Transformational Leadership |
A leadership style that seeks to inspire and motivate followers to surpass their own limitations and commit to ambitious goals and objectives through the establishment of a trusting relationship with the followers, generating not only individual performance change but also a transformation in the overall organizational culture. |
- Creation of an inspiring vision - Transmission of ethical values and high ideals - Development of individuals. |
(Bass & Avolio, 1990Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1990). Developing transformational leadership: 1992 and beyond. Journal of European Industrial Training, 14(5). https://doi.org/10.1108/03090599010135122 https://doi.org/10.1108/0309059901013512...
, 1994Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1994). Transformational leadership and organizational culture. The International Journal of Public Administration, 17(3/4), 541-554. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)01217-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)01...
; Yukl, 2013Yukl, G. (2013). Leadership in organizations (8th ed.). Pearson.). |
Servant Leadership |
A leadership style that focuses on putting the needs of others first. A servant leader prioritizes the well-being and development of their followers rather than seeking only personal success, promoting an environment of trust, respect, and collaboration. |
- Values such as empathy, humility, ethics, and commitment to the common good. |
(Udani & Lorenzo-Molo, 2013Udani, Z. A. S., & Lorenzo-Molo, C. F. (2013). When servant becomes leader: The Corazon C. Aquino success story as a beacon for business leaders. Journal of Business Ethics, 116, 373-391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1449-5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1449-...
; Yukl, 2013Yukl, G. (2013). Leadership in organizations (8th ed.). Pearson.). |
Ethical Leadership |
A leadership style in which leaders rely on strong ethical principles and moral values to guide their actions and decisions, serving as a role model for team members and contributing to the construction of an ethical and healthy organizational culture. |
- Transparency in communications - Respect for diversity Promotion of equal opportunities - Decisions based on ethical criteria and values |
(Fry & Kriger, 2009; Wang et al., 2017Wang, D., Feng, T., & Lawton, A. (2017). Linking ethical leadership with firm performance: A multi-dimensional perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 145, 95-109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2905-9 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2905-...
; Yukl, 2013Yukl, G. (2013). Leadership in organizations (8th ed.). Pearson.). |
Authentic Leadership |
A leadership style based on authenticity and congruence between the leader’s values, beliefs, behaviors, and actions. This allows the leader to create a positive and encouraging workplace, where people feel valued and encouraged to be authentic in their contributions. |
- Authenticity and transparency of the leader in their actions and communication - Congruence between the leader’s ethical values, beliefs, and behaviors. |
(Avolio & Gardner, 2005Avolio, B. J., & Gardner, W. L. (2005). Authentic leadership development: Getting to the root of positive forms of leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(3), 315-338. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.03.001 https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.le...
; Chang et al., 2020Chang, W., Busser, J. & Liu, A. (2020). Authentic leadership and career satisfaction: The meditating role of thriving and conditional effect of psychological contract fulfillment. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32, 2117-2136. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-06-2019-0551 https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-06-2019-05...
; Fry & Kriger, 2009; Yukl, 2013Yukl, G. (2013). Leadership in organizations (8th ed.). Pearson.). |
Spiritual Leadership |
A leadership style that is based on the connection between spiritual values and principles and the practice of leadership. This leader is guided by a higher purpose that goes beyond financial and material results, creating a workplace based on ethical values, mutual respect, balance, and harmony, transcending personal interests, and seeking the spiritual well-being and development of followers and the organization. |
- Congruent ethical and moral values Inspiring purpose Inner life - Personal and spiritual growth - Holistic approach that considers the spiritual dimension of individuals and recognizes its importance in the organizational context. |
(Duchon & Plowman, 2005Duchon, D., & Plowman, D. A. (2005). Nurturing the spirit at work: Impact on work unit performance. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(5), 807-833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.07.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.07...
; Fry, 2003Fry, L. W. (2003). Toward a theory of spiritual leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 14(6), 693-727. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.leaqua.2003.09.001 https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.le...
; Fry & Kriger, 2009; Yukl, 2013Yukl, G. (2013). Leadership in organizations (8th ed.). Pearson.). |