1.Orientados à realização |
Buscar oportunidades e ter iniciativa |
Indivíduos com esse atributo são capazes de reconhecer oportunidades de negócios que os outros não veem. Com isso, estão dispostos a correr riscos e aproveitar oportunidades para iniciar negócios de forma inovadora (Bergner et al., 2021Bergner, S., Auburger, J., & Paleczek, D. (2021). The why and the how: A nexus on how opportunity, risk and personality affect entrepreneurial intention. Journal of Small Business Management, 1-34. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472778.2021.1934849 https://doi.org/10.1080/00472778.2021.19...
; Shane, 2003Shane, S. (2003). A general theory of entrepreneurship: The individual-opportunity nexus. Edward Elgar Publishing.; Shane & Venkataraman, 2000Shane, S., & Venkataraman, S. (2000). The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. The Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 217-226. https://doi.org/10.2307/259271 https://doi.org/10.2307/259271...
). Alguns empreendedores imigrantes, oriundos de países em desenvolvimento, possuem características diferentes daquelas apresentadas pelas populações nativas do país que os recebe. Eles possuem capital social, humano e econômico diferenciado, que lhes permite participar de outros segmentos da estrutura de oportunidades (por exemplo, alimentos étnicos, lojas de roupas étnicas) (Cruz et al., 2018Cruz, E. P., Falcao, R. P. Q., & Barreto, C. R. (2018). Exploring the evolution of ethnic entrepreneurship: The case of Brazilian immigrants in Florida. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 24(5), 971-993. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-08-2016-0239 https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-08-2016-02...
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Correr riscos |
A propensão ao risco de uma pessoa está relacionada a sua capacidade de tomar decisões e enfrentar incertezas em seu projeto de vida com o objetivo de aproveitar as oportunidades (Biswas & Verma, 2021Biswas, A., & Verma, R. K. (2021). Attitude and alertness in personality traits: A pathway to building entrepreneurial intentions among university students. The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 30(2), 367-396. https://doi.org/10.1177/09713557211025656 https://doi.org/10.1177/0971355721102565...
; Block et al., 2015Block, J., Sandner, P., & Spiegel, F. (2015). How do risk attitudes differ within the group of entrepreneurs? The role of motivation and procedural utility. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(1), 183-206. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12060 https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12060...
; Keat et al., 2011Keat, O. Y., Selvarajah, C., & Meyer, D. (2011). Inclination towards entrepreneurship among university students: An empirical study of Malaysian university students. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(4), 206-220.; Schmitt et al., 2018Schmitt, A., Rosing, K., Zhang, S. X., & Leatherbee, M. (2018). A dynamic model of entrepreneurial uncertainty and business opportunity identification: Exploration as a mediator and entrepreneurial self-efficacy as a moderator. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 42(6), 835-859. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258717721482 https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258717721482...
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Exigir eficiência e qualidade |
Por esse atributo, o indivíduo está disposto a alcançar o sucesso e superar expectativas, realizando para isso tarefas planejadas e desafiadoras de maneira a tender os mais altos padrões de qualidade e excelência, bem como respeitando processos estabelecidos (Kern et al., 2016Kern, M. L., Benson, L., Steinberg, E. A., & Steinberg, L. (2016). The EPOCH Measure of Adolescent Well-Being. Psychological Assessment, 28(5), 586-597. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000201 https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000201...
; Pulgarín & Cardona, 2011Pulgarín, M. S. A., & Cardona, A. M. (2011). Caracterización del comportamiento emprendedor para los estudiantes de Administración de la Universidad del Rosario [Characterization of entrepreneurial behavior for Management students at Universidad del Rosario.]. Revista EAN, (71), 22-39. Retrieved from http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/ean/n71/n71a03.pdf http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/ean/n71/n71...
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Persistência |
O atributo diz respeito a capacidade dos indivíduos de focar, se comprometerem e estarem motivados a alcançar os objetivos planejados mesmo tenhdo que enfrentar obstáculos e situações adversas (Biswas & Verma, 2021Biswas, A., & Verma, R. K. (2021). Attitude and alertness in personality traits: A pathway to building entrepreneurial intentions among university students. The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 30(2), 367-396. https://doi.org/10.1177/09713557211025656 https://doi.org/10.1177/0971355721102565...
; Caliendo et al., 2020Caliendo, M., Goethner, M., & Weißenberger, M. (2020). Entrepreneurial persistence beyond survival: Measurement and determinants. Journal of Small Business Management, 58(3), 617-647. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472778.2019.1666532 https://doi.org/10.1080/00472778.2019.16...
; Pulgarín & Cardona, 2011Pulgarín, M. S. A., & Cardona, A. M. (2011). Caracterización del comportamiento emprendedor para los estudiantes de Administración de la Universidad del Rosario [Characterization of entrepreneurial behavior for Management students at Universidad del Rosario.]. Revista EAN, (71), 22-39. Retrieved from http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/ean/n71/n71a03.pdf http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/ean/n71/n71...
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Atuar em conformidade com normas |
Refere-se ao comprometimento e entusiasmo do indivíduo em realizar planos e atingir metas, assumindo responsabilidades (Cardon et al., 2017Cardon, M. S., Mitteness, C., & Sudek, R. (2017). Motivational cues and angel investing: Interactions among enthusiasm, preparedness, and commitment. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 41(6), 1057-1085. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12255 https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12255...
; Chen et al., 2009Chen, X., Yao, X., & Kotha, S. (2009). Entrepreneurial passion and preparedness in business plan presentations. Academy of Management Journal, 52(1), 199-214. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/40390282 https://www.jstor.org/stable/40390282...
). Em termos de acesso a recursos econômicos, é provável que empreendedores imigrantes tenham crédito negado ou consigam empréstimos menores do que os comumente solicitados por empreendedores nativos. Isso se deve, entretanto, a fatores de risco e antecedentes financeiros e não necessariamente pelo fato de serem imigrantes (Cruz et al., 2018Cruz, E. P., Falcao, R. P. Q., & Barreto, C. R. (2018). Exploring the evolution of ethnic entrepreneurship: The case of Brazilian immigrants in Florida. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 24(5), 971-993. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-08-2016-0239 https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-08-2016-02...
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2. Orientados ao planejamento |
Buscar informação |
Refere-se à ação do empreendedor na tomada de decisões e aproveitamento de oportunidades a partir da busca por informações sobre recursos financeiros, pesquisas técnicas e intelectuais (González & Campbell, 2018González, J. D., & Campbell, D. G. (2018). Beyond the enclave: Success strategies of immigrant entrepreneurs. International Journal of Applied Management and Technology, 17(1), 46-57. https://doi.org/10.5590/IJAMT.2018.17.1.04 https://doi.org/10.5590/IJAMT.2018.17.1....
; Soltwisch, 2021Soltwisch, B. W. (2021). When the quest for the best pays off: How maximising entrepreneurs improve performance by creating entrepreneurial and market oriented businesses. The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 30(2), 223-248. https://doi.org/10.1177/09713557211025648 https://doi.org/10.1177/0971355721102564...
). No caso dos imigrantes, busca-se informação relevante junto a outros profissionais também imigrantes (Tienda & Raijman, 2004Tienda, M., & Raijman, R. (2004). Promoting Hispanic immigrant entrepreneurship in Chicago. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 9(1), 1-22.; Triana et al., 1984Triana, A. R., Welsch, H. P., & Young, E. C. (1984). Information search patterns among Hispanic entrepreneurs. Journal of Small Business Management, 22(4), 39-48.), o que lhes permite ter contato com uma rede alternativa de apoio para seu desenvolvimento e integração (Minto-Coy, 2019Minto-Coy, I. D. (2019). From the periphery to the centre: Start-up and growth strategies for minority diaspora entrepreneurs. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 36(1-2), 189-215. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2019.096972 https://doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2019.09697...
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Estabelecer metas |
Refere-se à perseverança, motivação, organização, interesse, persistência e autodisciplina para alcançar objetivos planejados e desafiadores (Hmieleski & Corbett, 2008Hmieleski, K. M., & Corbett, A. C. (2008). The contrasting interaction effects of improvisational behavior with entrepreneurial self-efficacy on new venture performance and entrepreneur work satisfaction. Journal of Business Venturing, 23(4), 482-496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2007.04.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2007....
; McClelland, 1961McClelland, D. (1961). The achieving society. Princeton, USA: Van Nostrand.; Shane et al., 2003Shane, S., Locke, E. A. & Collins, C. J. (2003). Entrepreneurial motivation. Human Resource Management Review, 13(2), 257-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-4822(03)00017-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-4822(03)00...
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Planejar e monitorar sistematicamente |
Corresponde a cognição e conscientização dos indivíduos, o que lhes permite planejar como as metas serão executadas, tomar decisões, delegar responsabilidades e monitorar a implementação dessas metas (Chen et al., 2009Chen, X., Yao, X., & Kotha, S. (2009). Entrepreneurial passion and preparedness in business plan presentations. Academy of Management Journal, 52(1), 199-214. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/40390282 https://www.jstor.org/stable/40390282...
; Das, 2008Das, J. P. (2008). Planning and decision making: Beware of emotions and illusions. The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 17(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/097135570701700101 https://doi.org/10.1177/0971355707017001...
). O planejamento inicial e precoce é influenciado positivamente pelo nível educacional, experiência de vida e educação empreendedora (Block & Petty, 2020Block, J., & Petty, J. S. (2020). How knowledge shapes the scope of early business planning. Journal of Small Business Management, 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472778.2020.1794655 https://doi.org/10.1080/00472778.2020.17...
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3. Orientados ao poder |
Construção de redes de apoio (persuasão) |
Refere-se à capacidade de um indivíduo de se envolver em interações sociais assertivas e explorar os mercados por meio de redes formais e informais reunindo seus pares e de processos de mentoria (González & Campbell, 2018González, J. D., & Campbell, D. G. (2018). Beyond the enclave: Success strategies of immigrant entrepreneurs. International Journal of Applied Management and Technology, 17(1), 46-57. https://doi.org/10.5590/IJAMT.2018.17.1.04 https://doi.org/10.5590/IJAMT.2018.17.1....
). Esse atributo faz parte do capital social do empreendedor imigrante que influencia o acesso a recursos, informações e ao desempenho dos negócios (Jafari-Sadeghi et al., 2020Jafari-Sadeghi, V., Nkongolo-Bakenda, J. M., Dana, L. P., Anderson, R. B., & Biancone, P. P. (2020). Home country institutional context and entrepreneurial internationalization: The significance of human capital attributes. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 18(2), 165-195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10843-019-00264-1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10843-019-00264...
; Liu et al., 2018Liu, C. Y., Ye, L., & Feng, B. (2018). Migrant entrepreneurship in China: Entrepreneurial transition and firm performance. Small Business Economics, 52(3), 681-696. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-017-9979-y https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-017-9979-...
; Tata & Prasad, 2015Tata, J., & Prasad, S. (2015). Immigrant family businesses: Social capital, network benefits and business performance. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 21(6), 842-866. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-06-2014-0111 https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-06-2014-01...
). No caso dos imigrantes, por competirem pelos mesmos empregos e salários com a população nativa, alguns tendem a iniciar um negócio com o apoio de redes migrantes de conterrâneos empreendedores, conseguindo obter alguma renda no país em que estão sendo acolhidos (Martín-Montaner et al., 2018Martín-Mont aner, J., Serrano-Domingo, G., & Requena-Silvente, F. (2018). Networks and self-employed migrants. Small Business Economics, 51(3), 735-755. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-017-9962-7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-017-9962-...
; Schøtt, 2018Schøtt, T. (2018). Entrepreneurial pursuits in the Caribbean diaspora: Networks and their mixed effects. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 30(9-10), 1069-1090. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2018.1515825 https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2018.15...
; Shinnar & Nayır, 2019Shinnar, R. S., & Nayır, D. Z. (2019). Immigrant entrepreneurship in an emerging economy: The case of Turkey. Journal of Small Business Management, 57(2), 559-575. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12408 https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12408...
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Autoconfiança |
Compreende a certeza e segurança que o indivíduo tem sobre suas capacidades para empregar recursos de forma eficiente e eficaz, tomar decisões e iniciar um negócio (Moreno et al., 2007Moreno, J. De J., Castillo, L. L., & Masere, E. De Z. (2007). Influence of entrepreneur type, region and sector effects on business self-confidence: Empirical evidence from Argentine firms. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 19(1), 25-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985620601043372 https://doi.org/10.1080/0898562060104337...
). É também um dos principais atributos que caracterizam o empreendedor proativo e positivo, o que facilita obter maior rentabilidade (Anglin et al., 2018Anglin, A. H., Short, J. C., Drover, W., Stevenson, R. M., McKenny, A. F., & Allison, T. H. (2018). The power of positivity? The influence of positive psychological capital language on crowdfunding performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 33(4), 470-492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2018.03.003 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2018....
; Li et al., 2017Li, M., Liu, Y., Liu, L., & Wang, Z. (2017). Proactive personality and innovative work behavior: The mediating effects of affective states and creative self-efficacy in teachers. Current Psychology, 36(4), 697-706. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-016-9457-8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-016-9457-...
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