.2022), Poço Verde (31.III.2022), Araçari Camping (25.IV.2022), Circular (26.IV.2022), Mãe d’Água (24.V.2022).
First record of gall on this host plant.
Philodendron roseopetiolatum Nadruz & Mayo (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf, fusiform, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 5F). Gall-inducer: Hymenoptera. Trails: Teresópolis: 360 (26.X.2021), Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021), Suspensa (25.XI.2021).
First record of gall on this host plant.
Philodendron sp. (n = 2)
Gall: on leaf, marginal roll, green, glabrous (Fig. 5G). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trails: Teresópolis: Mozart-Catão to Primavera (25.X.2021), Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021); Guapimirim: Mãe d’Água (29.III.2022).
Gall: on leaf, lenticular, yellow, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Hymenoptera. Trail: Guapimirim: Poço Verde (31.III.2022).
Galls on congeneric species and morphospecies are known from PE (Santos et al., 2012), ES (Maia et al., 2014), RJ (Maia & Mascarenhas, 2017), SP (Maia et al., 2008), and SC (Arriola & Melo-Júnior, 2016; Melo-Júnior et al., 2018).
Araliaceae (n = 1)
Dendropanax sp. (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf vein, fusiform, green, glabrous (Fig. 5H). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Teresópolis: Barragem to Cachoeira de Papel entrance (14.IX.2021).
First record of gall on this plant genus.
Asteraceae (n = 33)
Baccharis sp. (n = 1)
Gall: on bud, rosette, green, glabrous (Fig. 5I). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Teresópolis: Barragem to Cachoeira de Papel entrance (14.IX.2021).
Several galls on congeneric species and morphospecies are known from MG (Fernandes et al., 1997; Maia & Fernandes, 2004; Carneiro et al., 2009; Coelho et al., 2009; Malves & Frieiro-Costa, 2012), Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (MG and RJ) (Maia & Mascarenhas, 2017) and RS (Mendonça-Jr. et al., 2014).
Dasyphyllum flagellare (Casar.) Cabrera (n = 1)
Gall: on bud, conical, brown, with short trichomes (Fig. 5J). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Teresópolis: Cartão Postal (15.IX.2021).
First record of gall on this host plant.
Dasyphyllum leptacanthum (Gardner) Cabrera (n = 2)
Gall: on leaf vein, fusiform, brown, glabrous (Fig. 5K). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trails: Teresópolis: Barragem to Cachoeira de Papel entrance (14.IX.2021), Mozart-Catão to Primavera (25.X.2021), Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021).
Gall: on stem, fusiform, green, glabrous, multichambered (Fig. 5L). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trails: Teresópolis: Barragem to Cachoeira de Papel entrance (14.IX.2021), Mozart-Catão to Primavera (25.X.2021), Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021), Suspensa (25.XI.2021).
First record of gall on this plant.
Galls on other species and morphospecies of Dasyphyllum Kunth. are known from BA (Silva et al., 2018), MG (Carneiro et al., 2009), RJ (Maia & Souza, 2013), and RS (Mendonça-Jr. et al., 2014).
Lepidaploa sp. (n = 1)
Gall: on stem, fusiform, green, with brown trichomes (Fig. 6A). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trails: Teresópolis: Mozart-Catão to Primavera (25.X.2021), 360 (26.X.2021), Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021), Suspensa (25.XI.2021), Centro de Operações to Camping (28.III.2022), Barragem road (from Casa do Pesquisador to Alojamento (30.III.2022).
Insect galls of Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos (RJ, Brazil): (A-T) On Asteraceae: (A) On Lepidaploa sp., stem gall, (B-C) On Mikania cf. campanulata Gardner: (B) leaf gall, (C) stem gall, (D-E) On Mikania cf. confertissima Sch. Bip.: (D) leaf vein, (E) leaf petiole, (F-H) On Mikania hirsutissima DC.: (F) leaf midvein gall, (G) bud gall, (H) leaf gall, (I-K) On Mikania cf. paniculata DC.: (I) leaf gall, (J) bud gall, (K) leaf gall, (L) On Mikania cf. ternata (Vell.) B.L. Rob., leaf gall, (M) On Mikania sp. 1, leaf gall, (N) On Mikania sp. 2, leaf gall, (O-Q) On Mikania sp. 3: (O) leaf gall, (P) bud gall, (Q) stem gall, (R) On Piptocarpha quadrangularis (Vell.) Baker, leaf gall, (S-T) On Piptocarpha sp.: (S) bud gall, (T) stem gall.
Carneiro et al. (2009) reported galls on several congeneric species in MG. Maia (2001) and Rodrigues et al. (2014) recorded galls on Lepidaploa rufogrisea (A. St.-Hill.) H. Rob. in RJ (as Vernonia rufo-grisea A. St.-Hill.).
Mikania cf. campanulata Gardner (n = 2)
Gall: on leaf, cylindrical, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 6B). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Guapimirim: Museu Von Martius (27.IV.2022).
Gall: on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 6C). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Petrópolis: 360 (26.X.2021).
Toma & Mendonça-Jr. (2013) and Mendonça-Jr. et al. (2014) recorded different galls on this host plant in RS.
Mikania cf. confertissima Sch. Bip. (n = 4)
Gall: on leaf petiole, fusiform, brown, glabrous (Fig. 6D). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Teresópolis: Cartão Postal (15.IX.2021).
Gall: on leaf vein, fusiform, green, glabrous (Fig. 6E). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Teresópolis: Cartão Postal (15.IX.2021).
Gall: on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous. Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Teresópolis: Cartão Postal (15.IX.2021).
Gall: on leaf, cylindrical to conical, green, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Teresópolis: Cartão Postal (15.IX.2021).
First gall records on this host plant.
Mikania hirsutissima DC. (n = 3)
Gall: on stem and leaf midvein, fusiform to globoid, green or brown, with brown trichomes, one-chambered (Fig. 6F). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Successors: Thysanoptera. Trails: Teresópolis: Cartão Postal (15.IX.2021), Mozart-Catão to Primavera (25.X.2021), 360 (26.X.2021), Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021), Barragem road (from Camping to Alojamento) (27.IV.2022), Suspensa (23.V.2022). Maia & Mascarenhas (2017) reported this gall in the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Southeastern Brazil).
Gall: on bud, cylindrical or fusiform, brown, with short brown trichomes, multichambered (Fig. 6G). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trail: Teresópolis: Cartão Postal (15.IX.2021).
Gall: on leaf, globoid, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 6H). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trails: Teresópolis: Cartão Postal (15.IX.2021), 360 (26.X.2021), Cartão Postal (24.V.2022).
Mikania cf. paniculata DC. (n = 4)
Gall: on leaf midvein, globoid, intralaminar, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 6I). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trails: Teresópolis: Cartão Postal (15.IX.2021); Guapimirim: Araçari Camping (25.IV.2022).
Gall: on leaf petiole, fusiform, green, wrinkled, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 6J). Gall-inducer: Curculionidae (Coleoptera). Trails: Teresópolis: Cartão Postal (15.IX.2021); Guapimirim: Araçari Camping (25.IV.2022).
Gall: on leaf, globoid, green, with trichomes, one-chambered (Fig. 6K). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Guapimirim: Araçari Camping (25.IV.2022).
Gall: on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Teresópolis: Cartão Postal (15.IX.2021); Guapimirim: Poço da Preguiça (29.III.2022), Poço Verde (31.III.2022).
First gall records on this host plant.
Mikania cf. ternata (Vell.) B.L. Rob. (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf midvein, fusiform, green, glabrous, multichambered (Fig. 6L). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trails: Teresópolis: Barragem to Cachoeira de Papel entrance (14.IX.2021), Guapimirim: Poço Verde (31.III.2022).
Goetz et al. (2018) reported the same gall on this plant in RS.
Mikania sp. 1 (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf, globoid, brown, with trichomes (Fig. 6M). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Successors: Collembola. Trails: Teresópolis: 360 (26.X.2021), Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021).
Mikania sp. 2 (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf, conical, green, glabrous (Fig. 6N). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Teresópolis: Barragem to Cachoeira de Papel entrance (14.IX.2021).
Mikania sp. 3 (n = 3)
Gall: on leaf, lenticular, red, glabrous (Fig. 6O). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trail: Teresópolis: 360 (26.X.2021), Barragem to Casa do Pesquisador entrance (07.XII.2021).
Gall: on bud, cylindrical, green, glabrous (Fig. 6P). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trails: Teresópolis: 360 (26.X.2021), Guapimirim: Mãe d’Água (29.III.2022).
Gall: on stem and leaf vein, fusiform, green or yellow, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 6Q). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Teresópolis: 360 (26.X.2021).
Several galls on congeneric species and morphospecies have been reported by Urso-Guimarães et al. (2017) in MS, Maia & Fernandes (2004), Carneiro et al. (2009) in MG, Maia (2001), Rodrigues et al. (2014) and Maia & Siqueira (2020) in RJ, Maia et al. (2014) in ES, Ansaloni et al. (2018) in SP, and Mendonça-Jr. et al. (2014) in RS.
Piptocarpha quadrangularis (Vell.) Baker (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf, globoid, brown, with trichomes, one-chambered (Fig. 6R). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Teresópolis: Barragem to Cachoeira de Papel entrance (14.IX.2021).
First record of gall on this plant.
Piptocarpha sp. (n = 2)
Gall: on leaf and petiole, globoid, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 6S). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Teresópolis: Suspensa (26.XI.2021).
Gall: on stem, globoid, brown, furrowed, glabrous (Fig. 6T). Gall-inducer: Coleoptera. Trail: Teresópolis: Barragem to Cachoeira de Papel entrance (14.IX.2021).
Galls on congeneric species and morphospecies are known from GO (Araújo et al., 2014), MG (Carneiro et al., 2009; Coelho et al., 2013), Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Maia & Mascarenhas, 2017), SP (Maia et al., 2008), and RS (Toma & Mendonça-Jr., 2013; Mendonça-Jr. et al., 2014).
Asteraceae sp. 1 (n = 1)
Gall: on stem, fusiform, green, with brown trichomes, multichambered (Fig. 7A). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Teresópolis: 360 (26.X.2021).
Insect galls of Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos (RJ, Brazil): (A-F) On Asteraceae: (A) On Asteraceae sp. 1, stem gall, (B) On Asteraceae sp. 2, leaf petiole gall, (C) On Asteraceae sp. 3, leaf gall, (D) On Asteraceae sp. 4., leaf petiole gall, (E) On Asteraceae sp. 5, stem gall, (F) On Asteraceae sp. 6, leaf petiole gall, (G-L) On Bignoniaceae: (G) On Adenocalymma sp., stem gall, (H) On Handroanthus serratifolius (Vahl.) S. Grose, leaf gall, (I) On Handroanthus sp., leaf gall, (J-K) On Stizophyllum perforatum (Cham.) Miers: (J) leaf petiole gall, (K) leaf gall, (L) Tanaecium pyramidatum (Rich.) L.G. Lohmann, stem gall.
Asteraceae sp. 2 (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf petiole, fusiform, green, with red micropubescence (Fig. 7B). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Teresópolis: Cachoeira de Papel entrance (14.XI.2021).
Asteraceae sp. 3 (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf, lenticular, red, glabrous (Fig. 7C). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Teresópolis: Barragem to Cachoeira de Papel entrance (14.XI.2021).
Asteraceae sp. 4 (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf petiole, fusiform, green, glabrous (Fig. 7D). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Guapimirim: Araçari Camping (25.IV.2022).
Asteraceae sp. 5 (n = 1)
Gall: on stem, fusiform, green, with trichomes, one-chambered (Fig. 7E). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Teresópolis: Cartão Postal (15.IX.2021).
Asteraceae sp. 6 (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf vein, fusiform, green, with trichomes (Fig. 7F). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trails: Teresópolis: Cartão Postal (15.IX.2021), 360 (26.X.2021), Barragem road (from Casa do Pesquisador to Alojamento (30.III.2022).
Bignoniaceae (n = 9)
Adenocalymma sp. (n = 1)
Gall: on stem, brown, fusiform, glabrous, multichambered (Fig. 7G). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Guapimirim: Poço da Capela (23.III.2022).
Galls on this plant genus were recorded by Araújo et al. (2012) in AM, Santos et al. (2012) in PE, Urso-Guimarães et al. (2017) in MS, and Rodrigues et al. (2014) in RJ.
Handroanthus serratifolius (Vahl.) S. Grose (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf, lenticular, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 7H). Gall-inducer: not determined. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trail: Teresópolis: 360 (26.X.2021).
Marinho et al. (2023) reported a stem gall on this plant in RN.
Handroanthus sp. (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf, discoid, green, with red trichomes (Fig. 7I). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Teresópolis: Barragem road (from Alojamento to Camping) (25.IV.2022).
Araújo et al. (2014) reported reported galls on this plant genus in GO, Urso-Guimarães et al. (2017) in MS, Fernandes et al. (2001) and Fernandes & Negreiros (2006) in MG.
Lundia damazioi C. DC. (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf midvein, globoid to fusiform, brown, one or multichambered. Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Teresópolis: Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021).
First record of gall on this plant genus.
Stizophyllum perforatum (Cham.) Miers. (n = 2)
Gall: on leaf petiole and stem, fusiform, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 7J). Gall-inducer: not determined. Successors: Hemiptera. Trail: Guapimirim: Araçari Camping (25.IV.2022).
Gall: on leaf, conical, green, with trichomes, one-chambered (Fig. 7K). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Teresópolis: Barragem road (from Alojamento to Camping) (25.IV.2022).
First gall records on this plant species.
Maia (2014) reported a stem gall on S. riparium (Kunth.) Sandwith in MG.
Tanaecium pyramidatum (Rich.) L.G. Lohmann (n = 1)
Gall: on stem, globoid, brown, glabrous (Fig. 7L). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Guapimirim: Poço da Capela (24.V.2022).
Urso-Guimarães et al. (2017) recorded a leaf gall on this same plant species in MS.
Bignoniaceae sp. 1 (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf, globoid, intralaminar, yellow, glabrous (Fig. 8A). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trails: Teresópolis: Poço do Castelo (06.XII.2021), Barragem to Casa do Pesquisador entrance (07.XII.2021).
Insect galls of Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos (RJ, Brazil): (A-B) On Bignoniaceae: (A) On Bignoniaceae sp. 1, leaf gall, (B) On Bignoniaceae sp. 2, stem and leaf petiole gall, (C) On Varronia sp. (Boraginaceae), bud gall, (D) On Rhipsalis olivifera N.P. Taylor & Zappi (Cactaceae), leaf gall, (E) On Celastraceae sp., leaf gall, (F-G) On Clusiaceae: (F) On Clusia lanceolata Camb., leaf gall, (G) On Tovomitopsis paniculata (Spreng.) Planch & Triana, leaf gall, (H) On Cayaponia sp. 2 (Curcubitaceae), leaf petiole, (I) On Dioscorea laxiflora Mart. ex Griseb. (Dioscoreaceae), leaf petiole, (J) On Polybotrya sp. (Dryopteridaceae), leaf petiole, (K-L) On Euphorbiaceae: (K) On Croton echinocarpus Müll. Arg., stem gall, (L) On Croton floribundus Spreng., leaf gall.
Bignoniaceae sp. 2 (n = 1)
Gall: on stem and leaf petiole, fusiform, green, glabrous (Fig. 8B). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Guapimirim: Poço Verde (31.III.2022).
Boraginaceae (n = 1)
Varronia sp. (n = 1)
Gall: on bud, globoid, with an apical projection, green, with white microtrichomes, one-chambered (Fig. 8C). Gall-inducer: Lepidoptera. Trail: Teresópolis: Barragem road (from Alojamento to Camping) (25.IV.2022).
Several authors reported galls on Varronia curassavica Jacq. in RJ, ES, SP and SC as Maia (2001), Maia et al. (2008), Bregonci et al. (2010), Carvalho-Fernandes et al. (2016), Melo-Júnior et al. (2018), and Maia & Siqueira (2020). Marinho et al. (2023) recorded a leaf gall on V. leucocephala (Moric.) J.S. Mill. in CE.
Cactaceae (n = 1)
Rhipsalis olivifera N.P. Taylor & Zappi (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf, globoid, intralaminar, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 8D). Gall-inducer: Lepidoptera. Trails: Teresópolis: Barragem to Cachoeira de Papel entrance (15.IX.2021), Suspensa (26.XI.2021).
First record of gall on this plant.
Mendonça-Jr. et al. (2014) reported a stem gall on Rhipsalis sp. in RS.
Celastraceae (n = 1)
Celastraceae sp. (n = 1)
Gall: on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous, multichambered (Fig. 8E). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Teresópolis: Primavera (15.IX.2021).
Chrysobalanaceae (n = 1)
Licania spicata Hook. f. (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf, globoid, brown, glabrous. Gall-inducer: not determined. Trails: Teresópolis: Mozart Catão to Primavera (25.X.2021), 360 (26.X.2021), Mozart Catão (25.V.2022).
Maia et al. (2008) reported leaf and stem galls on Licania spicata Hook. f. in SP. Galls on this plant genus are known from AM (Almada & Fernandes, 2011), GO (Santos et al., 2010; Araújo et al., 2014) and MG (Maia & Fernandes, 2004, Coelho et al., 2013).
Clusiaceae (n = 2)
Clusia lanceolata Camb. (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf, intralaminar, globoid, green ou red, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 8F). Gall-inducer: Clusiamyia nitida Maia, 1997 (Cecidomyiidae). Trail: Guapimirim: Museu Von Martius (27.IV.2022).
Maia (1996) described the gall-inducing species from Maricá, RJ. Until this moment, it was known only from the type-locality.
Galls on other congeneric species are morphospecies are known from AM (Almada & Fernandes, 2011), PE (Santos et al., 2012), GO (Araújo et al., 2012, 2015), MS (Julião et al., 2014), ES (Bregonci et al., 2010; Maia et al., 2014), RJ (Maia, 2001; Oliveira & Maia, 2005; Carvalho-Fernandes et al., 2016), SC (Arriola & Melo-Júnior, 2016; Melo-Júnior et al., 2018).
Tovomitopsis paniculata (Spreng.) Planch & Triana (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf, globoid, yellow, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 8G). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trail: Teresópolis: Suspensa (25.XI.2021).
First record of gall on this plant genus.
Curcubitaceae (n = 2)
Cayaponia sp. 1 (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf petiole, fusiform green, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trail: Guapimirim: Alameda Von Spix (25.IV.2022).
Cayaponia sp. 2 (n = 1)
Gall: on stem and leaf petiole, fusiform, green, glabrous, multichambered (Fig. 8H). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Guapimirim: Museu Von Martius (27.IV.2022).
Toma & Mendonça-Jr. (2013) and Maia & Mascarenhas (2017) reported galls on this plant genus.
Dioscoreaceae (n = 1)
Dioscorea laxiflora Mart. ex Griseb (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf petiole and stem, fusiform, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 8I). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trail: Guapimirim: Circular (25.IV.2022), Araçari Camping (25.IV.2022).
First record of gall on this plant species.
Maia et al. (2008), Maia & Mascarenhas (2017) and Goetz et al. (2018) reported galls on other species of Dioscorea L. in the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia and RS, respectively.
Dryopteridaceae (n = 1)
Polybotrya sp. (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf petiole, fusiform, brown, glabrous (Fig. 8J). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Teresópolis: Suspensa (26.XI.2021).
First record of gall on this plant genus.
Euphorbiaceae (n = 4)
Croton echinocarpus Müll. Arg. (n = 1)
Gall: on stem, fusiform, brown, with short trichomes, one-chambered (Fig. 8K). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trails: Teresópolis: Primavera (13.IX.2021), Barragem to Cachoeira de Papel entrance (14.IX.2021), Centro de Operações (28.III.2022).
First record of gall on this plant species.
Many authors reported galls on other congeneric species and morphospecies as Almada & Fernandes (2011) in AM, Marinho et al. (2023) in RN, CE and PB, Urso-Guimarães et al. (2017) in MS, Vieira et al. (2018) in BA, Carneiro et al. (2009), Maia & Fernandes (2004), Malves & Frieiro-Costa (2012) in MG, Carvalho-Fernandes et al. (2016) in RJ, Maia & Mascarenhas (2017) in the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, Ribeiro et al. (2019) and Urso-Guimarães et al. (2003) in SP.
Croton floribundus Spreng. (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf, globoid, yellow, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 8L). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trail: Teresópolis: Centro de Operações (28.III.2022).
Maia & Fernandes (2004) reported a similar gall on this plant in MG. Several authors have reported other galls on C. floribundus:Maia et al., 2014 (ES), Maia & Mascarenhas (2022) in MG, Maia & Mascarenhas (2017) in the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia and Santos & Ribeiro (2015) in PR.
Plukenetia serrata (Vell.) L.J. Gillespie (n = 1)
Gall: on stem, globoid, brown, glabrous, multichambered (Fig. 9A). Gall-inducer Coleoptera. Trail: Teresópolis: 360 (26.X.2021).
Insect galls of Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos (RJ, Brazil): (A-B) On Euphorbiaceae: (A) On Plukenetia serrata (Vell.) L.J. Gillespie, stem gall, (B) On Sapium glandulosum (L.) Morong, leaf gall, (C-L) On Fabaceae: (C-D) On Copaifera trapezifolia Hayne: (C) leaf gall, (D) bud gall, (E) On Copaifera sp., leaf gall, (F) On Dahstedtia pinnata (Benth.) Malme, stem gall, (G-I) On Dalbergia foliolosa Benth.: (G) bud gall, (H) leaf gall, (I) stem gall, (J-K) On Dalbergia sp. 1: (J) leaf gall, (K) stem gall, (L) On Dalbergia sp. 2, leaf gall.
First record of gall on this plant genus.
Sapium glandulosum (L.) Morong (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf, globoid, intralaminar, green, glabrous (Fig. 9B). Gall-inducer: Hemiptera. Trail: Teresópolis: Barragem road (from Alojamento to Camping) (25.IV.2022).
Julião et al. (2014) reported this gall in AM and Toma & Mendonça-Jr. (2013) in RS. Urso-Guimarães et al. (2017) recorded other leaf gall on this host plant.
Fabaceae (n = 28)
Copaifera trapezifolia Hayne (n = 2)
Gall: on leaf, lenticular, brown, glabrous, multichambered (Fig. 9C). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Guapimirim: Mãe d’Água (29.III.2022).
Gall: on bud, conical, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 9D). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Guapimirim: Mãe d’Água (29.III.2022).
First record of gall on this plant species.
Copaifera sp. (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf, discoid, concave, yellow, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 9E). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Guapimirim: Alameda Von Spix (25.V.2022).
Galls on congeneric species and morphospecies were reported by Carvalho & Mota (2018) in AM, Ascendino & Maia (2018) in MS, Santos et al. (2011) in PE, Santos et al. (2012) and Araújo et al. (2015) in GO, Urso-Guimarães et al. (2017) in MS, Santos et al. (2018), Nogueira et al. (2016), Vieira et al. (2018) and Silva et al. (2018) in BA, Fernandes et al. (1997), Gonçalves-Alvim & Fernandes (2001), Maia & Fernandes (2004), Coelho et al. (2009), Luz et al. (2012) and Maia (2013a) in MG, and Urso-Guimarães & Scareli-Santos (2006) and Ribeiro et al. (2019) in SP.
Dahlstedtia pinnata (Benth.) Malme (n = 1)
Gall: on stem, fusiform, green, glabrous (Fig. 9F). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Guapimirim: Ponte Velha (29.III.2022).
Maia & Mascarenhas (2017) reported this same gall in the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia.
Dalbergia foliolosa Benth. (n = 3)
Gall: on bud, globoid, imbricated, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 9G). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trails: Teresópolis: Casa do Pesquisador (13.IX.2021), Primavera (15.IX.2021), Suspensa (25.XI.2021).
Gall: on leaf, conical, yellow, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 9H). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trails: Teresópolis: Primavera (15.IX.2021), Suspensa (25.XI.2021); Guapimirim: Alameda Von Spix (25.V. 2022).
Gall: on stem, fusiform, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 9I). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trails: Teresópolis: Primavera (15.IX.2021), Suspensa (25.XI.2021), Bosque Santa Helena (06.XII.2021).
Maia & Mascarenhas (2017) reported galls on stem and leaf of this plant species in the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia. The stem gall is the same recorded here, the others are different morphotypes.
Dalbergia sp. 1 (n = 2)
Gall: on leaf, globoid, yellow, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 9J). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Teresópolis: Barragem to Cachoeira de Papel entrance (14.IX.2021).
Gall: on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous, multichambered (Fig. 9K). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Teresópolis: Barragem to Cachoeira de Papel entrance (14.IX.2021).
Dalbergia sp. 2 (n = 2)
Gall: on leaf, fold, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 9L). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trails: Teresópolis: 360 (26.X.2021), Barragem road (from Casa do Pesquisador to Alojamento (30.III.2022).
Gall: on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 10A). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Guapimirim: Araçari Camping (25.IV.2022).
Insect galls of Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos (RJ, Brazil): (A-L) On Fabaceae: (A) On Dalbergia sp. 2, stem gall, (B-C) On Inga barbata Benth.: (B) stem gall, (C) leaf gall, (D-E) Inga lanceifolia Benth., (D) stem gall, (E) leaf gall, (F-G) On Inga marginata Willd.: (F) bud gall, (G) leaf gall, (H) On Inga sp., leaf vein gall, (I-K) On Machaerium nyctitans (Vell.) Benth.: (I) stem gall, (J) bud gall (with trichomes), (K) bud gall (glabrous), (L) On Machaerium oblongifolium Vogel., leaf gall.
Galls on other congeneric species and morphospecies have been reported in AM (Almada & Fernandes, 2011; Julião et al., 2014), GO (Araújo et al., 2015), MG (Fernandes et al., 2001; Carneiro et al., 2009; Luz et al., 2012; Costa & Araújo, 2019), RJ (Maia, 2001), ES (Maia, 2020), SP (Maia et al., 2008), SC (Arriola et al., 2015), and RS (Mendonça-Jr. et al., 2014).
Inga barbata Benth. (n = 2)
Gall: on stem, fusiform, brown, with microtrichomes, one-chambered (Fig. 10B). Gall-inducer: Curculionidae (Coleoptera). Trails: Teresópolis: Mozart-Catão to Primavera (25.X.2021), 360 (26.X.2021), Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021).
Gall: on leaf, globoid, extralaminar, green, with brown trichomes, one-chambered (Fig. 10C). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Teresópolis: 360 (26.X.2021).
Maia & Mascarenhas (2017) reported the same leaf gall in the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia.
Inga lanceifolia Benth. (n = 2)
Gall: on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 10D). Gall-inducer: Curculionidae (Coleoptera). Trail: Teresópolis: Cartão Postal (15.IX.2021).
Gall: on leaf, globoid, yellow, glabrous (Fig. 10E). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trails: Teresópolis: 360 (26.X.2021), Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021).
First records of galls on this plant species.
Inga marginata Willd. (n = 2)
Gall: on bud, globoid, brown, glabrous, multichambered (Fig. 10F). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trails: Teresópolis: Cachoeira Ceci-Peri (13.IX.2021), Barragem road (from Alojamento to Camping) (25.IV.2022).
Gall: on leaf, globoid, brown, with trichomes (Fig. 10G). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trails: Teresópolis: Cachoeira Ceci-Peri (13.IX.2021), Mozart-Catão to Primavera (25.X.2021), Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021), Barragem road (from Alojamento to Camping) (25.IV.2022).
Maia & Mascarenhas (2017) reported the same leaf gall on this plant in the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia. Other galls were recorded by Julião et al. (2014) in AM, Araújo et al. (2015) in GO, and Goetz et al. (2018) in RS.
Inga sessilis (Vell.) Mart. (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf, cylindrical, green, glabrous. Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Teresópolis: 360 (26.X.2021).
Maia & Mascarenhas (2017) reported the same leaf gall on this plant in the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia.
Inga sp. (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf vein, fusiform, brown, glabrous (Fig. 10H). Gall-inducer: not determined. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trails: Teresópolis: Barragem to Cachoeira de Papel entrance (14.XI.2021), Bosque Santa Helena (26.XI.2021).
Several galls are known on Inga Mill. species and morphospecies in AM (Maia, 2011; Almada & Fernandes, 2011; Silva et al., 2011; Araújo et al., 2012; Carvalho & Mota, 2018), GO (Bergamini et al., 2017), MS (Julião et al., 2002, Urso-Guimarães et al., 2017, Ascendino & Maia, 2018), PE (Santos et al., 2011, 2012), BA (Silva et al., 2018), MG (Urso-Guimarães et al., 2003; Maia & Fernandes, 2004; Fernandes & Negreiros, 2006), RJ (Maia, 2001; Maia & Silva, 2016), and RS (Goetz et al., 2018).
Machaerium nyctitans (Vell.) Benth. (n = 3)
Gall: on stem, globoid, brown, glabrous (Fig. 10I). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trails: Teresópolis: Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021), Barragem to Casa do Pesquisador entrance (07.XII.2021).
Gall: on bud, globoid, reddish, with trichomes, one-chambered (Fig. 10J). Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trails: Teresópolis: Suspensa (25.XI.2021), Bosque Santa Helena (26.XI.2021), Poço do Castelo (06.XII.2021), Barragem to Casa do Pesquisador entrance (07.XII.2021), Poço do Beija-Flor (07.XII.2021).
Gall: on bud, globoid, rough, brown, glabrous (Fig. 10K). Gall-inducer: not determined. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trail: Teresópolis: Bosque Santa Helena (26.XI.2021).
Maia & Mascarenhas (2017) reported two gall morphotypes on stem and bud of this plant in the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia.
Machaerium oblongifolium Vogel (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf and bud, globoid, extralaminar, yellow, with short trichomes, one-chambered (Fig. 10L). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trails: Teresópolis: Cartão Postal (15.IX.2021), 360 (26.X.2021), Mozart Catão (27.X.2021); Guapimirim: Ponte Velha (29.III.2022).
First gall record on this plant species.
Galls on other species and morphospecies of Machaerium Pers. are known from AM (Almada & Fernandes, 2011), GO (Araújo et al., 2015), MS (Urso-Guimarães et al., 2017), MG (Fernandes et al., 1988, 2001; Fernandes & Negreiros, 2006; Luz et al., 2012; Malves & Frieiro-Costa, 2012; Coelho et al., 2013; Maia, 2013a; Gonçalves-Alvim & Fernandes, 2001; Maia & Mascarenhas, 2022), ES (Maia et al., 2014), RJ (Carvalho-Fernandes et al., 2016; Maia & Carvalho-Fernandes, 2016; Maia & Siqueira, 2020), SP (Maia et al., 2008), PR (Santos & Ribeiro, 2015), and RS (Mendonça-Jr. et al., 2014).
Myrocarpus frondosus Alemão (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf, lenticular, green, glabrous (Fig. 11A). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Guapimirim: Poço Verde (31.III.2022).
Insect galls of Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos (RJ, Brazil): (A-I) On Fabaceae: (A) On Myrocarpus frondosus Alemão, leaf gall, (B-C) On Pseudopiptadenia inaequalis (Benth.) Rauschert: (B) leaf gall, (C) stem gall, (D) On Senegalia sp. 1, stem gall, (E) On Senegalia sp. 2, bud gall, (F) On Nematanthus crassifolius (Schott.) Wiehler (Gesneriaceae), stem gall, (G-K) On Lauraceae: (G-H) On Ocotea cf. elegans Mez.: (G) stem gall, (H) leaf gall, (I) On Ocotea sp. 1, stem gall, (J) On Ocotea sp. 2, leaf gall, (K) On Lauraceae sp., leaf gall, (L) On Struthanthus sp. (Loranthaceae), aerial root gall.
First record of galls on this plant genus.
Pseudopiptadenia inaequalis (Benth.) Rauschert (n = 2)
Gall: on leaf, lenticular, green, glabrous (Fig. 11B). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trails: Teresópolis: Mozart Catão (27.X.2021), Barragem to Casa do Pesquisador entrance (07.XII.2021); Guapimirim: Ponte Velha (29.III.2022).
Gall: on stem, globoid, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 11C). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trails: Teresópolis: Mozart Catão (27.X.2021), Barragem to Casa do Pesquisador entrance (07.XII.2021).
First records of galls on this plant genus.
Senegalia sp. 1 (n = 1)
Gall: on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous (Fig. 11D). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Guapimirim: Recanto das Ruínas (28.III.2022).
Senegalia sp. 2 (n = 1)
Gall: on bud, globoid, green, glabrous (Fig. 11E). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Guapimirim: Mãe d’Água (29.III.2021).
Carvalho-Fernandes et al. (2016) and Maia & Souza (2013) reported galls on this plant genus in RJ.
Galls on Senegalia spp. are known from BA (Silva et al., 2018; Santana et al., 2020), and RJ (Maia & Souza, 2013; Maia & Carvalho-Fernandes, 2016; Carvalho-Fernandes et al., 2016; Maia & Siqueira, 2020).
Gesneriaceae (n = 1)
Nematanthus crassifolius (Schott.) Wiehler (n = 1)
Gall: on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous (Fig. 11F). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Teresópolis: Suspensa (26.XI.2021).
First gall record on this plant genus.
Maia et al. (2008) reported a stem gall on Nematanthus fritschii Hoehne in SP.
Lauraceae (n = 5)
Ocotea cf. elegans Mez (n = 2)
Gall: on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous, multichambered (Fig. 11G). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Teresópolis: Suspensa (25.XI.2021).
Gall: on leaf, globoid, intralaminar, green, with white trichomes, one-chambered (Fig. 11H). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trails: Teresópolis: Suspensa (25.XI.2021), Centro de Operações to Camping (28.III.2022).
Flor et al. (2018) reported the same stem gall on Ocotea elegans in RJ.
Ocotea sp. 1 (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf, globoid, intralaminar, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 11I). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trails: Teresópolis: Suspensa (26.XI.2021), Barragem to Casa do Pesquisador entrance (07.XII.2021).
Ocotea sp. 2 (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf, globoid, intralaminar, green, glabrous (Fig. 11J). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trails: Teresópolis: 360 (26.X.2021), Mozart-Catão to Primavera (25.X.2021), Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021, 25.V.2022).
Several galls on congeneric species and morphospecies are known from AM (Almada & Fernandes, 2011; Araújo et al., 2012; Julião et al., 2014), PE (Santos et al., 2011, 2012), MS (Julião et al., 2002), BA (Vieira et al., 2018, Santana et al., 2020), MG (Fernandes et al., 2001; Maia & Fernandes, 2004; Carneiro et al., 2009; Coelho et al., 2009, 2013), ES (Bregonci et al., 2010; Maia et al., 2014), RJ (Monteiro et al., 1994; Rodrigues et al., 2014; Carvalho-Fernandes et al., 2016; Flor et al., 2018 Maia & Mascarenhas, 2017; Maia & Siqueira, 2020), SP (Lima et al., 2000; Maia et al., 2008; Ribeiro et al., 2019; Saito & Urso-Guimarães, 2012), SC (Arriola & Melo-Júnior, 2016; Melo-Júnior et al., 2018), and RS (Toma & Mendonça-Jr., 2013; Mendonça-Jr. et al., 2014).
Lauraceae sp. (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf, concave, yellow, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 11K). Gall-inducer: Hemiptera. Trail: Teresópolis: Suspensa (26.XI.2021).
Loranthaceae (n = 1)
Struthanthus sp. (n = 1)
Gall: on aerial roots, globoid, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 11L). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Teresópolis: Barragem to Cachoeira de Papel entrance (14.IX.2021).
Galls on congeneric species are known from other localities, as GO (Araújo et al., 2011, 2015), Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Maia & Mascarenhas, 2017) and RJ (Maia, 2001).
Malpighiaceae (n = 9)
Bunchosia cf. maritima (Vell.) J.F. Macbr (n = 1)
Gall: on stem, fusiform, woody, brown, glabrous (Fig. 12A). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trail: Guapimirim: Ponte Velha (29.III.2022).
Insect galls of Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos (RJ, Brazil): (A-I) On Malpighiaceae: (A) On Bunchosia cf. maritima (Vell.) J.F. Macbr., stem gall, (B-D) On Bunchosia sp. 1, (B) leaf gall, (C) bud gall, (D) petiole gall, (E) On Heteropterys sp. 1, leaf petiole gall, (F) On Heteropterys sp. 2, stem gall, (G-I) On Niedenzuella poeppigiana (A. Juss.) W.R. Anderson: (G) stem gall, (H) bud gall, (I) leaf gall, (J) On Bertolonia acuminata Gardner (Melastomataceae), bud gall.
First gall record on this plant species.
Bunchosia sp. (n = 3)
Gall: on leaf, globoid, extralaminar, yellow, glabrous, multichambered (Fig. 12B). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Guapimirim: Circular (27.IV.2022).
Gall: on apical bud, fusiform to globoid, yellow or brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 12C). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Guapimirim: Circular (27.IV.2022).
Gall: on leaf petiole, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 12D). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Guapimirim: Circular (27.IV.2022).
Galls on other congeneric species were reported by Urso-Guimarães et al. (2017) in MS.
Heteropterys sp. 1 (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf petiole and midvein base, fusiform, green, glabrous, multichambered (Fig. 12E). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trails: Teresópolis: Barragem road (from Alojamento to Camping) (25.IV.2022), Guapimirim: Museu Von Martius (27.IV.2022).
Heteropterys sp. 2 (n = 1)
Gall: on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 12F). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Teresópolis: Barragem to Casa do Pesquisador entrance (07.XII.2021).
Galls on this plant genus were reported by Araújo et al. (2015) in GO, Fernandes et al. (1997) and Gonçalves-Alvim & Fernandes (2001) in MG, Maia (2001) and Maia & Souza (2013) in RJ, and Maia & Mascarenhas (2017) in the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, and Urso-Guimarães & Scareli-Santos (2006) in SP.
Niedenzuella poeppigiana (A. Juss.) W.R. Anderson (n = 3)
Gall: on stem, fusiform, woody, brown, glabrous, multichambered (Fig. 12G) Gall-inducer: not determined. Trails: Teresópolis: Primavera (13.IX.2021), Cartão Postal (15.IX.2021), Poço do Beija-Flor (07.XII.2021).
Gall: on bud, fusiform, brown, glabrous, multichambered (Fig. 12H). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Teresópolis: Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021).
Gall: on leaf, conical, furrowed, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 12I). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trails: Teresópolis: Barragem road (from Casa do Pesquisador to Alojamento) (30.III.2022); Guapimirim: Circular (26.IV.2022).
First records of gall on this plant species.
Maia & Mascarenhas (2017) reported a leaf gall on other congeneric species in the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia.
Malvaceae (n = 1)
Eriotheca sp. (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf, lenticular, yellow, glabrous. Gall-inducer: not determined. Trails: Teresópolis: Suspensa (25.XI.2021), Bosque Santa Helena (26.XI.2021).
Galls on this plant genus were reported in GO (Santos et al., 2012; Araújo et al., 2014), MG (Gonçalves-Alvim & Fernandes, 2001) and SP (Saito & Urso-Guimarães, 2012).
Melastomataceae (n = 38)
Bertolonia acuminata Gardner (n = 1)
Gall: on bud, globoid, rough, red, glabrous (Fig. 12J). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trails: Teresópolis: Suspensa (26.XI.2021), Bosque Santa Helena (26.XI.2021).
First gall record on this plant genus.
Leandra acutiflora (Naudin) Cogn. (n = 1)
Gall: on stem, fusiform, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 13A). Gall-inducer: Lepidoptera. Trail: Teresópolis: Cachoeira Ceci-Peri (13.IX.2021).
Insect galls of Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos (RJ, Brazil): (A-M) On Melastomataceae: (A) On Leandra acutiflora (Naudin) Cogn., bud gall, (B) On Meriania paniculata (DC.) Triana, leaf gall, (C) On Meriania sp., leaf gall, (D-G) On Miconia buddlejoides Triana, (D) stem gall, (E) leaf gall, (F) leaf gall, (G) leaf gall, (H-J) On Miconia fasciculata Gardner: (H) stem gall, (I) leaf gall, (J) bud gall, (K) On Miconia paniculata, stem gall, (L) On Miconia sp. 1, stem gall, (M) On Miconia sp. 2, stem gall.
First gall record on this plant species.
Several galls on other Leandra species and morphospecies are known from MG (Fernandes et al., 2001; Maia & Fernandes, 2004; Carneiro et al., 2009), Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Maia & Mascarenhas, 2017), SP (Maia et al., 2008) and RS (Mendonça-Jr. et al., 2014).
Meriania paniculata (DC.) Triana (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf, lenticular, intralaminar, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 13B). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trails: Teresópolis: 360 (26.X.2021), Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021), Bosque Santa Helena (26.XI.2021).
Meriania sp. (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf, lenticular, intralaminar, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 13C). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trails: Teresópolis: Cartão Postal (25.XI.2021), Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021).
First records of galls on this plant genus.
Miconia buddlejoides Triana (n = 4)
Gall: on stem, fusiform, green, with short trichomes, one or multichambered (Fig. 13D). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trails: Teresópolis: Barragem to Cachoeira de Papel entrance (14.IX.2021), Suspensa (26.XI.2021).
Gall: on leaf, conical, green, glabrous (Fig. 13E). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Teresópolis: Cartão Postal (25.XI.2021).
Gall: on leaf, globoid, intralaminar, yellow or brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 13F). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trails: Teresópolis: Barragem to Cachoeira do Papel entrance (14.IX.2021), Cartão Postal (15.IX.2021), Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021), Suspensa (26.XI.2021).
Gall: on leaf, globoid, green, glabrous (Fig. 13G). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Teresópolis: Suspensa (26.XI.2021).
First records of gall on this plant species.
Miconia fasciculata Gardner (n = 3)
Gall: on stem, fusiform, woody, brown, glabrous, multichambered (Fig. 13H). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trails: Teresópolis: 360 (26.X.2021), Mozart Catão (25.V.2022).
Gall: on leaf, ovoid, yellow, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 13I). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trails: Teresópolis: 360 (26.X.2021), Mozart Catão (25.V.2022).
Gall: on bud, globoid, yellow, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 13J). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Teresópolis: 360 (26.X.2021).
Maia et al. (2008) and Carneiro et al. (2009) reported different galls on this plant species in SP and MG, respectively.
Miconia paniculata (DC.) Naudin (n = 1)
Gall: on stem, fusiform to globoid, brown, glabrous, multichambered (Fig. 13K). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trails: Teresópolis: Bosque Santa Helena (27.X.2021), Suspensa (25.X.2021).
First records of gall on this plant species.
Miconia sp. 1 (n = 1)
Gall: on stem, brown, woody, glabrous (Fig. 13L). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trails: Teresópolis: Poço do Castelo (06.XII.2021), Barragem to Casa do Pesquisador entrance (07.XII.2021).
Miconia sp. 2 (n = 1)
Gall: on stem, globoid, brown, glabrous (Fig. 13M). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Teresópolis: Barragem to Cachoeira de Papel entrance (14.IX.2021).
Miconia sp. 3 (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf midvein, fusiform, green, glabrous (Fig. 14A). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trails: Teresópolis: 360 (26.X.2021), Suspensa (23.V.2022), Mozart Catão (25.V.2022).
Insect galls of Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos (RJ, Brazil): (A-L) On Melastomataceae: (A) On Miconia sp. 3, leaf gall, (B-C) On Miconia sp. 4: (B) leaf gall, (C) bug gall, (D) On Miconia sp. 5, leaf gall, (E) On Miconia sp. 6, leaf gall, (F) On Miconia sp. 7, leaf gall, (G-H) On Miconia sp. 8: (G) bud gall, (H) leaf gall, (I) On Pleroma sp. 1, bud gall, (J) On Pleroma sp. 2, leaf petiole gall, (K) On Pleroma sp. 3, bud gall, (L) On Pleroma sp. 4, bud gall.
Miconia sp. 4 (n = 2)
Gall: on leaf, globoid, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 14B). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trails: Teresópolis: Primavera (13.IX.2021), Cartão Postal (15.IX.2021), 360 (26.X.2021), Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021).
Gall: on bud, conical, wrinkled, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 14C). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trails: Teresópolis: Primavera (15.IX.2021), Cartão Postal (15.IX.2021), Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021).
Miconia sp. 5 (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf, globoid, intralaminar, green, glabrous (Fig. 14D). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trail: Teresópolis: Barragem to Cachoeira de Papel entrance (14.IX.2021).
Miconia sp. 6 (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf, globoid, green or brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 14E). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Teresópolis: 360 (26.X.2021).
Miconia sp. 7 (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf vein, globoid, intralaminar, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 14F). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Teresópolis: Suspensa (26.XI.2021, 23.V.2022).
Miconia sp. 8 (n = 2)
Gall: on bud, ovoid or globoid, red, wrinkled, glabrous (Fig. 14G). Gall-inducer: not determined. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trails: Teresópolis: Suspensa (25.XI.2021), Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021), Barragem to Casa do Pesquisador entrance (07.XII.2021).
Gall: on leaf, globoid, green or red, glabrous (Fig. 14H). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trail: Teresópolis: Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021, 25.V.2022).
Several species and morphospecies of Miconia host galls as reported by Almada & Fernandes (2011), Maia (2011), Silva et al. (2011), Araújo et al. (2012), Julião et al. (2014) and Carvalho & Mota (2018) in AM; Santos et al. (2012) and Araújo et al. (2011, 2014) in GO, Vieira et al. (2018) in BA, Santos et al. (2011) in PE, Fernandes et al. (1997, 2001), Gonçalves-Alvim & Fernandes (2001), Maia & Fernandes (2004), Malves & Frieiro-Costa (2012), and Maia (2013a, 2014) in MG, Maia (2001), Rodrigues et al. (2014) and Carvalho-Fernandes et al. (2016) in RJ, Urso-Guimarães & Scareli-Santos (2006), Maia et al. (2008), Ribeiro et al. (2019), and Saito & Urso-Guimarães (2012) in SP, Toma & Mendonça-Jr. (2013) and Mendonça-Jr. et al. (2014) in RS.
Pleroma sp. 1 (n = 1)
Gall: on bud, rosette, green, with short trichomes (Fig. 14I). Gall-inducer: Coleoptera. Trail: Teresópolis: Barragem to Cachoeira de Papel entrance (14.IX.2021).
Pleroma sp. 2 (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf, petiole and stem, globoid, green, with trichomes, one-chambered (Fig. 14J). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Teresópolis: Barragem to Cachoeira de Papel entrance (14.IX.2021).
Pleroma sp. 3 (n = 1)
Gall: on bud, globoid, green, with trichomes, multichambered (Fig. 14K). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Teresópolis: Barragem road (from Casa do Pesquisador to Alojamento (30.III.2022).
Pleroma sp. 4 (n = 1)
Gall: on bud and leaf, globoid, green, with hard trichomes (Fig. 14L). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Teresópolis: Barragem to Cachoeira de Papel entrance (14.IX.2021).
Pleroma sp. 5 (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf vein, fusiform, green, glabrous (Fig. 15A). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Teresópolis: Suspensa (26.XI.2021).
Insect galls of Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos (RJ, Brazil): (A-K) On Melastomataceae: (A) On Pleroma sp. 5, leaf gall, (B-C) On Melastomataceae sp. 1: (B) leaf gall, (C) petiole gall, (D) On Melastomataceae sp. 2, leaf gall, (E) On Melastomataceae sp. 3, leaf gall, (F-G) On Melastomataceae sp. 4: (F) stem gall, (G) leaf gall, (H) On Melastomataceae sp. 5, stem gall, (I) On Melastomataceae sp. 6, leaf gall, (J) On Melastomataceae sp. 7, stem gall, (K) On Melastomataceae sp. 8, bud gall, (L) On Guarea macrophylla subsp. tuberculata (Vell.) T.D. Penn. (Meliaceae), leaf gall.
Maia & Fernandes (2004) and Maia (2022) reported galls on Pleroma D. Don in MG and SP, respectively.
Melastomataceae sp. 1 (n = 2)
Gall: on leaf vein, fusiform, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 15B). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Teresópolis: Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021).
Gall: on petiole, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 15C). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Teresópolis: Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021).
Melastomataceae sp. 2 (n = 2)
Gall: on leaf, globoid, green, with trichomes, one-chambered (Fig. 15D). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trails: Teresópolis: Primavera (13.IX.2021), Barragem road (between Primavera entrances) (15.IX.2021); Guapimirim: Poço da Capela (28.III.2022), Caninana (29.III.2022), Poço da Preguiça (29.III.2022), Poço Verde (31.III.2022), Araçari Camping (25.IV.2022).
Gall: on leaf, fusiform, green, with short trichomes, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Teresópolis: Barragem road (between Primavera entrances) (15.IX.2021).
Melastomataceae sp. 3 (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf, globoid, yellow, with trichomes, one-chambered (Fig. 15E). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Teresópolis: Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021, 25.V.2022).
Melastomataceae sp. 4 (n = 2)
Gall: on stem, fusiform, green, with short trichomes, one-chambered (Fig. 15F). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Guapimirim: Circular (26.IV.2022).
Gall: on leaf, globoid, green, yellow or red, with trichomes, one-chambered (Fig. 15G). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Guapimirim: Circular (26.IV.2022).
Melastomataceae sp. 5 (n = 1)
Gall: on stem, fusiform, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 15H). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Guapimirim: Araçari Camping (25.IV.2022).
Melastomataceae sp. 6 (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf vein, fusiform, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 15I). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trails: Teresópolis: Barragem to Cachoeira de Papel entrance (14.IX.2021), 360 (26.X.2021).
Melastomataceae sp. 7 (n = 1)
Gall: on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 15J). Gall-inducer: not determined. Succcessor: Coccoidea (Hemiptera). Trail: Teresópolis: 360 (26.X.2021), Barragem road (from Casa do Pesquisador to Alojamento (30.III.2022).
Melastomataceae sp. 8 (n = 1)
Gall: on bud, globoid, red, with trichomes (Fig. 15K). Gall-inducer: Lepidoptera. Trail: Teresópolis: Primavera (15.IX.2021).
Meliaceae (n = 5)
Guarea guidonia (L.) Sleumer (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf, globoid, extralaminar, yellow, glabrous. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Guapimirim: Poço da Capela (28.III.2022).
Fernandes et al. (2001) and Rodrigues et al. (2014) reported this gall in MG (Vale do Rio Doce) and RJ (Mangaratiba), respectively. Urso-Guimarães et al. (2017) and Ribeiro et al. (2019) recorded other gall morphotypes on the same host species.
Guarea macrophylla subsp. tuberculata (Vell.) T.D. Penn. (n = 2)
Gall: on leaf midvein, fusiform, green, glabrous (Fig. 15L). Gall-inducer: Neolasioptera sp. (Cecidomyiidae). Trails: Teresópolis: Suspensa (25.X.2021), Bosque Santa Helena (06.XII.2021); Guapimirim: Circular (27.IV.2022).
Gall: on leaf, globoid, yellow, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 16A). Gall-inducer: Sphaeromyia flava Maia, 2007 (Cecidomyiidae). Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Predators: spider. Trails: Teresópolis: Suspensa (25.X.2021); Guapimirim: Circular (27.IV.2022).
Insect galls of Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos (RJ, Brazil): (A-C) On Meliaceae: (A) On Guarea macrophylla subsp. tuberculata (Vell.) T.D. Penn., leaf gall, (B-C) On Trichilia silvatica C. DC.: (B) leaf gall, (C) bud gall, (D-F) On Monimiaceae: (D-E) On Mollinedia glabra (Spreng.) Perkins: (D) bud gall, (E) stem gall, (F) On Mollinedia schottiana (Spreng.) Perkins, leaf gall, (G) On Sorocea guillemiana Gaudich (Moraceae), bud gall, (H) On Myrsine sp. (Myrsinaceae), leaf gall, (I-O) On Myrtaceae: (I-J) On Campomanesia guaviroba (DC.) Kiaersk.: (I) globoid leaf gall, (J) fusiform leaf vein gall, (K-L) On Eugenia laruotteana Cambess.: (K) conical leaf gall, (L) globoid leaf gall, (M-N) On Eugenia prasina O. Berg.: (M) conical leaf gall, (N) fusiform leaf vein gall, (O) On Eugenia sp. 1, leaf gall.
Maia et al. (2008) and Arriola & Melo-Júnior (2016) reported these galls on Bertioga (SP) and Babitonga (SC), respectively.
Trichilia silvatica C. DC. (n = 2)
Gall: on leaf, cylindrical, brown (dried), glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 16B). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trails: Guapimirim: Poço da Capela (28.III.2022), Caninana (29.III.2022), Mãe d’Água (24.V.2022).
Gall: on apical bud, globoid, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 16C). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Guapimirim: Circular (26.IV.2022).
Galls on other congeneric species and morphospecies are known from AM (Araújo et al., 2012), PE (Santos et al., 2011; Araújo et al., 2012), MS (Ascendino & Maia, 2018), RJ (Maia & Carvalho-Fernandes, 2016; Maia & Siqueira, 2020), SP (Maia et al., 2008) and RS (Mendonça-Jr. et al., 2014).
Monimiaceae (n = 3)
Mollinedia glabra (Spreng.) Perkins (n = 2)
Gall: on bud, fusiform to globoid, woody, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 16D). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trails: Guapimirim: Circular (26.IV.2022), Museu Von Martius (27.IV.2022).
Gall: on stem, fusiform, woody, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 16E). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Cecidophagous: Lepidoptera. Trails: Guapimirim: Circular (26.IV.2022), Museu Von Martius (27.IV.2022).
First records of gall on this plant species.
Mollinedia schottiana (Spreng.) Perkins (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf, marginal roll, green, glabrous (Fig. 16F). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Teresópolis: Suspensa (26.XI.2021).
Goetz et al. (2018) reported a bud gall on this plant and Mendonça-Jr. et al. (2014) three different stem galls, all in RS. Other congeneric species host galls in PE (Santos et al., 2011), Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Maia & Mascarenhas, 2017), PR (Santos & Ribeiro, 2015), and RS (Goetz et al., 2018).
Moraceae (n = 1)
Sorocea guilleminiana Gaudich (n = 1)
Gall: on bud, rosette, green, imbricated, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 16G). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trails: Teresópolis: Mozart Catão (27.X.2021, 25.V.2022), Suspensa (26.XI.2021, 23.V.2022), Poço Dois Irmãos (26.XI.2021), Barragem to Casa do Pesquisador entrance (07.XII.2021), Poço do Beija-Flor (07.XII.2021), Centro de Operações to Camping (28.III.2022).
Araújo et al. (2012) reported a leaf gall on this plant species in AM. Other species and morphospecies of Sorocea A. St.-Hill. host galls in AM (Julião et al., 2014), PE (Fernandes et al., 2009), and RS (Goetz et al., 2018).
Myrsinaceae (n = 1)
Myrsine sp. (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf midvein, fusiform, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 16H). Gall-inducer: Lepidoptera. Trail: Teresópolis: 360 (26.X.2021).
Several congeneric species host galls as reported by Maia & Fernandes (2004) in MG, Maia (2001) in RJ, Maia et al. (2008) in SP, Goetz et al. (2018) and Mendonça-Jr. et al. (2014) in RS.
Myrtaceae (n = 40)
Campomanesia guaviroba (DC.) Kiaersk. (n = 2)
Gall: on leaf, globoid, intralaminar, yellow, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 16I). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trail: Teresópolis: Barragem to Cachoeira de Papel entrance (14.IX.2021).
Gall: on leaf vein, fusiform, green, glabrous, two-chambered (Fig. 16J). Gall-inducer: Clinodiplosis sp. (Cecidomyiidae). Trail: Teresópolis: Barragem to Cachoeira de Papel entrance (14.IX.2021).
Maia et al. (2008) reported the same leaf vein gall in Bertioga (SP). Galls on other congeneric species and morphospecies are known from GO (Araújo et al., 2014), MS (Urso-Guimarães et al., 2017), BA (Vieira et al., 2018), MG (Maia & Fernandes, 2004) and RS (Mendonça-Jr. et al., 2014).
Eugenia laruotteana Cambess. (n = 2)
Gall: on leaf, conical, green, with trichomes (Fig. 16K). Gall-inducer: not determined. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trails: Teresópolis: 360 (26.X.2021), Suspensa (26.XI.2021), Poço do Beija-Flor (07.XII.2021), Cartão Postal (24.V.2022).
Gall: on leaf, globoid, extralaminar, red, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 16L). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Teresópolis: Suspensa (26.XI.2021).
First records of gall on this plant species.
Eugenia prasina O. Berg. (n = 2)
Gall: on leaf, conical, yellow, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 16M). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trail: Guapimirim: Poço Verde (31.III.2022).
Gall: on leaf vein, fusiform, green, glabrous (Fig. 16N). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Guapimirim: Poço Verde (31.III.2022).
First records of gall on this plant species.
Eugenia uniflora L. (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf, lenticular, black, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Neolasioptera eugeniae Maia, 1992 (Cecidomyiidae). Trail: Teresópolis: Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021).
This same gall morphotype was reported in ES and RJ (Maia, 2021).
Eugenia sp. 1 (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf, cylindrical, green, glabrous. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae (Fig. 16O). Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trails: Teresópolis: Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021), Cartão Postal (24.V.2022).
Eugenia sp. 2 (n = 4)
Gall: on young leaf, globoid, intralaminar, red, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 17A). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trails: Teresópolis: Mozart Catão to Primavera (25.X.2021), 360 (26.X.2021).
Insect galls of Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos (RJ, Brazil): (A-L) On Myrtaceae: (A-D) On Eugenia sp. 2: (A) leaf gall, (B) bud gall, (C) leaf gall, (D) bud gall, (E-G) On Eugenia sp. 3: (E) leaf vein gall, (F) stem gall, (G) bud gall, (H-I) On Eugenia sp. 4: (H) stem gall, (I) leaf gall, (J-K) On Myrcia sp. 1: (J) intralaminar leaf gall, (K) extralaminar leaf gall, (L) On Myrcia sp. 2, bud gall.
Gall: on apical bud, imbricated, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 17B). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Teresópolis: 360 (26.X.2021).
Gall: on leaf midvein, globoid, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 17C). Gall-inducer: not determined. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trail: Guapimirim: Circular (26.IV.2022).
Gall: on apical bud, globoid, woody, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 17D). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Guapimirim: Circular (26.IV.2022).
Eugenia sp. 3 (n = 3)
Gall: on leaf vein, fusiform, brown (dried), glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 17E). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Guapimirim: Caninana (24.V.2022).
Gall: on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 17F). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Guapimirim: Caninana (24.V.2022).
Gall: on bud, globoid, brown (dried), glabrous, multichambered (Fig. 17G). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Guapimirim: Caninana (24.V.2022).
Eugenia sp. 4 (n = 2)
Gall: on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 17H). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trail: Teresópolis: Suspensa (26.XI.2021).
Gall: on leaf, globoid, intralaminar, yellow, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 17I). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Teresópolis: Suspensa (26.XI.2021).
Several species and morphospecies of Eugenia host galls as reported by Julião et al. (2014) in AM, Araújo et al. (2011, 2014) in GO, Urso-Guimarães et al. (2017) and Ascendino & Maia (2018) in MS, Nogueira et al. (2016), Vieira et al. (2018), Silva et al. (2018) and Santana et al. (2020) in BA, Fernandes et al. (1988, 1997, 2001), Gonçalves-Alvim & Fernandes (2001), Maia & Fernandes (2004), Carneiro et al. (2009), Coelho et al. (2009, 2013), Luz et al. (2012), Malves & Frieiro-Costa (2012), and Maia (2013a) in MG, Maia (2001), Rodrigues et al. (2014) and Carvalho-Fernandes et al. (2016) in RJ, Urso-Guimarães & Scareli-Santos (2006), Maia et al. (2008), Ribeiro et al. (2019), Saito & Urso-Guimarães (2012) in SP, and Mendonça-Jr. et al. (2014) in RS.
Myrcia sp. 1 (n = 2)
Gall: on leaf, globoid, intralaminar, green or yellow, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 17J). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trails: Teresópolis: 360 (26.X.2021), Poço Dois Irmãos (26.XI.2021), Suspensa (26.XI.2021), Mozart-Catão (25.V.2022); Guapimirim: Mãe d’Água (24.V.2022).
Gall: on leaf, globoid, yellow, extralaminar, with trichomes (Fig. 17K). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Teresópolis: Suspensa (26.XI.2021).
Myrcia sp. 2 (n = 1)
Gall: on bud, globoid, green, glabrous (Fig. 17L). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Teresópolis: 360 (26.X.2021).
Myrcia sp. 3 (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf, globoid, intralaminar, green, glabrous (Fig. 18A). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Guapimirim: Circular (26.IV.2022).
Insect galls of Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos (RJ, Brazil): On Myrtaceae: (A-I) On Myrcia sp. 3, leaf gall, (B) Myrcia sp. 4, leaf gall, (C-D) On Myrciaria disticha O. Berg.: (C) stem gall, (D) leaf gall, (E) On Plinia martinelli G.M. Barroso & M.V. Peron, leaf gall, (F-H) On Siphoeugena sp. 1: (F) cylindrical leaf gall, (G) stem gall, (H) globoid leaf gall, (I) On Siphoeugena sp. 2, bud gall, (J) On Myrtaceae sp. 1, leaf gall, (K) On Myrtaceae sp. 2, stem gall, (L) On Myrtaceae sp. 3, leaf gall.
Myrcia sp. 4 (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf midvein, globoid, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 18B). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Teresópolis: Mozart-Catão to Primavera (27.X.2021).
Galls on congeneric species and morphospecies are known from AM (Araújo et al., 2012; Julião et al., 2014; Carvalho & Mota, 2018), GO (Araújo et al., 2007, 2011, 2014), MS (Urso-Guimarães et al., 2017; Ascendino & Maia, 2018), BA (Lima & Calado, 2018; Silva et al., 2018; Santana et al., 2020), MG (Fernandes et al., 1997; Fernandes et al., 2001; Gonçalves-Alvim & Fernandes, 2001; Maia & Fernandes, 2004; Carneiro et al., 2009; Coelho et al., 2009; Malves & Frieiro-Costa, 2012), RJ (Maia, 2001), SP (Urso-Guimarães & Scareli-Santos, 2006; Maia et al., 2008; Ribeiro et al., 2019; Saito & Urso-Guimarães, 2012), SC (Melo-Júnior et al., 2018), and RS (Mendonça-Jr. et al., 2014).
Myrciaria disticha O. Berg. (n = 2)
Gall: on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 18C). Gall-inducer: not determined. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trails: Teresópolis: Suspensa (25.XI.2021), Bosque Santa Helena (26.XI.2021).
Gall: on leaf, conical, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 18D). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Teresópolis: Suspensa (25.XI.2021).
Galls on other congeneric species and morphospecies are known from AM (Almada & Fernandes, 2011), BA (Vieira et al., 2018), MG (Fernandes et al., 2001; Maia, 2013a; Maia & Fernandes, 2004), RJ (Maia, 2001, 2013b; Maia & Carvalho-Fernandes, 2016), SP (Maia et al., 2008), and RS (Mendonça-Jr. et al., 2014).
Plinia martinelli G.M. Barroso & M.V. Peron (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf, marginal roll, green, glabrous (Fig. 18E). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Cecidophagous: Lepidoptera. Trail: Teresópolis: Primavera (13.IX.2021).
First gall record on this plant species.
Silva et al. (2018) reported a bud gall on Plinia peruviana (Poir) in BA.
Siphoneugena sp. 1 (n = 3)
Gall: on leaf, cylindrical, green, with short trichomes, one-chambered (Fig. 18F). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Teresópolis: Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021).
Gall: on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 18G). Gall-inducer not determined. Trail: Teresópolis: Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021).
Gall: on leaf, globoid, yellow or red, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 18H). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trails: Teresópolis: Suspensa (26.XI.2021), Poço Dois Irmãos (26.XI.2021).
Siphoneugena sp. 2 (n = 1)
Gall: on bud, conical, green, glabrous (Fig. 18I). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Teresópolis: Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021).
Toma & Mendonça-Jr. (2013) reported galls on Siphoneugena reitzii D. Legrand in RS.
Myrtaceae sp. 1 (n = 2)
Gall: on leaf, marginal roll, green, glabrous. Gall-inducer: Thysanoptera (Fig. 18J). Trails: Teresópolis: Mozart-Catão to Primavera (25.X.2021), Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021), Suspensa (25.XI.2021); Guapimirim: Araçari Camping (25.IV.2022).
Gall: on leaf, globoid, intralaminar, green, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Guapimirim: Araçari Camping (25.IV.2022).
Myrtaceae sp. 2 (n = 1)
Gall: on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous (Fig. 18K). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Teresópolis: Barragem to Casa do Pesquisador entrance (07.XII.2021).
Myrtaceae sp. 3 (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf, globoid, green or red, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 18L). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trails: Teresópolis: Cartão Postal (15.IX.2021), Cartão Postal (24.V.2022).
Myrtaceae sp. 4 (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf, conical, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 19A). Gall-inducer: not determined. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trail: Teresópolis: Suspensa (26.XI.2021).
Insect galls of Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos (RJ, Brazil): (A-E) On Myrtaceae: (A) On Myrtaceae sp. 4, bud gall, (B) On Myrtaceae sp. 5, leaf gall, (C) On Myrtaceae sp. 6, leaf gall, (D) On Myrtaceae sp. 7, leaf gall, (E) On Myrtaceae sp. 8, leaf gall, (F) On Myrtaceae sp. 9, leaf gall, (G-M) On Guapira opposita (Vell.) Reitz. (Nyctaginaceae), (G) stem gall, (H) stem gall, (I) leaf gall, (J) leaf gall, (K) leaf gall, (L) bud gall, (M) bud gall.
Myrtaceae sp. 5 (n = 2)
Gall: on apical bud, fusiform, brown, woody, glabrous, multichambered. Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Teresópolis: Suspensa (26.XI.2021).
Gall: on bud, ovoid, brown, glabrous, multichambered (Fig. 19B). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trails: Teresópolis: Primavera (13.IX.2021), Suspensa (26.XI.2021).
Myrtaceae sp. 6 (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf, globoid intralaminar, brown (dried), glabrous (Fig. 19C). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trails: Teresópolis: Catão-Primavera (25.X.2021), Guapimirim: Araçari Camping (25.IV.2022).
Myrtaceae sp. 7 (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf, globoid, intralaminar, yellow, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 19D). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trails: Teresópolis: 360 (26.X.2021), Suspensa (26.XI.2021); Guapimirim: Poço Verde (31.III.2022).
Myrtaceae sp. 8 (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf, claviform, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 19E). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trails: Teresópolis: 360 (26.X.2021), Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021), Suspensa (25.XI.2021).
Myrtaceae sp. 9 (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf, conical, yellow, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 19F). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Guapimirim: Circular (26.IV.2022).
Nyctaginaceae (n = 11)
Guapira opposita (Vell.) Reitz. (n = 11)
Gall: on stem, fusiform, green, glabrous (Fig. 19G). Gall-inducer: Proasphondylia guapirae Maia, 1993 (Cecidomyiidae). Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trail: Teresópolis: Barragem to Cachoeira de Papel entrance (14.IX.2021), Camping to Alojamento (25.IV.2022), Cartão Postal (24.V.2022), Mozart-Catão (25.V.2022).
Gall: on stem, globoid, brown, glabrous, multichambered (Fig. 19H). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trails: Teresópolis: Barragem to Cachoeira de Papel entrance (14.IX.2021), Suspensa (25.XI.2021), Barragem road (between Camping and Alojamento) (25.IV.2022).
Gall: on leaf, globoid, green or yellow, with trichomes, one-chambered (Fig. 19I). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Teresópolis: Cachoeira de Papel (14.IX.2021).
Gall: on leaf, globoid, red, with trichomes, one-chambered (Fig. 19J). Gall-inducer: Bruggmannia robusta Maia & Couri, 1993 (Cecidomyiidae). Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trails: Teresópolis: Barragem to Casa do Pesquisador (14.IX.2021), Barragem to Cachoeira de Papel (14.IX.2021), Mozart-Catão to Primavera (25.X.2021), 360 (26.X.2021), Suspensa (25.XI.2021), Poço do Beija-Flor (07.XII.2021); Guapimirim: Recanto das Ruínas (28.III.2022), Ponte Velha (29.III.2022), Caninana (29.III.2022), Poço Verde (31.III.2022), Museu Von Martius (27.IV.2022).
Gall: on leaf, globoid, yellow, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 19K). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trails: Teresópolis: Barragem to Cachoeira de Papel (14.IX.2021), Barragem to Casa do Pesquisador (14.IX.2021), Suspensa (26.XI.2021), Poço do Beija-Flor (07.XII.2021).
Gall: on bud and leaf, globoid, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 19L). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trails: Teresópolis: Barragem to Cachoeira de Papel entrance (14.IX.2021), 360 (26.X.2021), Suspensa (26.XI.2021), Barragem road (from Casa do Pesquisador to Alojamento) (30.III.2022), Cartão Postal (24.V.2022); Guapimirim: Poço da Capela (28.III.2022), Ponte Velha (29.III.2022), Poço Verde (31.III.2022), Araçari Camping (25.IV.2022), Circular (26.IV.2022), Mãe d’Água (24.V.2022), Alameda Von Spix (25.V. 2022).
Gall: on bud, globoid, green or red, glabrous (Fig. 19M). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trails: Teresópolis: Cartão Postal (15.IX.2021, 24.V.2022), 360 (26.X.2021), Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021), Suspensa (25.XI.2021).
Gall: on leaf, conical, intralaminar, green or red, glabrous (Fig. 20A). Gall-inducer: Bruggmannia acaudata Maia, 2004 (Cecidomyiidae). Trails: Teresópolis: Barragem to Cachoeira de papel entrance (14.IX.2021), Cartão Postal (15.IX.2021, 24.V.2022), 360 (26.X.2021), Suspensa (25.XI.2021), Barragem to Casa do Pesquisador entrance (07.XII.2021), Barragem road (between Camping and Alojamento) (25.IV.2022), Cartão Postal (24.V.2022).
Insect galls of Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos (RJ, Brazil): (A-D) On Guapira opposita (Vell.) Reitz. (Nyctaginaceae): (A) leaf gall, (B) leaf gall, (C) leaf gall, (D) fruit gall, (E) On Fuchsia regia (Vell.) Munz. (Onagraceae), stem gall, (F) On Picramnia glazioviana Engl. (Picramniaceae), bud gall, (G-L) On Piperaceae: (G-I) On Piper anisum (Spreng.) Angely, (G) bud gall, (H) leaf gall, (I) leaf gall, (J) On Piper arboreum Aubl., leaf gall, (K) On Piper cernuum Vell., leaf gall, (L) On Piper pseudopothifolium C. DC., bud gall.
Gall: on leaf, green, globoid, intralaminar, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 20B). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trails: Teresópolis: Casa do Pesquisador (13.IX.2021), Mozart-Catão to Primavera (25.X.2021), 360 (26.X.2021), Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021), Suspensa (25.XI.2021), Barragem to Casa do Pesquisador entrance (07.XII.2021), Cartão Postal (24.V.2022); Guapimirim: Recanto das Ruínas (28.III.2022), Poço da Capela (28.III.20220), Ponte Velha (29.III.2022), Poço Verde (31.III.2022), Circular (26.IV.2022), Caninana (24.V.2022), Mãe d’Água (24.V.2022), Araçari Camping (25.IV.2022), Alameda Von Spix (25.V.2022).
Gall: on leaf, lenticular, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 20C). Gall-inducer: Bruggmannia elongata Maia & Couri, 1993 (Cecidomyiidae). Trails: Teresópolis: 360 (26.X.2021), Suspensa (26.XI.2021), Barragem to Casa do Pesquisador entrance (07.XII.2021), Poço do Beija-Flor (07.XII.2021), Cartão Postal (24.V.2022); Guapimirim: Circular (26.IV.2022).
Gall: on fruit, globoid, green, glabrous (Fig. 20D). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trail: Teresópolis: Suspensa (26.XI.2021).
First record of this gall morphotype on G. opposita.
Galls on this plant species have been reported in several states of Brazil: BA (Maia, 2014; Vieira et al., 2018), ES (Maia et al., 2014; Maia, 2020), RJ (Maia, 2001, 2013b; Rodrigues et al., 2014; Maia & Carvalho-Fernandes, 2016; Carvalho-Fernandes et al., 2016), SP (Maia et al., 2008), SC (Melo-Júnior et al., 2018), and RS (Mendonça-Jr. et al., 2014; Goetz et al., 2018).
Onagraceae (n = 1)
Fuchsia regia (Vell.) Munz. (n = 1)
Gall: on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous (Fig. 20E). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Teresópolis: Barragem to Cachoeira de Papel entrance (14.IX.2021).
First record of gall on this plant genus.
Picramniaceae (n = 1)
Picramnia glazioviana Engl. (n = 1)
Gall: on bud, globoid, brown, glabrous (Fig. 20F). Gall-inducer: not determined. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trails: Teresópolis: Barragem to Cachoeira de Papel entrance (14.IX.2021), Suspensa (25.XI.2021).
First record of gall on this plant species.
Julião et al. (2014), Maia et al. (2008) and Maia (2013a) reported galls on other congeneric species in AM, SP and MG, respectively.
Piperaceae (n = 13)
Piper anisum (Spreng.) Angely (n = 3)
Gall: on bud, globoid, green or brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 20G). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trails: Teresópolis: 360 (26.X.2021), Suspensa (26.XI.2021).
Gall: on leaf, lenticular, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 20H). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Teresópolis: Suspensa (26.XI.2021).
Gall: on leaf, marginal roll, green, glabrous (Fig. 20I). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trails: Teresópolis: Suspensa (26.XI.2021), Guapimirim: Araçari Camping (25.IV.2022), Circular (26.IV.2022).
First record of gall on this plant species.
Piper arboreum Aubl. (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf, globoid, intralaminar, green, glabrous (Fig. 20J). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Guapimirim: Araçari Camping (25.IV.2022).
This gall is known from GO (Araújo et al., 2007, 2011, 2015), ES (Maia et al., 2014), Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Maia & Mascarenhas, 2017), and SP (Maia et al., 2008).
Piper cernuum Vell. (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf and petiole, globoid, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 20K). Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trails: Teresópolis: Barragem to Cachoeira de Papel entrance (14.IX.2021), 360 (26.X.2021), Suspensa (26.XI.2021, 23.V.2022).
First record of gall on this plant species.
Piper pseudopothifolium C. DC. (n = 1)
Gall: on bud and leaf, globoid, green, glabrous (Fig. 20L). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trails: Teresópolis: Mozart-Catão to Primavera (25.X.2021), Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021).
The gall was previously reported in MG by Maia (2013a).
Piper rioense Yunck. (n = 5)
Gall: on bud, green, glabrous, with several concavities (Fig. 21A). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trails: Teresópolis: Primavera (13.IX.2021), Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021), Barragem road (between Primavera entrances) (13.XI.2021), Suspensa (25.XI.2021), Barragem road (from Casa do Pesquisador to Alojamento (30.III.2022).
Insect galls of Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos (RJ, Brazil): (A-F) On Piperaceae: (A-E) On Piper rioense Yunck.: (A) bud gall, (B) bud gall, (C) leaf gall, (D) leaf petiole gall, (E) leaf gall, (F) On Piper sprengelianum C. DC., leaf petiole gall, (G) On Niphidium crassifolium (L.) Lellinger (Polypodiaceae), leaf gall, (H) On Cybianthus sp. (Primulaceae), leaf vein gall, (I-L) On Rubiaceae: (I) On Bathysa mendoncaei K. Schum, leaf vein gall, (J) On Emmeorhiza umbellata (Spreng.) K. Schum., bud gall, (K-L) On Faramea cf. truncata (Vell.) Müll. Arg.: (K) leaf vein gall, (L) leaf gall.
Gall: on bud, fusiform, green, glabrous, two-chambered (Fig. 21B). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Teresópolis: Barragem to Cachoeira de Papel entrance (14.IX.2021), Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021), Barragem road (from Casa do Pesquisador to Alojamento (30.III.2022).
Gall: on leaf, globoid, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 21C). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trails: Teresópolis: Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021), Suspensa (25.XI.2021), Barragem road (from Casa do Pesquisador to Alojamento (30.III.2022); Guapimirim: Ponte Velha (29.III.2022), Museu Von Martius (27.IV.2022), Araçari Camping (25.IV.2022), Alameda Von Spix (25.V. 2022).
Gall: on leaf petiole and vein, fusiform, green, with white trichomes (Fig. 21D). Gall-inducer: Coleoptera. Trails: Teresópolis: Barragem road (between Primavera entrances) (15.IX.2021), Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021, 25.V.2022), Suspensa (25.XI.2021), Barragem to Casa do Pesquisador entrance (07.XII.2021), Centro de Operações to Camping (28.III.2022), Barragem road (from Casa do Pesquisador to Alojamento (30.III.2022), Cartão Postal (24.V.2022).
Gall: on leaf, globoid, extralaminar, green, with white trichomes (Fig. 21E). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Teresópolis: Barragem to Cachoeira de Papel entrance (14.IX.2021).
First records of galls on this plant species.
Piper sprengelianum C. DC. (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf petiole, fusiform, green, glabrous, multichambered (Fig. 21F). Gall-inducer: Coleoptera. Trail: Teresópolis: Cartão Postal (15.IX.2021).
First record of gall on this plant species.
Piper sp. (n = 1)
Gall: on bud, globoid, brown, glabrous, generally gregarious. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trails: Teresópolis: Cartão Postal (15.IX.2021), Mozart-Catão to Primavera (25.X.2021), Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021), Poço Dois Irmãos (26.XI.2021), Poço do Beija-Flor (07.XII.2021), Barragem road (from Casa do Pesquisador to Alojamento (30.III.2022), Suspensa (23.V.2022), Cartão Postal (24.V.2022).
Polypodiaceae (n = 1)
Niphidium crassifolium (L.) Lellinger (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf, concave, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 21G). Gall-inducer Cecidomyiidae. Trails: Teresópolis Barragem to Cachoeira de Papel entrance (14.IX.2021), Suspensa (26.XI.2021), Centro de Operações to Camping (28.III.2022).
This gall was previously reported in the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Maia & Mascarenhas, 2017).
Primulaceae (n = 3)
Cybianthus sp. (n = 3)
Gall: on leaf midvein, fusiform, green, one-chambered, glabrous (Fig. 21H). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Teresópolis: 360 (26.X.2021).
Gall: on stem and leaf petiole, globoid, green, glabrous. Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Teresópolis: 360 (26.X.2021).
Gall: on leaf, globoid, reddish, intralaminar, glabrous. Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Teresópolis: 360 (26.X.2021).
Other galls are known from this plant genus in the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Maia & Mascarenhas, 2017).
Rubiaceae (n = 29)
Bathysa mendoncaei K. Schum (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf vein, globoid, green, glabrous (Fig. 21I). Gall-inducer: not determined. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trail: Guapimirim: Poço Verde (31.III.2022).
First record of gall on this plant genus.
Emmeorhiza umbellata (Spreng.) K. Schum. (n = 1)
Gall: on bud, rosette, green, glabrous (Fig. 21J). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trails: Teresópolis: Cachoeira de Papel (14.IX.2021), Barragem to Cachoeira de Papel entrance (14.IX.2021).
Maia et al. (2008) reported a different gall on this plant species in SP.
Faramea cf. truncata (Vell.) Müll. Arg. (n = 2)
Gall: on leaf midvein, fusiform to globoid, green or brown, glabrous, one- or multichambered (Fig. 21K). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trails: Teresópolis: Primavera (13.IX.2021), Barragem to Cachoeira de Papel entrance (14.IX.2021), 360 (26.X.2021), Mozart-Catão to Primavera (25.X.2021), Bosque Santa Helena (26.XI.2021), Mozart-Catão (26.XI.2021), Suspensa (25.XI.2021), Poço do Beija-Flor (07.XII.2021).
Gall: on leaf, globoid, green, glabrous, multichambered (Fig. 21L). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trails: Teresópolis: Barragem to Cachoeira de Papel entrance (14.IX.2021), Suspensa (25.XI.2021).
Maia (2013a) reported a tem gall on Faramea sp. in MG.
Palicourea sessilis (Vell.) C.M. Taylor (n = 4)
Gall: on leaf, globoid, green, yellow or red, intralaminar, glabrous, smooth, one-chambered (Fig. 22A). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trails: Teresópolis: Cachoeira Ceci-Peri (13.IX.2021), Barragem to Cachoeira de Papel (14.IX.2021), 360 (26.X.2021), Suspensa (25.XI.2021), Barragem to Casa do Pesquisador entrance (07.XII.2021), Poço do Beija-Flor (07.XII.2021), Barragem road (from Casa do Pesquisador to Alojamento (30.III.2022); Guapimirim: Recanto das Ruínas (28.III.2022), Poço Verde (31.III.2022), Circular (26.IV.2022), Museu Von Martius (27.IV.2022).
Insect galls of Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos (RJ, Brazil): (A-L) On Rubiaceae: (A-D) On Palicourea sessilis (Vell.) C.M. Taylor: (A) leaf gall, (B) leaf gall, (C) stem gall, (D) bud gall, (E) On Psychotria appendiculata Müll. Arg., leaf gall, (F-G) On Psychotria leiocarpa Cham. & Schltdl.: (F) leaf gall, (G) leaf gall, (H) On Psychotria nuda (Cham. & Schltdl.) Waw, leaf gall, (I-J) On Psychotria pallens Gardner: (I) stem gall, (J) leaf petiole gall, (K-M) On Psychotria suterella Müll. Arg.: (K) leaf gall, (L) stem gall, (M) bud gall, (N) On Psychotria sp. 1, leaf gall.
Gall: on leaf, globoid, green or yellow, with trichomes (Fig. 22B). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trails: Teresópolis: 360 (26.X.2021), Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021), Suspensa (25.XI.2021).
Gall: on stem, globoid to fusiform, green or brown, glabrous, one- or multichambered (Fig. 22C). Gall-inducer: not determined. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trails: Teresópolis: Cartão Postal (15.IX.2021), Mozart-Catão to Primavera (25.X.2021), 360 (26.X.2021), Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021); Guapimirim: Poço Verde (31.III.2022).
Gall: on bud, globoid, green or brown, glabrous, one- or two-chambered (Fig. 22D). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trails: Teresópolis: Mozart-Catão to Primavera (25.X.2021), 360 (26.X.2021), Circular (26.IV.2022), Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021).
First records of galls on this plant species.
Several other species and morphospecies of Palicourea Aubl. host galls as reported by Almada & Fernandes (2011), Maia (2011), Silva et al. (2011), and Araújo et al. (2012) in AM, Araújo et al. (2011, 2014) in GO, Fernandes et al. (1997, 2001), Maia & Fernandes (2004), Carneiro et al. (2009), Coelho et al. (2013) and Maia (2013a) in MG, and Santos et al. (2012) in PE.
Psychotria appendiculata Müll. Arg. (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf, conical, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 22E). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Teresópolis: Cartão Postal (15.IX.2021).
First gall record on this plant species.
Psychotria leiocarpa Cham. & Schltdl. (n = 2)
Gall: on leaf, globoid, furrowed, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 22F). Gall-inducer: Dasineura sp. (Cecidomyiidae). Trails: Teresópolis: Cachoeira Ceci-Peri (13.IX.2021), Casa do Pesquisador (13.IX.2021), Primavera (13.IX.2021), Barragem to Cachoeira de Papel entrance (14.IX.2021), Cartão Postal (15.IX.2021, 24.V.2022), Mozart-Catão to Primavera (25.X.2021), 360 (26.X.2021), Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021, 25.V.2022), Suspensa (25.XI.2021), Bosque Santa Helena (26.XI.2021), Poço Dois Irmãos (26.XI.2021), Centro de Operações to Camping (28.III.2022), Barragem road (between Camping and Alojamento) (25.IV.2022), Barragem road (from Casa do Pesquisador to Alojamento (30.III.2022); Guapimirim: Ponte Velha (29.III.2022), Poço Verde (31.III.2022), Circular (26.IV.2022), Museu Von Martius (27.IV.2022), Mãe d’Água (24.V.2022). This gall was previously recorded in SP (Maia et al., 2008).
Gall on leaf, globoid, extralaminar, brown, with trichomes (Fig. 22G). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Guapimirim: Circular (26.IV.2022).
First record of this gall morphotype on P. leiocarpa.
Psychotria nuda (Cham. & Schltdl.) Waw (n = 2)
Gall: on leaf, globoid, brown, with trichomes (Fig. 22H). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trails: Teresópolis: Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021, 25.V.2022), Barragem road (between Camping and Alojamento) (25.IV.2022); Guapimirim: Mãe d’Água (24.V.2022).
Gall: on leaf, globoid, green, glabrous. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Teresópolis: Barragem road (between Camping and Alojamento) (25.IV.2022).
First records of gall on this plant species.
Psychotria pallens Gardner (n = 2)
Gall: on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous (Fig. 22I). Gall-inducer: not determined. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trail: Teresópolis: Primavera (13.IX.2021).
Gall: on leaf midvein, fusiform, green, glabrous (Fig. 22J). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trails: Teresópolis: Primavera (13.IX.2021), Centro de Operações to Camping (28.III.2022); Guapimirim: Mãe d’Água (29.III.2022).
First records of gall on this plant species.
Psychotria suterella Müll. Arg. (n = 3)
Gall: on leaf, conical, green or red, with short trichomes, one-chambered (Fig. 22k). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Successors: Thysanoptera. Trails: Teresópolis: Cachoeira de Papel (14.IX.2021), 360 (26.X.2021), Suspensa (25.XI.2021, 26.XI.2021).
Gall: on stem, fusiform, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 22L). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Teresópolis: Suspensa (26.XI.2021).
Gall: on bud, globoid, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 22M). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trail: Teresópolis: Suspensa (26.XI.2021).
First records of gall on this plant species.
Psychotria sp. 1 (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf, conical, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 22N). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Guapimirim: Araçari Camping (25.IV.2022).
Psychotria sp. 2 (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf, conical, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 23A). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Guapimirim: Ponte Velha (29.III.2022).
Insect galls of Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos (RJ, Brazil): (A-J) On Rubiaceae: (A) On Psychotria sp. 2, leaf gall, (B) On Randia armata (Sw.) DC., leaf gall, (C-F) On Rudgea jasminoides (Cham) Müll. Arg.: (C) stem gall, (D) stem gall, (E) leaf vein gall, (F) leaf gall, (G-H) On Rudgea sp. 1, (G) leaf gall, (H) leaf gall, (I) On Rudgea sp. 2, leaf gall, (J) On Rudgea sp. 3, leaf gall, (K-L) On Casearia pauciflora Cambess. (Salicaceae): (K) bud gall, (L) leaf petiole gall.
Galls on other congeneric species and morphospecies are known from AM (Silva et al., 2011; Julião et al., 2014), MG (Fernandes et al., 1997; Carneiro et al., 2009), MS (Julião et al., 2002), and SP (Maia et al., 2008, Saito & Urso-Guimarães, 2012).
Randia armata (Sw.) DC. (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf midvein, fusiform, green, glabrous (Fig. 23B). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Guapimirim: Circular (27.IV.2022).
Urso-Guimarães et al. (2017) reported this gall on MS. Silva et al. (2018) recorded a stem gall on the same host in BA. Maia & Mascarenhas (2017) reported a different leaf gall on Randia sp. in the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia.
Rudgea jasminoides (Cham.) Müll. Arg. (n = 4)
Gall: on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one or multichambered (Fig. 23C). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trails: Teresópolis: Cartão Postal (15.IX.2021), Mozart Catão to Primavera (25.X.2021), Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021, 25.V.2022), Bosque Santa Helena (26.XI.2021), Poço Dois Irmãos (26.XI.2021); Guapimirim: Circular (26.IV.2022).
Gall: on stem, globoid, green or brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 23D). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trails: Teresópolis: Mozart-Catão to Primavera (25.X.2021), Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021).
Gall: on leaf vein, fusiform, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 23E). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trails: Teresópolis: Mozart Catão to Primavera (25.X.2021), Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021).
Gall: on leaf, globoid, brown, glabrous, multichambered (Fig. 23F). Gall-inducer not determined. Trail: Guapimirim: Circular (27.IV.2022).
First records of gall on this plant species.
Galls on other congeneric species are known from Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Maia & Mascarenhas, 2017) and RS (Toma & Mendonça-Jr., 2013).
Rudgea sp. 1 (n = 2)
Gall: on leaf, globoid, intralaminar, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 23G). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trails: Guapimirim: Araçari Camping (25.IV.2022); Teresópolis: Mozart-Catão to Primavera (25.X.2021), Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021), Barragem road (between Camping and Alojamento) (25.IV.2022).
Gall: on leaf vein, fusiform, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 23H). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trails: Guapimirim: Araçari Camping (25.IV.2022); Teresópolis: Mozart-Catão to Primavera (25.X.2021), Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021). Barragem road (between Camping and Alojamento (25.IV.2022).
Rudgea sp. 2 (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf, globoid, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 23I). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trails: Teresópolis: Trilha 360 (26.X.2021), Mozart-Catão (25.V.2022); Guapimirim: Alameda Von Spix (25.V.2022).
Rudgea sp. 3 (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf, lenticular, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 23J). Gall-inducer: not determined. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trail: Guapimirim: Mãe d’Água (24.V.2022).
Salicaceae (n = 3)
Casearia obliqua Spreng. (n = 1)
Gall: on leaf midvein, fusiform, green, glabrous, two-chambered. Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Teresópolis: Barragem road (between Primavera entrances) (13.IX.2021).
First gall record on this plant species.
Casearia pauciflora Cambess. (n = 2)
Gall: on bud, cylindrical, green or brown, glabrous, multichambered (Fig. 23K). Gall-inducer: not determined. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trails: Teresópolis: Cartão Postal (15.IX.2021), Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021), Suspensa (25.XI.2021), Barragem road (from Casa do Pesquisador to Alojamento) (30.III.2022).
Gall: on leaf petiole, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 23L). Gall-inducer: not determined. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trail: Teresópolis: Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021).
First records of gall on this plant species.
Other galls were reported in this plant genus in AM (Almada & Fernandes, 2011; Maia, 2011; Araújo et al., 2012; Julião et al., 2014), GO (Araújo et al., 2014), PE (Santos et al., 2012), MS (Urso-Guimarães et al., 2017; Ascendino & Maia, 2018), and MG (Fernandes & Negreiros, 2006; Coelho et al., 2009; Luz et al., 2012; Maia, 2013a).
Sapindaceae (n = 15)
Paullinia carpopoda Cambess. (n = 2)
Gall: on leaf, conical, green, one-chambered, with trichomes at apex (Fig. 24A). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trails: Teresópolis: Casa do Pesquisador (14.IX.2021), Poço Dois Irmãos (26.XI.2021).
Insect galls of Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos (RJ, Brazil): (A-L) On Sapindaceae: (A-B) On Paullinia carpopoda Cambess.: (A) leaf gall, (B) leaf gall, (C-D) On Paullinia sp.: (C) stem gall, (D) leaf gall, (E-H) On Serjania caracasana (Jacq.) Willd.: (E) leaf vein gall, (F) stem gall, (G) bud gall, (H) stem gall, (I-J) On Serjania corrugata Radlk.: (I) stem gall, (J) leaf gall, (K-L) On Serjania sp.: (K) leaf gall, (L) leaf gall, (M-N) On Chrysophyllum flexuosum Mart. (Sapotaceae): (M) bud gall, (N) leaf gall.
Gall: on leaf, globoid, intralaminar, brown, glabrous (Fig. 24B) Gall-inducer: not determined. Trails: Teresópolis: Casa do Pesquisador (14.IX.2021), Poço Dois Irmãos (26.XI.2021).
First records of gall on this plant species.
Paullinia sp. (n = 2)
Gall: on stem, brown, woody, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 24c). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Teresópolis: Casa do Pesquisador (14.IX.2021).
Gall: on leaf, conical, red, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 24D). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Teresópolis: Casa do Pesquisador (14.IX.2021).
Several galls are known on congeneric species or morphospecies in AM (Araújo et al., 2012), MS (Julião et al., 2002; Ascendino & Maia, 2018), PE (Santos et al., 2012), MG (Fernandes et al., 2001; Maia & Fernandes, 2004), RJ (Maia, 2001; Maia & Souza, 2013; Maia & Carvalho-Fernandes, 2016), and SP (Maia et al., 2008).
Serjania caracasana (Jacq.) Willd. (n = 4)
Gall: on leaf midvein, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 24E). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Teresópolis: Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021). Julião et al. (2002) reported this same gall in MS.
Gall: on stem, unilateral, fusiform, brown, woody, glabrous (Fig. 24F). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Teresópolis: Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021).
Gall: on bud, globoid, brown, glabrous, multichambered (Fig. 24G). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Teresópolis: Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021).
Gall: on stem, fusiform, brown, woody, glabrous, multichambered (Fig. 24H). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Teresópolis: Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021).
Other gall morphotypes were reported by Fernandes et al. (2001) reported in MG and Urso-Guimarães et al. (2017) in MS.
Serjania corrugata Radlk. (n = 2)
Gall: on stem, fusiform, woody, brown, with trichomes (Fig. 24I). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Teresópolis: Cartão Postal (15.IX.2021).
Gall: on leaf, lenticular, brown (dried), glabrous (Fig. 24J). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Teresópolis: Cartão Postal (15.IX.2021).
First records of gall on this plant species.
Serjania sp. (n = 3)
Gall: on leaf midvein, globoid, intralaminar, green, glabrous (Fig. 24K). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Guapimirim: Araçari Camping (25.IV.2022).
Gall: on leaf, conical, green, glabrous, one-chambered. (Fig. 24L). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Teresópolis: Casa do Pesquisador (13.IX.2021); Guapimirim: Alameda Von Pix to Jucu Camping (25.V.2022.).
Gall: on stem, globoid, brown, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Teresópolis: Suspensa (25.XI.2021).
Several gall morphotypes are known on congeneric species and morphospecies in AM (Almada & Fernandes, 2011; Araújo et al., 2012), GO (Araújo et al., 2011, 2015), BA (Vieira et al., 2018), MG (Fernandes et al., 1997; Coelho et al., 2009; Luz et al., 2012; Costa & Araújo, 2019), and SP (Ribeiro et al., 2019; Saito & Urso-Guimarães, 2012).
Sapindaceae sp. (n = 2)
Gall: on leaf, globoid, intralaminar, green, glabrous. Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Teresópolis: Casa do Pesquisador (14.IX.2021).
Gall: on leaf, globoid, brown, glabrous. Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Teresópolis: Barragem to Casa do Pesquisador entrance (07.XII.2021).
Sapotaceae (n = 3)
Chrysophyllum flexuosum Mart. (n = 3)
Gall: on bud, globoid to fusiform, green, glabrous (Fig. 24M). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trails: Guapimirim: Ponte Velha (29.III.2022), Poço Verde (31.III.2022), Circular (26.IV.2022).
Gall: on leaf, globoid, intralaminar, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 24N). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Guapimirim: Mãe d’Água (24.V.2022).
Gall: on bud, pedunculated, globoid basally, with pointed apex, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 25A). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Guapimirim: Mãe d’Água (24.V.2022).
Insect galls of Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos (RJ, Brazil): (A) On Chrysophyllum flexuosum Mart. (Sapotaceae), bud gall, (B-C) On Smilax fluminensis Steud. (Smilacaceae): (B) leaf gall, (C) leaf vein gall, (D-F) On Solanaceae: (D) On Athenaea fasciculata (Vell.) I.M.C., stem gall, (E) On Solanum piluliferum Dunal, bud gall, (F) On Solanum swartizianum Roem. & Schult., leaf gall, (G-H) On Verbenaceae: (G) On Lantana camara L, leaf gall, (H) On Lantana robusta Schauer, stem gall, (I) On Anchietea pyrifolia (Mart.) G. Don. (Violaceae), stem gall, (J) On Clematicissus striata (Ruiz. & Pav.) Lombardi (Vitaceae), bud gall.
First records of gall on this plant species.
Galls on other congeneric species are known from AM (Julião et al., 2014), GO (Araújo et al., 2015), MS (Urso-Guimarães et al., 2017), PE (Santos et al., 2012), and RJ (Carvalho-Fernandes et al., 2016).
Smilacaceae (n = 2)
Smilax fluminensis Steud. (n = 2)
Gall: on leaf, globoid, intralaminar, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 25B). Gall-inducer: not determined. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trails: Teresópolis: Barragem road (between Camping and Alojamento) (25.IV.2022), Mozart-Catão (25.V.2022). This gall was reported by Julião et al. (2002) in MS and Araújo et al. (2015) in GO.
Gall: on leaf vein, fusiform, green, glabrous (Fig. 25C). Gall-inducer: not determined. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trails: Teresópolis: Cartão Postal (24.V.2022), Mozart Catão (25.V.2022).
Other galls have been reported on different species and morphospecies of Smilax L. in AM (Almada & Fernandes, 2011), PE (Santos et al., 2011), GO (Araújo et al., 2011), MS (Urso-Guimarães et al., 2017; Ascendino & Maia, 2018), MG (Maia & Fernandes, 2004; Carneiro et al., 2009; Coelho et al., 2009; Malves & Frieiro-Costa, 2012; Maia, 2013a), RJ (Maia, 2013b; Maia & Carvalho-Fernandes, 2016), SP (Urso-Guimarães et al., 2003; Urso-Guimarães & Scareli-Santos, 2006; Maia et al., 2008; Ribeiro et al., 2019), and RS (Mendonça-Jr. et al., 2014).
Solanaceae (n = 4)
Athenaea fasciculata (Vell.) I.M.C. Rodrigues (n = 1)
Gall: on stem, fusiform, green, glabrous, multichambered (Fig. 25D). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trails: Teresópolis: Cartão Postal (24.V.2022), Cartão Postal (24.V.2022).
First gall record on this plant genus.
Solanum piluliferum Dunal (n = 1)
Gall: on bud, globoid, green, with brown trichomes, one-chambered (Fig. 25E). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Teresópolis: Mozart-Catão (27.X.2021).
Maia & Mascarenhas (2017) reported other galls on this plant species in the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia.
Solanum swartzianum Roem. & Schult. (n = 2)
Gall: on leaf, lenticular, green, glabrous, one-chambered. Trail: Guapimirim: Ponte Velha (29.III.2022).
Gall: on leaf, globoid, green, with trichomes (Fig. 25F). Gall-inducer: Ceciodmyiidae. Trail: Guapimirim: Poço Verde (31.III.2022).
Several galls have been reported in congeneric species and morphospecies in AM (Almada & Fernandes, 2011), GO (Araújo et al., 2015), MG (Fernandes et al., 2001; Fernandes & Negreiros, 2006; Malves & Frieiro-Costa, 2012; Maia 2013a, 2014), MS (Urso-Guimarães et al., 2017, ES (Maia et al., 2014), Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Maia & Mascarenhas, 2017), RJ (Maia, 2001; Oliveira & Maia, 2005; Rodrigues et al., 2014; Carvalho-Fernandes et al., 2016; Maia & Siqueira, 2020), SP (Maia et al., 2008), PR (Santos & Ribeiro, 2015), SC (Arriola & Melo-Júnior, 2016), and RS (Toma & Mendonça-Jr., 2013).
Verbenaceae (n = 3)
Lantana camara L. (n = 2)
Gall: on leaf, cylindrical, green with reddish apex, with green trichomes, one-chambered (Fig. 25G). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Teresópolis: Barragem to Cachoeira do Papel entrance (14.IX.2021). This gall was previously reported by Fernandes et al. (2001) in MG.
Gall: on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Parasitoids: Hymenoptera. Trail: Teresópolis: Barragem to Cachoeira do Papel entrance (14.IX.2021). This gall was already known from PE (Santos et al., 2011), MG (Maia, 2013a), RJ (Rodrigues et al., 2014; Maia & Carvalho-Fernandes, 2016; Carvalho-Fernandes et al., 2016; Maia & Siqueira, 2020), PB and RN (Marinho et al., 2023).
Lantana robusta Schauer (n = 1)
Gall: on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 25H). Gall-inducer: not determined. Trail: Teresópolis: Cartão Postal (15.IX.2021).
First gall record on this plant genus.
Violaceae (n = 1)
Anchietea pyrifolia (Mart.) G. Don. (n = 1)
Gall: on stem, fusiform, brown or red, glabrous, one-chambered (Fig. 25I). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trails: Teresópolis: Barragem to Cachoeira de Papel entrance (14.IX.2021), 360 (26.X.2021).
First gall record on this plant genus.
Vitaceae (n = 1)
Clematicissus striata (Ruiz. & Pav.) Lombardi (n = 1)
Gall: on bud, globoid, green, glabrous, multichambered (Fig. 25J). Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Trail: Teresópolis: Cachoeira do Papel (14.IX.2021).
First gall record on this plant genus.
Galls on other genera of Vitaceae, Cissus L. and Rinorea Aubl. are known. The former from AL (Marinho et al., 2023), GO (Silva et al., 2018), MS (Julião et al., 2002), Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Maia & Mascarenhas, 2017), MG (Costa & Araújo, 2019), and RS (Goetz et al., 2018), and the latter from PE (Santos et al., 2012).
DISCUSSION
We found 290 morphotypes of insect galls in the PARNASO. Other inventories in Atlantic forest areas have been recorded between from 15 to and 406 gall morphotypes (Table 10). Among them, PARNASO ranks second in gall richness. Several factors can explain this large variation: authors investigated different phytophysiognomies and adopted different sampling methodologies; study areas differed in total size, from short fragments to large protected forests; sampled areas differed in size, as well as the sampling frequency, total sampling time, and number of colletors, which resulted in different collection efforts.
All super host taxa pointed out in the present study were already known from previous inventories in forest formations of the Atlantic forest, except Rubiaceae (Table 11). The high gall richness of the families Myrtaceae, Melastomataceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae and genera Mikania (Asteraceae), Miconia (Melastomataceae) and Eugenia (Myrtaceae) can be explained by their high richness of species as the plant richness hypothesis predicts (Southwood, 1960, 1961). Guapira opposita highlights in several inventories in restinga and forest formation areas as the plant species with the greatest richness of gall (Santos et al., 2012; Maia, 2013a; Maia & Souza, 2013; Maia et al., 2014; Rodrigues et al., 2014; Arriola & Melo-Júnior, 2016; and Melo-Júnior et al., 2018). No explanation has been proposed for this, but as G. opposita has a wide geographic distribution and abundant populations, such gall richness could be related to these facts, as predicted by the geographic area and resource concentration hypotheses (Southwood, 1960; Root, 1973).
Plant families, genera and species with the highest insect gall richness in inventories in forest formations of the Atlantic forest.
Data on origin, geographic distribution and conservation status of the host plants are important since gall-inducing species are generally species-specific (Carneiro et al., 2009). Their distribution depends first of all on the host plant distribution. Furthermore, if they are associated with endemic hosts, they are co-endemic. In the same way, if they are associated with endangered or near threathned hosts, they are co-endangered or co-near threathned. We highlight that PARNASO shelters 69 gall-inducing species endemic to Brazil, 23 of which occur only in the Atlantic forest. Furthermore PARNASO is home to at least 12 unknown gall-inducing species with some degree of threat.
Most galls occurred on leaves. This pattern has been reported in almost all Brazilian inventories, probably because leaves are abundant, frequent, with high levels of nutritional reserves, and more plastic than other plant organs (Castro et al., 2012; Isaias et al., 2013).
The predominance of globoid shape, green color, and glabrous surface confirm the pattern found in other inventories in dense ombrophilous forest areas in Brazil (Maia et al., 2014; Maia & Mascarenhas, 2017). Globoid galls occurred mainly on leaves while fusiform galls on stems and veins. These shapes are related to patterns of cell division and directions of elongation, which differ between leaves and stems (Oliveira & Isaias, 2010). Ten gall morphotypes varied in shape. These variations can be explained by the stage of gall development (Santos et al., 2019), sex of the inducer (Gonçalves et al., 2005, 2022) and/or presence of inquilines (Luz & Mendonça-Jr., 2019). Most galls displayed the same color of the host plant organ. Green color indicates the presence of chlorophyll, which can be an advantage, since it enables photosynthetic activity. Some galls varied in color. This variation can be related to the gall maturation stage, plant organ or light exposition (Lev-Yadun, 2016). Deiscent galls are generally brown. Most galls were glabrous, while few had trichomes. Trichomes play a protective role against water loss and attack by predators and parasites (Stone & Schönrogge, 2003). In the present study, galls were collected in forest formations with high humidity, so in areas with low chances of desiccation. Furthermore, our results pointed out a low frequency of parasitoids and predators, indicating that these guilds probably have little significant impact on gall morphology.
Galls were induced mainly by Cecidomyiidae, the most diverse and frequent gall-inducers in all zoogeographic regions (Gagné, 1994). The secondary fauna included parasitoids, successors, cecidophagous, and predators. Parasitoids were the most frequent, being reported in 20.0% of the gall morphotypes (Table 12). In other inventories in forest formations of Atlantic forest, the frequency varies from 6% to 22.9%, so the value reported in PARNASO is included in this range and can be considered as one of the highest. But when compared to inventories in restinga areas, this value is low (Table 12). Successors were represented by Collembola, Hemiptera and Thysanoptera, cecidophagous only by Lepidoptera, and predators only by spiders. In other inventories, Acari, Araneae, Cecidomyiidae (Diptera), Coleoptera, Collembola, and Formicidae were cited as successors, Pseudoscorpiones and Diptera as predators, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, and Thysanoptera as cecidophagous (Maia, 2020; Maia & Silva, 2021). Therefore the secondary fauna of PARNASO is little diverse in relation to taxonomic groups. All taxa reported in PARNASO as secondary fauna were already cited in other inventories in Atlantic Forest areas (Ansaloni et al., 2018; Maia & Carvalho-Fernandes, 2016; Maia & Mascarenhas, 2017, 2022).
Frequency of parasitoids in insect galls in inventories in forest formations and restinga areas of the Atlantic forest.
Bruggmannia acaudata, B. elongata, B. robusta, Clusiamyia nitida, Neolasioptera eugeniae, Proasphondylia guapirae, Sphaeromyia flava are recorded for the first time in PARNASO, as well as the genera Clinodiplosis Kieffer, 1894; Dasineura Rondani, 1840 and Neolasioptera Felt, 1908.
CONCLUSIONS
PARNASO hosts a great richness of galls. It has the second highest recorded gall richness in the Atlantic forest. The super host taxa indicated in the present study were the same indicated in other inventories in forest formations of the Atlantic forest, except Rubiaceae. PARNASO includes 148 native gall-inducing species, being 69 endemic; among the last 23 are exclusive to the Atlantic forest. Eight gall-inducing species are endangered and four are near threathned. The gall frequency on host plant organs followed the known pattern, as well as the most frequent gall morphology and gall-inducing taxa. The secondary fauna frequency in PARNASO is high when compared to other areas of forest formation. Seven gall midge species are recorded for the first time in this Park. This study contributed to the knowledge of the gall-inducing fauna of an important protection area of Atlantic forest.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank the staff of the PARNASO for using the Park’s infrastructure and the Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro (Federal University of Rio de Janeiro) for the laboratory structure.
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Published with the financial support of the "Programa de Apoio às Publicações Científicas Periódicas da USP"
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FUNDING INFORMATION:
Both authors are grateful to Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for financial support (number process: 409845/2018-3); VCM to Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) (number process: 210.300/2021) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for a productivity grant (number process: PQ 311298/2019-2).
