Two new species of Neurigona Rondani from northern and northeastern Brazil (Diptera, Dolichopodidae)

Two new species of Neurigona Rondani from northern and northeastern Brazil (Diptera, Dolichopodidae)

Renato Soares Capellari

Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Biologia, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040- 901 Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brasil. [e-mail]

ABSTRACT

Two new species of Neurigona Rondani from northern and northeastern Brazil (Diptera, Dolichopodidae). Two new species of Neurigona Rondani (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) of the brevitibia-group are described from northern and northeastern Brazil: N. lenae sp. nov. and N. manauara sp. nov. A key to males of the brevitibia-group is provided.

Keywords: Insecta; Neotropical region; Neurigoninae; taxonomy.

Members of the subfamily Neurigoninae (Diptera, Dolichopodidae) can be recognized by the following combination of characters: dorsal postcranium flat; sub-apical to dorsal arista-like stylus; face with dense pruinosity; proepisternum with setae; posterior slope of mesonotum flattened; legs elongate and bare of major setae; male abdominal segments 4 and/or 5 sometimes with ventral modifications; segment 7 bare, forming a peduncle; and hypopygium usually globular (Bickel 1998, 2009). They represent around 3% of the known diversity of Dolichopodidae, with 225 described species distributed in 16 genera. Nevertheless only Neurigona Rondani accounts for more than a half of this, with 155 known species (Yang et al. 2006; Wang et al. 2006, 2007, 2010, Grichanov 2010; Capellari & Amorim 2011).

In his revision of the Neotropical Neurigoninae, Naglis (2001a,b, 2002a,b, 2003) recognized 84 species placed in ten genera, and since then only a single monotypic genus was added to that fauna by Capellari and Amorim (2011). The Neotropical Neurigona comprise at present 39 valid species, and the genus can be recognized as follows: proboscis with pair of long ventral hairs; thorax usually ochreous-yellow with mesonotal depression and scutellum sometimes metallic green; midtibia with anterodorsal, posterodorsal and ventral setae; tarsomere 1 of midleg usually with strong setae; abdomen yellow, frequently with dark tergal bands; cercus with digitiform internal median projection (Naglis 2003; Bickel 2009). Naglis (2003) sustained Neurigona as a paraphyletic holding genus, but established species-groups as a basis for further phylogenetic analysis. Accordingly, only two species were previously ascribed to the brevitibia-group: Neurigona brevitibia Naglis, 2003 (from Venezuela, Peru and northern Brazil) and N. cantareira Naglis, 2003 (from southeastern Brazil). In this paper, two new species of Neurigona belonging to the brevitibia-group are described and an identification key to its included species is provided.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The material used in this study belongs to the following collections (with their respective acronyms): Canadian National Collection, Ottawa, Canada (CNCI), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Amazônicas, Manaus, Brazil (INPA) and Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (MZSP). Label data for holotypes are cited verbatim in quotation marks (lines separated by " | "), and annotations in square brackets. The morphological nomenclature used here follows mainly Cumming and Wood (2009) and Naglis (2001a,b, 2002a,b, 2003) for hypopygial characters. Body length was measured from the insertion of the antenna to the tip of segment 7. Wing length was measured from the base to the apex of the wing, and the width, at the widest point of the wing, both given as ranges. Measurements for podomeres are representative ratios and are given according the formula: trochanter + femur, tibia, tarsomeres 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. CuAx ratio represents the proportion between the length of the dm-cu crossvein and the distal section of the cubital vein, while RMx ratio, that between the length between R₂₊₃ and R₄₊₅ and the length between R₄₊₅ and M₁ at costal margin.

The following abbreviations are used in the description and figures: I, II, III: pro-, meso-, metathoracic legs; A₁, anal vein; C, costal vein; Cer, cercus; CuA, basal part of anterior branch of cubital vein; Cx, coxa; dm-cu, discal medial-cubital crossvein; DSur, dorsal lobe of surstylus; F, femur; Hyp, hypandrium; EpL, lateral epandrial lobe; M, medial vein; Pgon, postgonite; Ph, phallus; R, radial vein; St, sternite; T, tibia; Tg, tergite; t_1-5, tarsomeres 1 to 5; VSur, ventral lobe of surstylus. While describing the hypopygium, 'dorsal' and 'ventral' refer to the morphological position prior to genitalic rotation and flexion; as such, the top of drawings in lateral view is actually ventral in position on the specimens, and the bottom, dorsal. Photographs were taken using a Leica DC camera attached to a Leica MZ16 stereomicroscope (wing) and to a DM2500 transmission microscope (antennae), mounted in AutoMontage software and worked in Photoshop CS4.

TAXONOMY

Neurigona Rondani

Neurigona Rondani, 1856: 142. Type species: Musca quadrifasciata Fabricius, 1781: 448 (by original designation).

Saucropus Loew, 1857: 41. Unnecessary new name for Neurigona.

Remarks. Delimitation of the genus prior to Naglis (2001a,b, 2002a, b, 2003) consisted of a large and heterogeneous assemblage of species with neurigonine-like characters (for a general description of the genus, see Naglis 2003). Indeed, several species of Neurigona were transferred to other genera of Neurigoninae in Naglis' revision. It is possible that even more species from outside the Neotropical region need to be treated elsewhere.

The brevitibia-group

Emended diagnosis (modified from Naglis 2003: 276). Achrosticals absent; dorsocentrals consisting of 3 strong setae and 0-2 shorter setae anteriad and restricted posteriad of mesonotal suture; dorsum of mesonotum densely covered with setulae, including anterior part of mesonotal depression (in both sexes); pre-sutural intra-alar seta reduced; TII with 2 antero-dorsal, 2 postero-dorsal, 1 antero-ventral, and 2 postero-ventral to ventral setae; IIt₁ with strong posterior seta; abdominal segment 5 without ventral projection. Distribution: from Venezuela to southeastern Brazil.

Key to males of the brevitibia-group of Neurigona (modified from Naglis 2003)

1. Achrosticals absent; dorsum of mesonotum with dense short setulae on anterior two-thirds, including anterior part of mesonotal depression; dorsocentrals consisting of 3 pairs of strong setae and 0-2 reduced setulae anteriad; abdominal segment 5 without ventral projection .......................................brevitibia-group ..............2 1'. Achrosticals present in two rows; dorsum of mesonotum with short setulae on anterior one-third, mesonotal depression bare; dorsocentrals usually consisting of 6-7 pairs; abdominal segment 5 with or without ventral projection .............................. ............................................................................other Neotropical Neurigona 2. Ventral surface of all femora with rows of conspicuous setae; row of stout ventral setae from It₁ to base of It₃; genital capsule light yellow, somewhat translucent; dorsal lobe of surstylus three times longer than ventral lobe (Fig. 7) [northern Brazil] . ....................................................................................N. manauara sp. nov. 2'. Ventral surface of all femora without rows of conspicuous setae; tarsus I without row of stout ventral setae; genital capsule brown, opaque; dorsal lobe of surstylus shorter than ventral lobe .............................................................................3 3. Postpedicel triangular (Fig. 2); genital capsule brownish, dorsal lobe of surstylus with two long, curved setae, extending to cercus level (Fig. 4); cercus without median digitiform projection (Fig. 5) [northeastern Brazil] ............N. lenae sp. nov. 3'. Postpedicel squared to trapezoid; genital capsule dark, dorsal lobe of surstylus only with short setae, never extending to cercus level; cercus with median digitiform projection (Naglis 2003: figs. 1b, 2) ..............................................................4 4. Only 3 pairs of strong dorsocentrals; ventral lobe of surstylus with spine-like apical seta; lateral epandrial lobe not projecting above ventral border of hypopygium (Naglis 2003: fig.1b) [Venezuela, Peru and northern Brazil] .....................N. brevitibia Naglis 4'. Three pairs of strong dorsocentrals and 2 reduced setae anteriad; ventral lobe of surstylus with two leaf-like apical setae; lateral epandrial lobe projecting above ventral border of hypopygium (Naglis 2003: fig. 2) [southeastern Brazil] ................ ......................................................................................N. cantareira Naglis

 

 

Neurigona lenae sp. nov.

(Figs. 1-2, 4-6)

Description. Male. Body length: 3.5-3.8 mm. Wing: 3.4-3.5 mm long, 1.1-1.2 mm wide. Head. Frons dark green, with little polinosity, around one-quarter of head width, slightly converging ventrally; face obliterated by contiguous eyes at middle, a small yellow triangle above and below; palpus yellow, covered by few brownish setulae, and some pale larger setae at apex; proboscis yellow with short whitish hairs; pair of divergent strong ocellar setae, almost twice longer than verticals; pair of short post-ocellar setae; pair of strong proclinate vertical setae; pair of slightly convergent paravertical setae, almost as long as verticals; post-oculars in a single row of pale setae, 3-5 dorsalmost black, the dorsalmost distinct longer than remaining; occiput metallic dark green, slightly concave. Antenna (Fig. 2) yellow, pedicel and postpedicel darker; pedicel with crown of apical setae, postpedicel subtriangular; stylus dorsally inserted with short pubescence, bi-articulate at base. Thorax. Dorsum of mesonotum ochreous-yellow, mesonotal depression dark brown with greenish reflections, scutellum light brown with some yellowish areas, remaining of pleura, including notopleuron, light yellow, except by a small black spot below wing insertion. Achrostical setae absent, dorsum of mesonotum, including anterior part of mesonotal depression, covered by short setae; dorsocentral setae reduced to 3 posterior strong pairs and 1-2 reduced pairs anteriad, posterior to transverse suture; 1 reduced pre- and 1 post-sutural intra-alar setae; 1 pre- and 1 post-sutural supra-alar setae; 1 long post-alar setae and 1 tiny hair anteriad; 2 notopleural setae; 1 strong post-pronotal seta and 3 tiny hairs; lower surface of proepisternum with 1 strong white seta below and 1 setula above; upper surface of proepisternum in front of anterior spiracle with 1 short white seta; scutellum with pair of strong median scutellars and 1 pair smaller laterad, about one-third as long as median scutellars. Wing (Fig. 1). Membrane hyaline, with brownish tinge anterior to R₄₊₅. C ending at wing apex; R₁ ending just before half of the wing; R₂₊₃ straight, ending at the apical fifth of the wing; R₄₊₅ slightly curved backwards; apical half of distal part of M₁ gently bent anteriorly; RMx ratio, 3.0; CuAx ratio, 0.4; A₁ strong, reaching wing margin. Lower calypter and cilia yellowish; stem of halter yellow, knob brownish yellow. Legs. I: 27, 28, 16, 10, 6, 3, 2. II: 33, 30, 31, 11, 7, 5, 3. III: 34, 46, 12, 17, 9, 6, 3. Mostly yellow, tarsi darkened. Pulvilli and claws present in all legs. Femora with short vestiture and devoid of major setae. Leg I. Anterior surface of CxI covered by short black setae, the ventralmost whitish, outer edge with long pale setae. Leg II. Anterior surface of CxII covered by black setae, outer edge with 1-2 pale setae; TII with 2-3 antero-dorsal, 2 postero-dorsal, 2-3 anteroventral, 2 postero-ventral, and 3 apical setae; IIt₁ with 1 strong posterior seta at very base and some smaller scattered setae. Leg III. Lateral of CxIII with long black setae at basal onequarter, sometimes with 2 tiny setae above; TIII with 3-4 more conspicuous dorsal setae and 3 apical setae. Abdomen. Mostly dark yellow, St1-5 paler.Tg2-5 with anterior dark brown bands on dorsum, widening in posterior tergites (anterior half in Tg2 and almost the entire tergite in Tg5), and covered by vestiture of black setae; Tg6 yellow with brownish dorsum, bare; Tg7 and St7 yellowish, bare; St8 brown, with two diagonal rows of white setae. Hypopygium (Figs. 4-6). Genital capsule, hypandrium and epandrial lobe brown, surstylus whitish. Hypandrium short, basally fused to epandrium. Epandrial lobe rugose at apex, with 2 apical setae, and an internal projection bearing 1 apical seta. Ventral lobe of surstylus with ventral curve projection bearing 1 long seta directed dorsally; two long joined setae, curved apically; inner wall of ventral lobe of surstylus with some hairs distally. Dorsal lobe of surstylus simple, subtriangular, shorter than ventral lobe. Postgonites extending outside genital capsule. Cercus with strong apical seta, ventrally curved. Female. Unknown.

Etymology. Named after my mother Maria Helena, amorously "Lena".

Remarks. N. lenae sp. nov. can be easily separated from the other species of the group by the triangular postpedicel. It is superficially similar to N. brevitibia and N. cantareira, but can be distinguished by its rugose epandrial lobe, long and curved setae on ventral lobe of surstylus and cercus without median projection.

Type material. Holotype male, "BIOTA-FAPESP [vertical line] | Brasil, PE [Pernambuco State], Recife | Parque dos Dois Irmãos | Malaise Trilha Ponto 5, 17-20.vii.2002 | S.T.P. Amarante e eq. cols.", "Neurigona | lenae | Capellari 2013 Holotype [red label]" (MZSP). Paratypes (all in MZSP, except when noted): 6 males, same data as the holotype; 6 males, same data, but "20-23.vii.2002"; 4 males, same data, but "trilha ponto 6, 17- 20.vii.2002" (INPA); 2 males, same data, but "bosque ponto 5, 17- 20.vii.2002" (INPA); 3 males, same data but "bosque ponto 3, 17-20.vii.2002" (CNCI); 4 males, same data, but "trilha ponto 4, 17- 20.vii.2002" (INPA); 2 males, same data, but "trilha ponto 3, 17- 20.vii.2002"; 1 male (mounted on slide), same data, but "bosque 4, 17-20.vii.2002".

Additional examined material. 1 male, Paraíba, João Pessoa, Campus Universitário (UFPB), 1-31.x.1987, malaise, D.S. Amorim & S.H.S. Tozoni leg. (MZSP).

Neurigona manauara sp. nov.

(Figs. 3, 7-9)

Description. Male. Similar to N. lenae sp. nov., except as noted. Body length: 3.2-3.8 mm. Wing: 3.2-3.6 mm long, 1.1-1.3 mm wide. Head. Antenna (Fig. 3) wholly yellow; postpedicel trapezoid, ventral half shortly projected. Thorax. Dorsum of mesonotum ochreous-yellow, mesonotal depression and scutellum light brown, scutellum darker posteriorly, remaining of pleura, including notopleuron, light yellow. Dorsocentral setae reduced to 3 posterior strong pairs and 0-1 reduced pair anteriad, posterior to transverse suture; 1 strong post-pronotal seta and 2 tiny hairs. Wing. RMx ratio, 4.4; CuAx ratio, 0.4. Lower calypter and cilia yellowish; halter yellow, knob a little darker. Legs. I: 26, 27, 18, 11, 7, 4, 2. II: 32, 28, 31, 12, 9, 6, 3. III: 36, 46, 12, 18, 11, 7, 3. Mostly yellow, tarsi darkened, I and II from apex of It₁. Femora with short vestiture. Leg I. Anterior surface of CxI covered by short black setae, setae on outer edge and apico-lateral setae longer; ventral surface of FI with irregular rows of more conspicuous setae, as long as three-quarters diameter of femur; tarsus I with row of ventral stout setae from It₁ to base of It₃. Leg II. Anterior surface of CxII covered by black setae; FII with antero-ventral row of setae and a row of longer, as long as diameter of femur, ventral setae on basal half; TII with 2 antero-dorsal, 2 posterodorsal, 1-2 antero-ventral, 1 ventral, and 3-4 apical setae; IIt₁ with one more conspicuous posterior seta at very base and some smaller scattered setae. Leg III. Lateral of CxIII with long black setae at basal one-quarter, sometimes with 2 tiny setae above; basal half of FIII with antero-ventral row of setae decreasing in size towards apex (longest ones a little longer than diameter of femur); TIII with 5-6 more conspicuous dorsal setae and 3 apicals. Abdomen. Mostly dark yellow, St1-5 paler.Anterior half of Tg2-3 with two lateral dark brown bands extending dorsally, in Tg3 almost contiguous; Tg4-5 dark brown, only a posterior yellow strip; Tg6-7 and St7 yellow and bare; St8 yellow, with two diagonal rows of pale setae. Hypopygium (Figs. 7-9). Genital capsule mainly light yellow, somewhat translucent in some specimens. Hypandrium short, basally fused to epandrium. Epandrial lobe rugose at apex, covered by short setae. Ventral lobe of surstylus divided into three lobes: ventral bare, medial with bush-like comb of setae, dorsal with strong apical seta. Dorsal lobe of surstylus three times longer than ventral lobe, tapering apically. Postgonites extending outside genital capsule, bifurcate at apex. Cercus with median projection, with 1 apical and 1 stronger lateral seta. Female. Unknown.

Etymology. Toponymic, meaning "from Manaus".

Remarks. N. manauara sp. nov. is distinctive from all other species of the group by the femora with antero-ventral rows of setae, row of stout ventral setae from It₁ to base of It₃ and by genitalic features.

Type material. Holotype male, "BRASIL, AM [Amazonas], Manaus | Res. km 41 | PDBFF, Trilha J I-SB | 07-08.vii.2004 | R. Querino col.", "Neurigona | manauara | Capellari 2013 Holotype [red label]" (INPA). Paratypes (all in INPA, except when noted): 7 males (1 mounted in slide), same data as the holotype; 7 males, same data, but "trilha C I-SB, 07- 08.vii.2004"; 2 males, same data, but "trilha AB B-SB, 16-17.ii.2005"; 4 males, same data, but "trilha LL B-SB, 16-17.ii.2005"; 2 males, same data, but "trilha LL I-SB, 24-25.xi.2004"; 2 males, same data, but "trilha LL B-SB, 02-04.ii.2005"; 4 males, same data, but "trilha LL B-SB, 24- 25.xi.2004" (CNCI); 3 males same data, but "trilha C B-SB, 16- 17.ii.2005" (MZSP); 2 males, same data, but "trilha AB B-SB, 07-08.vii.2004" (MZSP); 3 males same data, but "trilha AB B-SB, 30.iii- 01.iv.2005" (MZSP); 2 males, same data, but "trilha R I-SB, 07- 08.vii.2004"; 3 males same data, but "trilha AB B-SB, 16-18.iii.2005"; 2 males, same data, but "trilha LL B-SB, 22.xii.2004-07.i.2005"; 1 male (mounted in slide) same data, but "trilha EE I-SB, 24-25.xi.2004" (MZSP).

DISCUSSION

Diagnostic characters provided by Naglis (2003) for the brevitibia-group included modified thoracic and leg setation, abdominal segment 5 without ventral projection and ventral lobe of surstylus with short curved apical tip. All but configuration of surstylus are present in the newly described species. Indeed, N. brevitibia and N. cantareira share very similar hypopygial morphology, both with ventral lobe of surstylus with curved apex bearing 1-2 flattened setae, assumed by Naglis (2003: figs. 1b and 2) to be diagnostic for the group at that time. Although N. lenae sp. nov. has two joined setae on ventral lobe of surstylus, its configuration is quite distinct and as such the shape of surstylus can no longer be considered diagnostic for the brevitibia-group. On the other hand, thoracic chaetotaxy is not only diagnostic but also likely synapomorphic for the entire group. Absent acrostichals and reduction of both dorsocentrals and intraalar setae possibly form a set of dependent characters, once similar features also evolved elsewhere, like in the Oriental N. angulata de Meijere, with quadriserial acrostichals, anteriorly reduced dorsocentrals, and reduced supra-alar seta (Grootaert 2009). Similarly, the genera of Coeloglutini Coeloglutus Aldrich, Neotonnoiria Robinson, and Mberu Capellari & Amorim all have anteriorly reduced dorsocentrals and pre-sutural intra-alar seta reduced or lost (Naglis 2001a; Capellari & Amorim 2010). Nevertheless the modified thoracic chaetotaxy as seen in the brevitibia-group is uniquely acquired and hence a reliable synapomorphy for all species.

Furthermore, additional comments regarding hypopygial morphology can be made, particularly on the shape of postgonites. In the Palearctic Neurigona quadrifasciata Fabricius, postgonites are elongate and delicate structures connected basally and bifurcate at apex, covered by microtrichia (see Ulrich 1974: fig. 34, as "Appendix dorsalis"). This condition is present in at least some other Palearctic species, such as N. anomaloptera Negrobov, N. flavella Negrobov, N. kasparyani Negrobov, N. pullata Negrobov, and N. unicinata Negrobov (see figures in Negrobov 1987 and Negrobov & Fursov 1988). A similar configuration is found in the genus Medetera Fischer von Waldheim, as figured for some Nearctic species by Bickel (1985, as "bottle-brush-like aedeagal projection"): Medetera aldrichii Wheeler, M. maura Wheeler, M. neomelancholica Bickel, M. pinicola Kowarz and M. vidua Wheeler. Assuming Neurigoninae and Medeterinae as being closely related taxa (e.g., Robinson 1970; Bickel 1985), delicate postgonites covered by microtrichia (only apically in Medetera) could be traced back to the common ancestor of both subfamilies. Postgonites in N. lenae sp. nov. and N. manauara sp. nov. (Figs. 5 and 8) are visibly more sclerotized than in Palearctic species, and so are in N. cantareira (holotype examined, MZSP), but shorter. A more detailed survey of this character through Neotropical Neurigona can clarify its distribution and check if the condition seen in the brevitibia-group is indeed synapomorphic.

As initially defined by Naglis (2003), the brevitibia-group probably constitutes as a pair of sister-species, both with very similar overall habitus and hypopygial morphology. In spite of the emended diagnosis here provided for the brevitibiagroup, few modifications are needed to accommodate the new species, and the group likely still composes a clade within Neurigona, as indicated by thoracic chaetotaxy.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Carlos J. E. Lamas (MZSP) and Augusto L. Henriques (INPA) facilitated loan of specimens and Maria Isabel P. A. Balbi carefully prepared them for analysis. Stefan Naglis (University of Zurich, Switzerland) and Dan Bickel (Australian Museum, Sydney) provided useful comments on the manuscript. Hans Meyer (Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel) kindly donated specimens of the Palearctic Neurigona quadrifasciata for examination. This work benefited from FAPESP grants 2008/58224-3 and 2013/01392-0.

Received 10 May 2013; accepted 7 July 2013

Associate Editor: Marcia S. Couri

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  24 Sept 2013
• Date of issue
  Sept 2013

History

• Received
  10 May 2013
• Accepted
  07 July 2013