Ionic relationships between macronutrients and sodium in parsley under nutrient solutions prepared with brackish water

Muchecua, Salimo M. H.; Santos Júnior, José A.; Menezes, Sirleide M. de; Silva, Gerônimo F. da; Chaves, Lucia H. G.; Cruz, Ruana I. F.

doi:10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v26n1p11-20

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Articles • Rev. bras. eng. agríc. ambient. 26 (1) • Jan 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v26n1p11-20 copy

Ionic relationships between macronutrients and sodium in parsley under nutrient solutions prepared with brackish water¹ 1 Research developed at Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil. Article extracted from the first author’s Master’s Thesis developed at Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil

Relações iônicas entre macronutrientes e sódio pela salsa sob soluções nutritivas preparadas com águas salobras

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

HIGHLIGHTS:

Use of water with low electrical conductivity in the preparation of nutrient solutions mitigates the effect of salinity.

Increases in ionic concentration show differences in the efficiency of macronutrient use caused by the cationic natures.

Concentration × cationic nature affects ionic relationships differently, impacting the plant diffe-rently.

ABSTRACT

The concentration and nature of ions directly influence ionic relationships between macronutrients and sodium, especially in the context of plants grown under saline conditions. The goal of this study was to analyze the efficiency of use of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S, the efficiency of Na accumulation, and the relationships between Ca⁺², Mg⁺², Na⁺, and K⁺ after analysis of parsley, cultivar Graúda Portuguesa, plant tissues exposed to nutrient solutions prepared with brackish water with different cationic natures. The treatments consisted of exposing plants to nutrient solutions (EC_ns = 1.7, 2.7, 3.7, 4.7, 5.7, and 6.7 dS m^-1) prepared with brackish water obtained by solubilizing different salts, NaCl, CaCl₂.2H₂O, MgCl₂.6H₂O, and KCl in supply water (ECw = 0.12 dS m^-1). Two cultivation cycles were conducted, adopting a completely randomized experimental design in both (6 × 4 factorial scheme), with four replicates. The efficiency of the use of macronutrients and sodium accumulation was more affected by the cationic nature of the water at the highest concentration levels. Except for the Ca⁺² - Mg⁺² ratio, all other cationic ratios were affected by the increase in the concentration of salts in the nutrient solution.

Key words:
Petroselinum crispum; hydroponics; salinity

Electrical conductivity of nutrient solutions (dS m^-1)
	1.7	2.7	3.7	4.7	5.7	6.7	Equation	R²
SDM of bunches (g) – Public-supply water
(EC_ns: p ≤ 0.05; NC: p ≤ 0.05; EC_ns x NC: p ≤ 0.05; CV = 5.52%)
NaCl	8.4750 a	7.5225 a	6.7325 a	6.4275 a	5.9600 a	4.4475 a	$y = - 0.7180 * * x + 9.6098$	0.95
CaCl₂	8.2675 a	7.1450 a	6.6525 a	6.3175 a	3.9500 b	3.3575 b	$y = - 0.9849 * * x + 10.084$	0.93
MgCl₂	8.1750 a	7.6250 a	6.9725 a	4.7850 b	4.0300 b	3.6500 b	$y = - 1.0170 * * x + 10.144$	0.94
KCl	8.3775 a	7.3475 a	6.9225 a	6.3875 a	5.8150 a	4.5100 a	$y = - 0.6991 * * x + 9.4964$	0.96
SDM of bunches (g) – Brackish water
(EC_ns: p ≤ 0.05; NC: p ≤ 0.05; EC_ns x NC: p > 0.05; CV = 8.29%)
NaCl		CaCl₂		MgCl₂		KCl
6.7975 a		6.5450 b		6.5091 b		6.2950 b	$y = - 0.7633 * * x + 9.743$	0.99
Public-supply water - Na⁺/K⁺
(EC_ns: p ≤ 0.01; NC: p ≤ 0.01; EC_ns x NC: p ≤ 0.01; CV = 16%)
CaCl₂	0.3250 a	0.2775 b	0.2760 b	0.2625 b	0.2795 b	0.2525 b	$Ῡ = 0.2788$
KCl	0.2982 a	0.3140 b	0.2977 b	0.2945 b	0.3057 b	0.3010 b	$Ῡ = 0.3018$
MgCl₂	0.3667 a	0.2982 b	0.2810 b	0.2725 b	0.3062 b	0.3727 b	¹ $y = 0.0157 * * x 2 - {0.1306}^{n s} x + 0.5419$	0.98
NaCl	0.3712 a	0.4630 a	0.6125 a	0.8740 a	1.014 a	1.4805 a	$y = 0.2132 * * x + 0.0923$	0.93
Brackish water - Na⁺/K⁺
(EC_ns: p ≤ 0.01; NC: p ≤ 0.01; EC_ns x NC: p ≤ 0.01; CV = 12.26%)
CaCl₂	0.3067 a	0.2912 b	0.3230 b	0.3222 b	0.3420 b	0.3440 b	¹ $y = 0.0096 * x + 0.2810$	0.91
KCl	0.3517 a	0.2655 b	0.2217 c	0.1922 c	0.1840 c	0.1775 d	$y = - 0.0327 * * x + 0.3695$	0.83
MgCl₂	0.2965 a	0.2537 b	0.2197 c	0.2130 c	0.2242 c	0.2557 c	¹ $y = 0.0099 * x^{2} - 0.0914 * * x + 0.4249$	0.99
NaCl	0.3472 a	0.4292 a	0.6740 a	0.8792 a	1.1510 a	1.4027 a	$y = 0.2185 * * x - 0.1038$	0.98
Public-supply water – Na⁺/Ca⁺²
(EC_ns: p ≤ 0.01; NC: p ≤ 0.01; EC_ns x NC: p ≤ 0.01; CV = 35.36%)
CaCl₂	0.6547 a	1.1587 a	1.4185 a	1.7982 a	1.9450 a	2.6215 a	$y = 0.3592 * * x + 0.0908$	0.97
KCl	0.6807 a	0.4907 b	0.4502 c	0.3715 c	0.3480 c	0.2750 c	¹ $y = - {0.0724}^{n s} x + 0.7403$	0.91
MgCl₂	0.5762 a	0.7230 b	0.8095 b	0.8625 b	0.9995 b	1.0850 b	¹ $y = 0.0979 * * x + 0.4315$	0.98
NaCl	0.5285 a	0.4192 b	0.3177 c	0.2545 c	0.2435 c	0.2135 c	¹ $y = - 0.0619 * * x + 0.5894$	0.9
Brackish water – Na⁺/Ca⁺²
(EC_ns: p ≤ 0.01; NC: p ≤ 0.01; EC_ns x NC: p ≤ 0.01; CV = 36.99%)
CaCl₂	2.3175 a	1.3315 b	0.8997 b	1.2722 b	0.7892 b	0.8307 c	$Ῡ = 1.2401$
KCl	0.7552 a	2.6475 a	2.4667 a	2.1957 b	2.1765 a	2.2957 b	$Ῡ = 2.0895$
MgCl₂	2.6752 a	1.4460 b	1.1110 b	0.9407 b	0.9937 b	1.0097 c	¹ $y = 0.1389 * * - 1.4483 * * x + 4.5903$	0.94
NaCl	2.8197 a	2.5197 a	3.3957 a	4.3750 a	2.9487 a	7.2200 a	$y = 0.2437 * * x^{2} - 1.3537 x + 4.5558$	0.68
Public-supply water – Na⁺/Mg⁺²
(EC_ns: p ≤ 0.01; CN: p ≤ 0.01; EC_ns x CN: p ≤ 0.01; CV = 28.20%)
CaCl₂	2.6185 a	2.1580 b	2.1327 c	2.1735 b	2.2155 b	1.8980 b	¹ $y = 0.0176 * * x^{2} - {0.244}^{n s} x + 2.8648$	0.64
KCl	2.6855 a	3.7755 a	4.6082 b	6.8737 a	9.5337 a	15.038 a	$y = 2.3230 * * x - 2.6709$	0.89
MgCl₂	2.7342 a	2.2265 b	1.9542 c	2.5035 b	2.4465 b	2.6500 b	¹ $y = 0.0789 * * x^{2} - {0.6400}^{n s} x + 3.4860$	0.58
NaCl	3.1190 a	4.5542 a	6.7605 a	8.7210 a	10.383 a	13.440 a	$y = 2.0302 * * x - 0.6969$	0.99
Brackish water – Na⁺/Mg⁺²
(EC_ns: p ≤ 0.01; CN: p ≤ 0.01; EC_ns x CN: p ≤ 0.01; CV = 43.37%)
CaCl₂	3.4692 a	2.9645 a	3.1212 b	3.1057 b	3.0807 b	2.6437 c	¹ $y = - {0.0069}^{n s} x^{2} - {0.0502}^{n s} x + 3.4174$	0.58
KCl	4.0752 a	4.2655 a	4.5867 b	5.2887 b	6.1477 a	6.6572 b	¹ $y = {0.5502}^{n s} x + 2.8592$	0.96
MgCl₂	3.1752 a	2.3747 a	2.0577 b	1.9012 b	1.9917 b	2.2777 c	$Ῡ = 2.2797$
NaCl	3.6712 a	4.7117 a	7.5750 a	10.913 a	8.2840 a	19.208 a	$y = 2.6211 * * x - 1.9481$	0.76

Electrical conductivity of nutrient solutions (dS m^-1)
	1.7	2.7	3.7	4.7	5.7	6.7	Equation	R²
Replacement with public-supply water - Ca⁺²/Mg⁺²
(EC_ns: p ≤ 0.01; CN: p ≤ 0.05; EC_ns x CN: p > 0.05; CV = 27.35%)
CaCl₂		KCl		MgCl₂		NaCl
3.3533 a		2.6262 b		2.0467 c		2.2072 c	$y = 0.4046 * * x + 0.8593$	0.97
Replacement with brackish water - Ca⁺²/Mg⁺²
(EC_ns: p ≤ 0.01; CN: p ≤ 0.05; EC_ns x CN: p > 0.05; CV = 42.10%)
CaCl₂		KCl		MgCl₂		NaCl
3.2004 a		2.1947 b		1.8433 b		2.0272 b	$y = - 0.0878 * x^{2} + 0.9908 * * x - 0.0394$	0.92
Replacement with public-supply water - Ca⁺²/K⁺
(EC_ns: p ≤ 0.01; CN: p ≤ 0.01; EC_ns x CN: p ≤ 0.01; CV = 20.66%)
CaCl₂	0.2122 a	0.3172 a	0.3892 a	0.4585 a	0.5460 a	0.6147 a	$y = 0.0791 * * x + 0.0908$	0.99
KCl	0.2015 a	0.1522 b	0.1332 b	0.1092 c	0.1060 c	0.0825 d	$y = - 0.0217 * * x + 0.2217$	0.92
MgCl₂	0.2097 a	0.2147 b	0.2247 b	0.2342 b	0.3017 b	0.4055 b	$y = 0.0129 * * x^{2} - {0.0729}^{n s} x + 0.3055$	0.97
NaCl	0.1922 a	0.1935 b	0.1937 b	0.2222 b	0.2470 b	0.3135 c	$y = 0.0227 * * x + 0.1316$	0.79
Replacement with brackish water - Ca⁺²/K⁺
(EC_ns: p ≤ 0.01; CN: p ≤ 0.01; EC_ns x CN: p > 0.05; CV = 49.63%)
CaCl₂		KCl		MgCl₂		NaCl
0.0346 a		0.0951 c		0.2012 b		0.1685 b	$y = - 0.008 * * x^{2} + 0.0864 * * x - 0.0044$	0.86

Electrical conductivity of nutrient solutions (dS m^-1)
	1.7	2.7	3.7	4.7	5.7	6.7	Equation	R²
Replacement with public-supply water – Total dry mass, TDM (g)
(EC_ns: p ≤ 0.05; NC: p ≤ 0.05; EC_ns x CN: p ≤ 0.05; CV = 5.66%)
CaCl₂	10.22 a	8.71 a	7.63 a	6.90 ab	4.42 b	3.64 b	$y = - 1.3286 * * x + 12.50$	0.9773
KCl	10.69 a	8.94 a	7.81 a	7.07 a	6.50 a	5.08 a	$y = - 1.0317 * * x + 12.015$	0.9707
MgCl₂	10.43 a	8.87 a	7.83 a	5.50 b	4.56 b	3.96 b	$y = - 1.3603 * * x + 12.572$	0.9731
NaCl	8.36 a	7.53 a	6.83 a	6.45 a	5.85 a	4.47 a	$y = - 1.1646 * * x + 12.865$	0.9256
Replacement with brackish water – Total dry mass, TDM (g)
(EC_ns: p ≤ 0.05; CN: p > 0.05; EC_ns x CN: p ≤ 0.05; CV = 7.82%)
CaCl₂		KCl		MgCl₂		NaCl
7.27 ab		7.10 b		7.31 ab		7.54 a	$y = - 0.8089 * * x + 10.699$	0.9969
Replacement with public-supply water - Efficiency of use of nitrogen, NUE (g mg^-1)
(EC_ns: p ≤ 0.01; CN: p ≤ 0.01; EC_ns x CN: p ≤ 0.01; CV = 14%)
CaCl₂	0.4740 a	0.3630 a	0.3262 a	0.3167 a	0.1557 b	0.1357 b	$y = - 0.0664 * * x + 0.5740$	0.92
KCl	0.5442 a	0.4207 a	0.3595 a	0.3417 a	0.3430 a	0.2497 a	$y = - 0.0492 * * x + 0.5833$	0.86
MgCl₂	0.4995 a	0.3952 a	0.3457 a	0.2450 b	0.1812 b	0.1827 b	$y = - 0.0665 * * x + 0.5874$	0.94
NaCl	0.5111 a	0.4162 a	0.3525 a	0.3782 a	0.3737 a	0.2462 a	$y = - 0.0407 * * x + 0.5507$	0.78
Replacement with brackish water - Efficiency of use of nitrogen, NUE (g mg^-1)
(EC_ns: p ≤ 0.01; CN: p ≤ 0.05; EC_ns x CN: p > 0.05; CV = 9.14%)
CaCl₂		KCl		MgCl₂		NaCl
0.2904 b		0.2920 b		0.3062 a		0.3135 a	$y = - 0.0257 * * x + 0.4086$	0.98
Replacement with public-supply water - Efficiency of use of phosphorus, PUE (g mg^-1)
(EC_ns: p < 0.01; CN: p < 0.01; EC_ns x CN: p < 0.01; CV = 14.56%)
CaCl₂	2.9672 a	2.3975 a	2.1070 b	2.1052 b	1.0537 c	0.9157 b	$y = - 0.4083 * * x + 3.6392$	0.92
KCl	3.2950 a	2.7012 a	2.7550 a	2.8182 a	3.1015 a	2.4872 a	$Ῡ = 2.0728$
MgCl₂	2.9132 a	2.3830 a	2.0730 b	1.6675 b	1.3115 c	1.3610 b	$y = - 0.3252 * * x + 3.3173$	0.94
NaCl	3.2808 a	2.5188 a	2.1005 b	2.0025 b	1.8970 b	1.1850 b	$y = - 0.3555 * * x + 3.6571$	0.9
Replacement with brackish water - Efficiency of use of phosphorus, PUE (g mg^-1)
(EC_ns: p ≤ 0.01; CN: p ≤ 0.01; EC_ns x CN: p ≤ 0.01; CV = 10.94%)
CaCl₂	3.0155 a	2.7687 a	2.5777 a	2.4125 a	2.1782 a	2.1977 a	$y = - 0.1722 * * x + 3.2481$	0.95
KCl	2.6795 a	2.0677 b	1.7897 b	1.8825 b	1.8992 a	2.1185 a	$y = 0.0952 * * x^{2} - 0.8920 * * x + 3.8614$	0.94
MgCl₂	2.9675 a	2.4090 b	2.1267 b	1.9975 b	1.8922 a	2.0160 a	$y = - 0.1839 * * x + 3.0073$	0.73
NaCl	2.9497 a	2.9202 a	2.4360 a	2.2307 a	1.8190 a	1.6432 b	$y = - 0.2869 * * x + 3.5381$	0.96
Replacement with public-supply water - Efficiency of use of potassium, KUE (g mg^-1)
(EC_ns: p ≤ 0.01; CN: p ≤ 0.01; EC_ns x CN: p ≤ 0.01; CV = 14.70%)
CaCl₂	0.4898 a	0.3890 a	0.3598 a	0.3533 a	0.1903 b	0.1820 b	$y = - 0.0612 * * x + 0.5843$	0.91
KCl	0.5233 a	0.3208 b	0.2373 b	0.1883 b	0.1778 b	0.1200 c	$y = - 0.0713 * * x + 0.5605$	0.84
MgCl₂	0.4988 a	0.3403 b	0.2735 b	0.1928 b	0.1668 b	0.1948 b	$y = - 0.0606 * * x + 0.5323$	0.81
NaCl	0.5178 a	0.4000 a	0.3278 a	0.3890 a	0.4035 a	0.3283 a	$y = 0.0099 * x^{2} - 0.1089 * * x + 0.646$	0.6
Replacement with brackish water - Efficiency of use of potassium, KUE (g mg^-1)
(EC_ns: p ≤ 0.01; CN: p ≤ 0.01; EC_ns x CN: p ≤ 0.01; CV = 11.42%)
CaCl₂	0.3527 a	0.3355 a	0.3495 a	0.3170 a	0.2835 a	0.3157 a	$Ῡ = 0.3256$
KCl	0.3377 a	0.2347 c	0.1840 c	0.1592 c	0.1257 c	0.1230 c	$y = - 0.04073 * * x + 0.3651$	0.87
MgCl₂	0.3492 a	0.2805 b	0.2390 b	0.2142 b	0.2130 b	0.2127 b	$y = - 0.0260 * * x + 0.3606$	0.79
NaCl	0.3532 a	0.3347 a	0.3325 a	0.3202 a	0.3190 a	0.3135 a	$Ῡ = 0.3286$

Electrical conductivity of nutrient solutions (dS m^-1)
	1.7	2.7	3.7	4.7	5.7	6.7	Equation	R²
Replacement with public-supply water - Efficiency of use of calcium, CaUE
(EC_ns: p ≤ 0.01; Cn: p ≤ 0.01; EC_ns x Cn: p ≤ 0.01; CV = 17.82%)
CaCl₂	2.3515 a	1.2305 b	0.9262 b	0.7737 b	0.3455 b	0.3285 c	$y = - 0.3692 * * x + 2.5434$	0.84
KCl	2.5997 a	2.1280 a	1.8107 a	1.7190 a	1.7072 a	1.4535 a	$y = - 0.2024 * * x + 2.7533$	0.87
MgCl₂	2.4015 a	1.5785 b	1.2247 b	0.8342 b	0.6300 b	0.5012 c	$y = - 0.3639 * * x + 2.7235$	0.91
NaCl	2.6922 a	2.0742 a	1.6930 a	1.7610 a	1.6372 a	1.0507 b	$y = - 0.2700 * * x + 2.9521$	0.86
Replacement with brackish water - - Efficiency of use of calcium. CaUE
(EC_ns: p ≤ 0.01; Cn: p ≤ 0.05; EC_ns x CN: p > 0.05; CV = 32.80%)
CaCl₂		KCl		MgCl2		NaCl
1.2962 b		1.9913 a		1.4656 b		1.7619 a	$y = - 0.3214 * * x + 2.9788$	0.76
Replacement with public-supply water - Efficiency of use of magnesium, MgUE
(EC_ns: p ≤ 0.01; Cn: p ≤ 0.01; EC_ns x Cn: p ≤ 0.01; CV = 27.47%)
CaCl₂	3.9532 a	3.0225 a	2.7800 b	2.9450 b	1.4830 c	1.4092 c	$y = - 0.4907 * * x + 4.6597$	0.87
KCl	4.7115 a	3.8525 a	3.6725 a	4.3572 a	5.5980 a	6.1655 a	$y = 0.2288 * * x^{2} - {1.5454}^{n s} x + 6.5127$	0.92
MgCl₂	3.7260 a	2.5242 a	1.9647 b	1.8995 b	1.3405 c	1.4015 c	$y = - 0.4354 * * x + 3.9714$	0.84
NaCl	4.3830 a	3.9410 a	3.5995 a	3.8505 a	4.1397 b	2.9867 b	$Ῡ = 0.3817$
Replacement with brackish water - Efficiency of use of magnesium, MgUE
(EC_ns: p ≤ 0.01; Cn: p ≤ 0.01; EC_ns x Cn: p ≤ 0.01; CV = 20.51%)
CaCl₂	4.0035 a	3.4285 a	3.3762 a	3.0652 b	2.5355 a	2.4300 a	$y = - 0.3102 * * x + 4.4427$	0.95
KCl	3.9177 a	3.7762 a	3.8165 a	4.3727 a	4.1972 b	4.6320 b	$Ῡ = 3.9520$
MgCl₂	3.7662 a	2.6105 b	2.2232 b	1.9312 c	1.8957 a	1.8585 a	$y = - 0.3421 * * x + 3.8179$	0.75
NaCl	3.6727 a	3.6777 a	3.7447 a	3.9787 a	2.0915 a	4.3177 b	$Ῡ = 3.5805$
Replacement with public-supply water - - Efficiency of use of sulfur, SUE
(EC_ns: p ≤ 0.01; Cn: p ≤ 0.01; EC_ns x Cn: p ≤ 0.05; CV = 14.72%)
CaCl₂	10.805 a	7.3252 b	6.4427 b	6.4035 b	3.4620 c	3.2297 b	$y = - 1.4145 * * x + 12.2189$	0.9
KCl	11.795 a	9.0942 a	8.0235 a	7.8105 a	7.7615 b	5.8477 a	$y = - 0.9700 * * x + 12.6428$	0.84
MgCl₂	10.539 a	7.7477 b	6.9977 b	4.9000 c	3.9540 c	4.1157 b	$y = - 1.3028 * * x + 11.8475$	0.9
NaCl	11.573 a	9.7722 a	8.3767 a	10.413 a	10.436 a	7.2772 a	$y = - 0.49862 * * x + 11.7358$	0.36
Replacement with brackish water - - Efficiency of use of sulfur, SUE
(EC_ns: p ≤ 0.01; Cn: p ≤ 0.05; EC_ns x CN: p > 0.05; CV = 8.73%)
CaCl₂		KCl		MgCl₂		NaCl
7.2995 a		7.6212 a		6.8879 b		6.5562 b	$y = - 0.3503 * * x + 8.5625$	0.86
Replacement with brackish water - - Efficiency of use of sodium, NUEa
(EC_ns: p ≤ 0.01; Cn: p ≤ 0.01; EC_ns x Cn: p ≤ 0.01; CV = 19.21%)
CaCl₂	1.5100 a	1.4305 a	1.3142 a	1.3922 a	0.6792 a	0.7580 a	$y = - 0.1696 * * x + 1.8930$	0.75
KCl	1.4737 a	1.0470 b	0.7965 c	0.6385 b	0.5932 a	0.3977 b	$y = - 0.1971 * * x + 1.6524$	0.91
MgCl₂	1.3642 a	1.1435 b	0.9850 b	0.7095 b	0.5455 a	0.5275 a	$y = - 0.1787 * * x + 1.6296$	0.96
NaCl	1.4257 a	0.8722 b	0.5395 d	0.4447 b	0.3972 a	0.2247 b	$y = - 0.2150 * * x + 1.5537$	0.85
Replacement with brackish water - - Efficiency of use of sodium, NUEa
(EC_ns: p ≤ 0.01; Cn: p ≤ 0.01; EC_ns x Cn: p ≤ 0.01; CV = 12.42%)
CaCl₂	1.1185 a	1.1657 a	1.0930 a	0.9947 a	0.8510 a	0.9282 a	$y = - 0.0569 * * x + 1.2645$	0.77
KCl	1.1092 a	0.8852 b	0.8365 b	0.8287 b	0.6835 b	0.6985 b	$y = - 0.0762 * * x + 1.1603$	0.85
MgCl₂	1.1067 a	1.1082 a	1.0867 a	1.0110 a	0.9522 a	0.8550 a	$y = - 0.0515 * * x + 1.2363$	0.89
NaCl	1.0877 a	0.7797 b	0.4960 c	0.3642 c	0.2827 c	0.2232 c	$y = - 0.1699 * * x + 1.2524$	0.90

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[1] * Corresponding author - E-mail: ruanairis@gmail.com