Root distribution of irrigated grapevine rootstocks in a coarse texture soil of the São Francisco Valley, Brazil

Distribuição radicular de porta-enxertos de videiras irrigadas em um solo de textura arenosa do Vale do São Francisco

ROOT DISTRIBUTION OF IRRIGATED GRAPEVINE ROOTSTOCKS IN A COARSE TEXTURE SOIL OF THE SÃO FRANCISCO VALLEY, BRAZIL¹

LUÍS HENRIQUE BASSOI², LEILSON COSTA GRANGEIRO³, JOSÉ ANTONIO MOURA E SILVA³, EMANUEL ELDER GOMES DA SILVA³

ABSTRACT- An experiment was carried out to determine the root distribution of four grapevine rootstocks (Salt Creek, Dogridge, Courdec 1613, IAC 572) in a coarse texture soil of a commercial growing area in Petrolina County, São Francisco Valley, Brazil. Rootstocks were grafted to a seedless table grape cv. Festival, and irrigated by microsprinkler. Roots were quantified by the trench wall method aided by digital image analysis. Results indicated that roots reached 1 m depth, but few differences among rootstocks were found. All of them presented at least 90 % of the roots distributed until 0.6 m depth, with a greater root presence in the first 0.4 m. The upper 0.6 m can be taken into account as the effective rooting depth for soil and water management.

Index terms: grapevine, root system, digital image analysis

DISTRIBUIÇÃO RADICULAR DE PORTA-ENXERTOS DE VIDEIRAS IRRIGADAS EM UM SOLO DE TEXTURA ARENOSA DO VALE DO SÃO FRANCISCO

RESUMO ¾ Um experimento foi conduzido para se determinar a distribuição radicular de quatro porta-enxertos (Salt Creek, Dogridge, Courdec 1613, IAC 572) em um solo de textura arenosa, em um plantio comercial em Petrolina - PE, no Vale do São Francisco. Os porta-enxertos foram enxertados com a cv. de uva de mesa sem sementes Festival, e irrigados por microaspersão. As raízes foram quantificadas pelo método da parede da trincheira auxiliado pela análise de imagem digital. Os resultados indicaram que as raízes atingiram 1 m de profundidade, mas poucas diferenças entre os porta-enxertos foram observadas. Cerca de 90% do sistema radicular de todos os porta-enxertos estavam distribuídos até 0,6 m de profundidade, mas houve uma grande presença de raízes até 0,4 m. A camada superficial de solo de 0,6 m pode ser considerada como a profundidade efetiva do sistema radicular para fins de manejo de solo e água.

Termos para indexação: videira, sistema radicular, análise de imagem digital

INTRODUCTION

The importance of rootstock evaluation in a specific growing area is due to the influence of site conditions. So, criteria such as phylloxera, phytophtora and nematodes infestation, soil type, chlorosis inducing power of the soil, soil depth, drought, water logging, salinity, and vigor conferred to the scion have been used to evaluate rootstocks (Delas, 1992; Southey, 1992). Other analyses about rootstock/scion interactions as partitioning of dry weight and nutrients (Williams & Smith, 1991), root distribution and density (Southey & Archer, 1988; Morano & Kliewer, 1994), leaf water potential, yield, and berry composition (Ezzahouani & Williams, 1995) have been also performed.

The spatial root distribution of grapevines is determined by the soil environment (Nagarajah, 1987; Morlat & Jacquet, 1993), as well as by the practices that alter it (Van Hysteen, 1988). Differences in root distribution (Perry et al., 1983; Swanepoel & Southey, 1989) and in root density (Southey & Archer, 1988; Williams & Smith, 1991) have been demonstrated among rootstocks within a given soil environment. In addition, it has been pointed out that edaphic conditions determine the distribution of roots in the soil profile while genetic factors determine the density of roots (Southey & Archer, 1988; Williams & Smith, 1991).

Each rootstock presents undesirable characteristics and only the local experimentation can determine with acceptable precision the most adapted for the specific site, and more than one rootstock is recommended for large areas (Pommer et al., 1997).

Hence, the aim of this study was to quantify the root distribution of four rootstocks grafted to seedless table grape in a specific soil condition of a commercial growing area at Petrolina County, in the São Francisco Valley, in the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Root evaluation was performed in January 2000 at a commercial growing area in Petrolina County, in the São Francisco Valley, Brazil. Rootstocks Salt Creek, Dogridge, Courdec 1613, and IAC 572 were grafted to seedless table grape cv. Festival. The vineyard was planted in June 1995 with 3.5 m spacing between rows and 3.0 m between plants. Grapevines have been irrigated by one microsprinkler in the row and between two plants, with wetting pattern over all soil surface.

Trenches with 1 m depth and 6 m width were dug between plant rows to expose half system of two plants. For each rootstock, two trenches, i.e., four plants were analyzed, and the distance of trench wall to the trunk was 0.2 m. Soil samples in each 0.2 m depth increment were collected to perform physical and chemical analyses in laboratory according to procedures described by Embrapa (1997). A thin layer of soil (1-2 cm) was carefully removed from the wall along the whole trench, and visible roots (generally with diameter larger than 1 mm) were painted with white ink to enhance color contrast between the roots and the soil. A 3 m x 1.5 m wire-wood frame with a grid of 0.2 m x 0.2 m was pressed on the trench wall and pictures with a digital camera (resolution of 640 x 480 pixels) were taken from each 0.04 m² area along the whole trench. Pictures were transferred to a computer as BMP files for analysis by the Integrated System for Root and Soil Coverage Analysis ¾ SIARCS (Crestana et al., 1994). The variables root area (A_r, cm²) and root length (L_r, cm) were measured and their means in each 0.2 m x 0.2 m were analyzed by T-test against depth and rootstock using a repeated measures design. This was necessary because the root variables value at one depth is not independent on the other one at the next depth (Morano & Kliewer, 1994). The values of A_r and L_r were integrated in each 0.2 m soil layer to obtain their average fractional distribution over the entire soil profile, and the root diameter (D_r, mm) was estimated by the ratio A_r / L_r (Bassoi et al., 2000). The correlation coefficients (p < 0.05) between both root variables in each 0.2 m x 0.2 m and between averaged fractional distributions were also obtained.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Taking into consideration both A_r and L_r, rootstock Courdec 1613 was the one with greater amount of roots at 0-0.2 and at 0.2-0.4 m depths, which means a more homogeneous distribution until 0.4 m depth, where most of the roots were presented for all rootstocks. In the first soil layer, Dog Ridge presented fewer roots, but in the second one it was similar to Courdec 1613. In 0.4-0.6 m and 0.6¾0.8 m depths, basically there were no differences in the root distribution among rootstocks, while that at 0.8-1.0 m it was noted a smaller root presence in Courdec 1613 in comparison with others (Table 1). It should be mentioned that in Courdec 1613 trenches, the amount of organic matter was visibly higher, and the soil analysis showed that at 0-0.2 m depth its content was 2.8 %, while in the other three ones it was around 0.6 %. Probably, this condition has contributed to a greater root proliferation in Courdec 1613 site at upper soil layer. Correlation coefficient between both variables was 0.813, and A_r values of all rootstocks were plotted for a visual observation (Figure 1).

The correlation coefficient between A_r and L_r fractional distributions was 0.995. So, only A_r fractional distribution is presented. It is cleared up that almost all of the root systems were present until 0.6 m depth, although a greater amount was in the upper 0.4 m depth. D_r estimation was smaller for Salt Creek, while it was greater for Dogridge, and in general, values presented little variation between soil depths (Table 2).

Inside the plant row, most of the roots from all rootstocks reached the distance of 1.1m from the trunk, i.e., 80% for Salt Creek, 81% for Dogridge, 81% for Courdec 1613, and 77% for IAC 572. Hence, roots from one plant seem to almost crossover with others from the neighbor plant due to growth characteristics, organic matter application, and wetting pattern of the microsprinklers.

As grapevine root distribution in the soil profile is dependent on edaphic conditions (Nagarajah, 1987; Morlat & Jacquet, 1993), the soil depth with higher root presence has varied around 0.4 m (Nappi et al., 1985), 0.5 m (Padgett-Jonhson, 1999), 0.8 m (Stevens & Douglas, 1994), 1.0 m (Araujo et al., 1995), and 2.4 m (Williams & Smith, 1991). Some of the factors influencing it are the irrigation system, age of the plant, rootstock, spacing grid, and physical-chemical soil conditions. In this study, the 0.4 m soil depth presented a greater root presence for all rootstocks, and a sharp decreasing has occurred from this point to 0.6 m. Below of this depth, the reduction was gradual. In addition, Bassoi et al. (1998) found out similar results about rooting depth of rootstock IAC 313 grafted to cv. Italia also under irrigation and in a coarse texture soil of the São Francisco Valley. It is supposed that manure application (generally 20-40 L per vine), a common practice of the table grape crop system in the São Francisco Valley, has provided better root proliferation conditions on the upper soil layers. Morlat & Jacquet (1983) also reported a higher grapevine root presence in a sandy soil horizon with higher organic matter content. According to Reichardt (1981), the main factors to few deep rooting in tropical soils are low pH, high exchangeable aluminum, compaction, inadequate aeration, and low retention and transmission of water. In this study, soil texture in the 1 m profile was 84 % of sand, 6 % of silt and 10 % of clay, and water holding capacity at 0.1 atm was less than 0.110 cm³.cm^-3. Soil pH was 6.7 , 7.7 , 7.3 , 5.6 , and 4.4 at 0-0.2 , 0.2-0.4 , 0.4-0.6 , 0.6-0.8 and 0.8-1.0 m depth, respectively, while organic matter content was less than 1 % in the three first layers. As pointed out by Bassoi et al. (2000), correlation coefficients found between root variables were high, and they were better for the average fractional distribution. Greater percentage of grapevine roots have been found within D_r < 0.5 mm (Van Zyl, 1988), D_r < 1 mm (Morlat & Jacquet, 1993) and D_r < 2 mm (Morano & Kliewer, 1994; Padgett-Johnson, 1999). So, D_r estimation found in this study was in accordance with others.

CONCLUSION

In a coarse texture soil of the São Francisco Valley, Brazil, grapevine rootstocks Salt Creek, Dogridge, Courdec 1613 and IAC 572 grafted to cv. Festival and under microsprinkler irrigation, presented a greater root presence until 0.4 m depth, with a sharp decreasing from this point to 0.6 m. As around 90 % of the roots were distributed until the upper 0.6 m soil, this soil layer should be taken into consideration as the effective rooting depth for soil and water management. In the horizontal direction and inside the plant row, at least 80 % of the roots were found until the distance of 1.1 m from the trunk.

REFERENCES

References

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  19 July 2002
• Date of issue
  Apr 2002

History

• Received
  19 Feb 2001
• Accepted
  01 Nov 2002