Quem tem medo de eletrochoque: identidade, terapias convulsivas e mudança organizacional

Wood Jr., Thomaz; Caldas, Miguel P.

doi:10.1590/S0034-75901995000500003

organizational identity; organízatíonal change; radical change; metsphor; symbolism; reengineering; total qualíty; change process; organizational consulting; organizatianal effícacy; change methodology

identidade organizacional; mudança organizacional; mudança radical; metáfora; simbolismo; reengenharia; qualidade total; processo de mudança; consultoria organizacional; eficácia organizacional; metodologia de mudança

EXECUTIVA

Quem tem medo de eletrochoque? Identidade, terapias convulsivas e mudança organizacional

Thomaz Wood Jr.^I; Miguel P. Caldas^II

^IMestre e Doutorando em Administração de Empresas na EAESP/FGVe Pesquisador Visitante na New York University. twood@eaesp.fgvsp.br ^IIMestre e Doutorando em Administração de Empresas na EAESP/FGV e Pesquisador Visitante na University of Texas at Austin. mcaldas@eaesp.fgvsp.br

Palavras-chave: identidade organizacional, mudança organizacional, mudança radical, metáfora, simbolismo, reengenharia, qualidade total, processo de mudança, consultoria organizacional, eficácia organizacional, metodologia de mudança.

Keywords: organizational identity, organízatíonal change, radical change, metsphor; symbolism, reengineering, total qualíty, change process, organizational consulting, organizatianal effícacy, change methodology.

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

Full text available only in PDF format.

Artigo recebido pela Redação da RAE em maio/1995, avaliado e aprovado para publicação em junho/1995.

1. CAMERON, K., FREEMAN, S., MISHRA, A. Downsizing and redesigning organizations. In: HUBER, G. P., GLlCK, W. H. (eds.) Organizational change and redesign. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.

2. TOMASKO, R. Downsizing: reshaping the corporation for the future. New York: Amacon, 1987.

3. HAMMER, M. Reengineering work: don't automate, obliterate. Harvard Business Review, Boston, v. 68, n. 4, p. 104-12, July/Aug. 1990.

4. Reengineering reviewed. The Economist, London, p. 66, July 2, 1994.

5. CASCIO, W. Downsizing: what do we know? What have we learned? Academy of Management Executive, EUA, v. 7, n. 1, p. 95-104, 1993.

6. TUSHMAN, M., ROMANELLI, E. Organizational evolution: a metamorphosis model of convergence and reorientation. In: STAW, B. M., CUMMINGS, L. L. (eds.) Research in organizational behavior, v. 7, Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1985, p. 171-222; MILLER, D., FRIESEN, P. Momentum and revolution in organizational adaptation. Academy of Management Journal, EUA, v. 23, n. 4, p. 591-614, 1980.

7. DRUCKER, P. The coming of the new organization. Harvard Business Review, Boston, v. 66, n. 1, p. 45-53, Jan./Feb. 1988.

8. CAMERON, K. Investigating organizational downsizing: fundamental issues. Human Resource Management, EUA, v. 33, n. 2, p. 183-88, Summer 1994.

9. The anorexic corporation. The Economist, London, v. 3, p. 19-20, Sept. 1994; When slimming is not enough. The Economist, London, v. 3, p. 5960, Sept. 1994.

10. STONE, G. When Prozac fails, electroshock works. New York Magazine, New York, v. 14, p. 55-9, Nov. 1994; TWOMBLY, R. Shock therapy returns. New Scientist, EUA, v. 141, n. 1915, p. 5-21, Mar. 1994.

11. ERIKSON, E. Identity, youth and crisis. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1968; ____ . Identity and the life cycte. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1980.

12. ALBERT, S., WHENEN, D. A. Organizational identity. In: CUMMINGS, L. L., STAW, B. M. (eds.), Research in organizational behavior, v. 7, Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1985, p.263-95.

13. p. 265. A partir desta definição, outras abordagens têm sido construídas. Ver: ASHFORTH, B. E., MAEL, F. Social identíty theory and the organization. Academy of Management Review, EUA, v. 14, p. 20-39, 1989; DUnON, J. E., DUKERICH, J. M. Keeping an eye on the mirror: the role of image and identity in organizational adaptatíon. Academy of Management Joumal, EUA, v. 34, p. 366-75, 1991; KRAMER, R. M., BREWER, M. B. Effects of group identity on resource use in a simulated commons dilemma. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, v. 46, p.1044-57, 1984.

14. Este modelo constitui uma versão preliminar do quadro de análise. O tema continua sendo objeto de pesquisa dos autores, em busca de um modelo mais completo. Ver CALDAS, M. P., WOOD, Jr, T. Identidade organizacional. Inédito. São Paulo: EAESP/FGV, 1995.

15. ERIKSON, E. Identity, youth ... Op. cít.: Identity and the life ... Op.cit.

16. As dimensões propostas também levam a perceber como têm sido poucas as pesquisas realizadas neste nível de definição de identidade. Uma exceção é o trabalho de Diamond, cuja noção de identidade parece estar próxima da fronteira entre a Identidade definida internamente e a identidade definida pelo comportamento. DIAMOND, M. A. The unconscious life of organizations: interpreting organizational identity. Westport: Quorum Books, 1993.

17. TAJFEL, H., TURNER, J.C. The social Identity theory of Intergroup behavior. In ; WORCHEL, S., AUSTIN, W. G. (eds.). Psychology of intergroup relations, v. 2, Chicago: Nalson-Hall. 1985, p. 7-24; GECAS, V. The self-concept. Annual Review of Sociology, EUA, v. 8, p. 1-33, 1982.

18. ASHFDRTH, B. E., MAEL, F. Social identi1y theory and the organization. Academy of Management Review, EUA, v. 14, n. 1, p. 20-39, 1989; O'RElLLY, C., CHATMAN, J. Organizational commitment and psychological attachment. Joumal of Applied Psychology, EUA, v. 71, p. 49, 1986.

19. KRAMER, R. M., BREWER, M. B. Effects of group identity ... Op. cit.; BROWN, R., WILL1EMS, J. Group identification: the same thing to ali people? Human Relations, v. 37, p. 54764, 1984; CHATMAN, J. Matching people and organizations. Administrative Science Quartely. New York, v. 36, p.45584,1991.

20. DUNON, J. E., DUKERICH, J. M. Keeping an eve on the mirrar .... Op. cit.; ELSBACH, K. O., KRAMER, R. M. Cognitive strategies for managing organizational identity: a study of business school responses to the 'Business Week' rankings. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management, Dallas, TX. Under revísíon for publicatíon in Administretive science Quartely, 1994; DUnON, J. E., DUKERICH, J. M., HARQUAIL, C. V. Organizational images and member identification. Administrative Science Quartely, New York, v. 39, p. 239-63, 1994.

21. DUNON, J. E., DUKERICH, J. M., HARQUAIL, Celia V. Organizational images and member. .. Op. cit.

22. FOMBRUM, C., SHANLEY, M. What's in a name? Reputation building and corporate strategy. Academy of Management Journal, EUA, V. 33, p. 233-58, 1990.

23. GARBM, T. How to build a corporation's identity and project its image. Lexington, MA: D.C. Health and Company, 1988.

24. BECK, B. E. F. Metaphors. cognition and artificial intelligence.ln: HASKELL, R. E. (ed.) Cognition and symbolíc struetures: the psyehology of metaphoríe transformation. Norwood: Ablex, 1987.

25. GIBBS, Jr. R. w., HALL, C.K. What does it mean to say that a metaphor has been understood? In: HASKELL, R. E. (ed.) Op. cit.

26. A este respeito, ver HASKELL, R. E. Giambatista vico and the discovery of metaphoric cognition. Op. cit.

27. MORGAN, G. Paradigms, metaphors and puzzle solving in organization theory. Administretive Science Quarterly, New York, 25, p. 605-22, 1980; ___ . Images of organizstion. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1986.

28. GIBBS, Jr. R. W., HALL, C. K. What does it mean ... Op. cit.

29. WOOD JR., T, CALDAS, M. P. A volta do tratamento de choque. RAE Light, v. 1, n. 4, p. 1315, set./out. 1994.

31. Idem, ibidem.

32.TAYLOR, F. W. Scientific management. New York: Harper & Row, 1947 (1911); FAYOL, H. General and Industrial management. New York: Pitman, 1949 (1916).

32. SCOTI, W. R. Organizations: rational, natural and open systems. 2 ed. Englewood CIiffs , NJ: Prentice Hall, 1987.

33. HALL, R. Organizations, structure and processo. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1977.

34. MAYO, E. The social problems of an industrial civilization. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1945; MACGREGOR, O. The human side of the enterprise. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1960.

35. EMERY, F. E., TRIST, E. L. Socio-techinical systems. In: CHURCHMAN, C. W., VERHULST, M. (eds.) Management science models and techníques, v. 2, EUA: Pergamon, 1960.

36. LlKERT, R. New paterns of management. New York: McGraw-Hill,1961.

37. ARGYRIS, C. Interpessoal competence and organizational effectiveness. Homewood, 111.: Dorsey Press, 1962.

38. PERROW, C. Complex organizations: a critical essay. 3. ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1986.

39. BURNS,T,STALKER,G. M. The management of innovation. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1961; WOODWARD, J. Industrial organization: theory and practice. London: Oxtord University Press, 1965.

40. ANSOFF, H. 1., DECLERCK, R. P., HAYES, R. L. From strategic planning to strategic management. New York: Wiley, 1974.

41. DRUCKER, P. The emerging theory of manufacturing. Harvard Business Review, Boston, V. 68, n. 3, p. 94-102, 1988; GEHANI, R. R. Quality valuechain: a meta-synthesis of frontiers of quality movement. Academy Management Executive, EUA, V. 7, n. 2, p. 29-42, 1993.

42. DEMING, W. E. Out of crisis. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 1986; YDUNG, S. Aframework for sucessful adoption ano performance of Japanese manutacturíng practíces in the Unites States. Academy of Management Review, EUA, v.17, p. 677-' 79°,1992.

43. DEAL. T. E., KENNEDY: A. A. Corporate cultures. Readíng, Mass: Addison-Wesley, 1982.

44. TRICE, H. M., SEVER, J. M. Studying organizational culture through rites and cerimoniais. Academy of Managemet Review, EUA, v. 9. n. 4, p. 653-69, 1984.

45. DAVENPORT, T. H. Need radical innovation and continuous improvement? Integrate process reengineering and TQM. Planning Review. EUA, v. 22, n, 3, p. 6-12,1993.

46. CAMERON, K., FREEMAN, S., MISHRA, A. Downsizing and redesigning ... Op. cit. JOMASKO, R. Downsizing: reshaping the corporation Op. cit.

47. HAMMER, M. Reengineering work; don't..Op. cit.

48. ABRAHAMSON, E. Managerial tads and fashions: the diffusion and rejection of innovations. Academy of Management Review, EUA, v. 18, p. 487-517,1991; CALDAS, M. P., WOOD Jr, T. Inovações gerenciais em ambientes turbulentos. In: WOOD JR., T. (coord.). Mudança organizacional: aprofundando temas atuais em administração de empresas. São Paulo: Atlas, 1995.

49. GIILL, J., WITILE, S. Management by panacea: accounting for transience. Journal of Management Studies, Reino Unido, v. 30, n. 2, p. 281-95, 1992.

50. Idem, ibidem.

51. Quando já existe uma massa crítica de adotantes, outras organizações passam a adotar determinado modismo mais por pressão do meio que por escolha racional. Ver ABRAHAMSON, E. Managerial tads and fashions .... Op. cit.

52. SHERMAN, S. How will we live with the tumult? Fortune, EUA, v. 13, p. 123-25, 1993.

1. CAMERON, K., FREEMAN, S., MISHRA, A. Downsizing and redesigning organizations. In: HUBER, G. P., GLlCK, W. H. (eds.) Organizational change and redesign. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
2. TOMASKO, R. Downsizing: reshaping the corporation for the future. New York: Amacon, 1987.
3. HAMMER, M. Reengineering work: don't automate, obliterate. Harvard Business Review, Boston, v. 68, n. 4, p. 104-12, July/Aug. 1990.
4. Reengineering reviewed. The Economist, London, p. 66, July 2, 1994.
5. CASCIO, W. Downsizing: what do we know? What have we learned? Academy of Management Executive, EUA, v. 7, n. 1, p. 95-104, 1993.
6. TUSHMAN, M., ROMANELLI, E. Organizational evolution: a metamorphosis model of convergence and reorientation. In: STAW, B. M., CUMMINGS, L. L. (eds.) Research in organizational behavior, v. 7, Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1985, p. 171-222;
MILLER, D., FRIESEN, P. Momentum and revolution in organizational adaptation. Academy of Management Journal, EUA, v. 23, n. 4, p. 591-614, 1980.
7. DRUCKER, P. The coming of the new organization. Harvard Business Review, Boston, v. 66, n. 1, p. 45-53, Jan./Feb. 1988.
8. CAMERON, K. Investigating organizational downsizing: fundamental issues. Human Resource Management, EUA, v. 33, n. 2, p. 183-88, Summer 1994.
9. The anorexic corporation. The Economist, London, v. 3, p. 19-20, Sept. 1994;
When slimming is not enough. The Economist, London, v. 3, p. 5960, Sept. 1994.
10. STONE, G. When Prozac fails, electroshock works. New York Magazine, New York, v. 14, p. 55-9, Nov. 1994;
TWOMBLY, R. Shock therapy returns. New Scientist, EUA, v. 141, n. 1915, p. 5-21, Mar. 1994.
11. ERIKSON, E. Identity, youth and crisis. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1968;
____ . Identity and the life cycte. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1980.
12. ALBERT, S., WHENEN, D. A. Organizational identity. In: CUMMINGS, L. L., STAW, B. M. (eds.), Research in organizational behavior, v. 7, Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1985, p.263-95.
13. p. 265. A partir desta definição, outras abordagens têm sido construídas. Ver: ASHFORTH, B. E., MAEL, F. Social identíty theory and the organization. Academy of Management Review, EUA, v. 14, p. 20-39, 1989;
DUnON, J. E., DUKERICH, J. M. Keeping an eye on the mirror: the role of image and identity in organizational adaptatíon. Academy of Management Joumal, EUA, v. 34, p. 366-75, 1991;
KRAMER, R. M., BREWER, M. B. Effects of group identity on resource use in a simulated commons dilemma. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, v. 46, p.1044-57, 1984.
14. Este modelo constitui uma versão preliminar do quadro de análise. O tema continua sendo objeto de pesquisa dos autores, em busca de um modelo mais completo. Ver CALDAS, M. P., WOOD, Jr, T. Identidade organizacional. Inédito. São Paulo: EAESP/FGV, 1995.
16. As dimensões propostas também levam a perceber como têm sido poucas as pesquisas realizadas neste nível de definição de identidade. Uma exceção é o trabalho de Diamond, cuja noção de identidade parece estar próxima da fronteira entre a Identidade definida internamente e a identidade definida pelo comportamento. DIAMOND, M. A. The unconscious life of organizations: interpreting organizational identity. Westport: Quorum Books, 1993.
17. TAJFEL, H., TURNER, J.C. The social Identity theory of Intergroup behavior. In ; WORCHEL, S., AUSTIN, W. G. (eds.). Psychology of intergroup relations, v. 2, Chicago: Nalson-Hall. 1985, p. 7-24;
GECAS, V. The self-concept. Annual Review of Sociology, EUA, v. 8, p. 1-33, 1982.
18. ASHFDRTH, B. E., MAEL, F. Social identi1y theory and the organization. Academy of Management Review, EUA, v. 14, n. 1, p. 20-39, 1989;
O'RElLLY, C., CHATMAN, J. Organizational commitment and psychological attachment. Joumal of Applied Psychology, EUA, v. 71, p. 49, 1986.
19. KRAMER, R. M., BREWER, M. B. Effects of group identity ... Op. cit.; BROWN, R., WILL1EMS, J. Group identification: the same thing to ali people? Human Relations, v. 37, p. 54764, 1984;
CHATMAN, J. Matching people and organizations. Administrative Science Quartely. New York, v. 36, p.45584,1991.
20. DUNON, J. E., DUKERICH, J. M. Keeping an eve on the mirrar .... Op. cit.; ELSBACH, K. O., KRAMER, R. M. Cognitive strategies for managing organizational identity: a study of business school responses to the 'Business Week' rankings. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management, Dallas, TX. Under revísíon for publicatíon in Administretive science Quartely, 1994; DUnON, J. E., DUKERICH, J. M., HARQUAIL, C. V. Organizational images and member identification. Administrative Science Quartely, New York, v. 39, p. 239-63, 1994.
22. FOMBRUM, C., SHANLEY, M. What's in a name? Reputation building and corporate strategy. Academy of Management Journal, EUA, V. 33, p. 233-58, 1990.
23. GARBM, T. How to build a corporation's identity and project its image. Lexington, MA: D.C. Health and Company, 1988.
24. BECK, B. E. F. Metaphors. cognition and artificial intelligence.ln: HASKELL, R. E. (ed.) Cognition and symbolíc struetures: the psyehology of metaphoríe transformation. Norwood: Ablex, 1987.
27. MORGAN, G. Paradigms, metaphors and puzzle solving in organization theory. Administretive Science Quarterly, New York, 25, p. 605-22, 1980;
___ . Images of organizstion. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1986.
29. WOOD JR., T, CALDAS, M. P. A volta do tratamento de choque. RAE Light, v. 1, n. 4, p. 1315, set./out. 1994.
32.TAYLOR, F. W. Scientific management. New York: Harper & Row, 1947 (1911);
FAYOL, H. General and Industrial management. New York: Pitman, 1949 (1916).
32. SCOTI, W. R. Organizations: rational, natural and open systems. 2 ed. Englewood CIiffs , NJ: Prentice Hall, 1987.
33. HALL, R. Organizations, structure and processo. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1977.
34. MAYO, E. The social problems of an industrial civilization. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1945;
MACGREGOR, O. The human side of the enterprise. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1960.
35. EMERY, F. E., TRIST, E. L. Socio-techinical systems. In: CHURCHMAN, C. W., VERHULST, M. (eds.) Management science models and techníques, v. 2, EUA: Pergamon, 1960.
36. LlKERT, R. New paterns of management. New York: McGraw-Hill,1961.
37. ARGYRIS, C. Interpessoal competence and organizational effectiveness. Homewood, 111.: Dorsey Press, 1962.
38. PERROW, C. Complex organizations: a critical essay. 3. ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1986.
39. BURNS,T,STALKER,G. M. The management of innovation. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1961;
WOODWARD, J. Industrial organization: theory and practice. London: Oxtord University Press, 1965.
40. ANSOFF, H. 1., DECLERCK, R. P., HAYES, R. L. From strategic planning to strategic management. New York: Wiley, 1974.
41. DRUCKER, P. The emerging theory of manufacturing. Harvard Business Review, Boston, V. 68, n. 3, p. 94-102, 1988;
GEHANI, R. R. Quality valuechain: a meta-synthesis of frontiers of quality movement. Academy Management Executive, EUA, V. 7, n. 2, p. 29-42, 1993.
42. DEMING, W. E. Out of crisis. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 1986;
YDUNG, S. Aframework for sucessful adoption ano performance of Japanese manutacturíng practíces in the Unites States. Academy of Management Review, EUA, v.17, p. 677-' 79°,1992.
43. DEAL. T. E., KENNEDY: A. A. Corporate cultures. Readíng, Mass: Addison-Wesley, 1982.
44. TRICE, H. M., SEVER, J. M. Studying organizational culture through rites and cerimoniais. Academy of Managemet Review, EUA, v. 9. n. 4, p. 653-69, 1984.
45. DAVENPORT, T. H. Need radical innovation and continuous improvement? Integrate process reengineering and TQM. Planning Review. EUA, v. 22, n, 3, p. 6-12,1993.
48. ABRAHAMSON, E. Managerial tads and fashions: the diffusion and rejection of innovations. Academy of Management Review, EUA, v. 18, p. 487-517,1991;
CALDAS, M. P., WOOD Jr, T. Inovações gerenciais em ambientes turbulentos. In: WOOD JR., T. (coord.). Mudança organizacional: aprofundando temas atuais em administração de empresas. São Paulo: Atlas, 1995.
49. GIILL, J., WITILE, S. Management by panacea: accounting for transience. Journal of Management Studies, Reino Unido, v. 30, n. 2, p. 281-95, 1992.
52. SHERMAN, S. How will we live with the tumult? Fortune, EUA, v. 13, p. 123-25, 1993.

Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
18 Jul 2012
Data do Fascículo
Out 1995

Histórico

Recebido
Maio 1995
Aceito
Jun 1995

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

[1] 1. CAMERON, K., FREEMAN, S., MISHRA, A. Downsizing and redesigning organizations. In: HUBER, G. P., GLlCK, W. H. (eds.) Organizational change and redesign. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.

[2] 2. TOMASKO, R. Downsizing: reshaping the corporation for the future. New York: Amacon, 1987.

[3] 3. HAMMER, M. Reengineering work: don't automate, obliterate. Harvard Business Review, Boston, v. 68, n. 4, p. 104-12, July/Aug. 1990.

[4] 4. Reengineering reviewed. The Economist, London, p. 66, July 2, 1994.

[5] 5. CASCIO, W. Downsizing: what do we know? What have we learned? Academy of Management Executive, EUA, v. 7, n. 1, p. 95-104, 1993.

[6] 6. TUSHMAN, M., ROMANELLI, E. Organizational evolution: a metamorphosis model of convergence and reorientation. In: STAW, B. M., CUMMINGS, L. L. (eds.) Research in organizational behavior, v. 7, Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1985, p. 171-222;

[7] MILLER, D., FRIESEN, P. Momentum and revolution in organizational adaptation. Academy of Management Journal, EUA, v. 23, n. 4, p. 591-614, 1980.

[8] 7. DRUCKER, P. The coming of the new organization. Harvard Business Review, Boston, v. 66, n. 1, p. 45-53, Jan./Feb. 1988.

[9] 8. CAMERON, K. Investigating organizational downsizing: fundamental issues. Human Resource Management, EUA, v. 33, n. 2, p. 183-88, Summer 1994.

[10] 9. The anorexic corporation. The Economist, London, v. 3, p. 19-20, Sept. 1994;

[11] When slimming is not enough. The Economist, London, v. 3, p. 5960, Sept. 1994.

[12] 10. STONE, G. When Prozac fails, electroshock works. New York Magazine, New York, v. 14, p. 55-9, Nov. 1994;

[13] TWOMBLY, R. Shock therapy returns. New Scientist, EUA, v. 141, n. 1915, p. 5-21, Mar. 1994.

[14] 11. ERIKSON, E. Identity, youth and crisis. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1968;

[15] ____ . Identity and the life cycte. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1980.

[16] 12. ALBERT, S., WHENEN, D. A. Organizational identity. In: CUMMINGS, L. L., STAW, B. M. (eds.), Research in organizational behavior, v. 7, Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1985, p.263-95.

[17] 13. p. 265. A partir desta definição, outras abordagens têm sido construídas. Ver: ASHFORTH, B. E., MAEL, F. Social identíty theory and the organization. Academy of Management Review, EUA, v. 14, p. 20-39, 1989;

[18] DUnON, J. E., DUKERICH, J. M. Keeping an eye on the mirror: the role of image and identity in organizational adaptatíon. Academy of Management Joumal, EUA, v. 34, p. 366-75, 1991;

[19] KRAMER, R. M., BREWER, M. B. Effects of group identity on resource use in a simulated commons dilemma. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, v. 46, p.1044-57, 1984.

[20] 14. Este modelo constitui uma versão preliminar do quadro de análise. O tema continua sendo objeto de pesquisa dos autores, em busca de um modelo mais completo. Ver CALDAS, M. P., WOOD, Jr, T. Identidade organizacional. Inédito. São Paulo: EAESP/FGV, 1995.

[21] 16. As dimensões propostas também levam a perceber como têm sido poucas as pesquisas realizadas neste nível de definição de identidade. Uma exceção é o trabalho de Diamond, cuja noção de identidade parece estar próxima da fronteira entre a Identidade definida internamente e a identidade definida pelo comportamento. DIAMOND, M. A. The unconscious life of organizations: interpreting organizational identity. Westport: Quorum Books, 1993.

[22] 17. TAJFEL, H., TURNER, J.C. The social Identity theory of Intergroup behavior. In ; WORCHEL, S., AUSTIN, W. G. (eds.). Psychology of intergroup relations, v. 2, Chicago: Nalson-Hall. 1985, p. 7-24;

[23] GECAS, V. The self-concept. Annual Review of Sociology, EUA, v. 8, p. 1-33, 1982.

[24] 18. ASHFDRTH, B. E., MAEL, F. Social identi1y theory and the organization. Academy of Management Review, EUA, v. 14, n. 1, p. 20-39, 1989;

[25] O'RElLLY, C., CHATMAN, J. Organizational commitment and psychological attachment. Joumal of Applied Psychology, EUA, v. 71, p. 49, 1986.

[26] 19. KRAMER, R. M., BREWER, M. B. Effects of group identity ... Op. cit.; BROWN, R., WILL1EMS, J. Group identification: the same thing to ali people? Human Relations, v. 37, p. 54764, 1984;

[27] CHATMAN, J. Matching people and organizations. Administrative Science Quartely. New York, v. 36, p.45584,1991.

[28] 20. DUNON, J. E., DUKERICH, J. M. Keeping an eve on the mirrar .... Op. cit.; ELSBACH, K. O., KRAMER, R. M. Cognitive strategies for managing organizational identity: a study of business school responses to the 'Business Week' rankings. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management, Dallas, TX. Under revísíon for publicatíon in Administretive science Quartely, 1994; DUnON, J. E., DUKERICH, J. M., HARQUAIL, C. V. Organizational images and member identification. Administrative Science Quartely, New York, v. 39, p. 239-63, 1994.

[29] 22. FOMBRUM, C., SHANLEY, M. What's in a name? Reputation building and corporate strategy. Academy of Management Journal, EUA, V. 33, p. 233-58, 1990.

[30] 23. GARBM, T. How to build a corporation's identity and project its image. Lexington, MA: D.C. Health and Company, 1988.

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Quem tem medo de eletrochoque: identidade, terapias convulsivas e mudança organizacional

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Histórico