Entrepreneurship and Nursing: integrative review

Integrative literature review in the following databases: Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), EMBASE, SCOPUS, Web of Science, PubMed, Medline, Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS), Nursing Database (BDENF), Index Psychology and National Information Center of Medical Sciences of Cuba (CUMED). We included available studies in their totality in the period from 2007 to 2017.

Results:

22 articles were included. The categories that emerged from the study are the following: Concepts of entrepreneurship in nursing, Profile of the entrepreneur nurse, Business Diversity, Business Management, Barriers to business entrepreneurship in nursing, Support to entrepreneurial nurses and Entrepreneurship in Nursing Undergraduate.

Conclusion:

There is a need to prepare nurses with adequate skills to increase the capacity to integrate into the labor market and to improve their own well-being and that of society.

Descriptors:
Entrepreneurship; Job Market; Occupational Health; Nursing; Education, Nursing

Seq.	Article/authors/year	Objective of the Study
2	Rising to the challenge of health care reform with entrepreneurial and intrapreneurial nursing initiatives (Wilson, Whitaker & Whitford, 2012)⁽²2 Wilson A, Whitaker N, Whitford D. Rising to the challenge of health care reform with entrepreneurial and intrapreneurial nursing initiatives. Online J Issues Nurs. 2012 17(2):5. doi: 0.3912/OJIN.Vol17No02Man05 https://doi.org/0.3912/OJIN.Vol17No02Man... ⁾	To provide a global perspective on the evolution of nursing functions to innovation in health care. A historical view of entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship is offered. It also includes the discussion of a social entrepreneurship approach for Nursing, configurations for intrapreneur nurses and implications for research and practice.
6	Barriers to nurse entrepreneurship: a study of the process model of entrepreneurship (Elango, Hunter & Winchell, 2007)⁽⁶6 Elango B, Hunter GL, Winchell M. Barriers to nurse entrepreneurship: A study of the process model of entrepreneurship. J Am Acad Nurse Pract [Internet]. 2007[cited 2017 Oct 02];19:198-204. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1745-7599.2007.00215.x https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf... ⁾.	To collect information from nursing professionals through focus groups on the barriers to starting a business.
12	Iranian entrepreneur nurses' perceived barriers to entrepreneurship: A qualitative study (Jahani, Abedi, Elahi & Masoud , 2016)⁽¹²12 Jahani S, Abedi H, Elahi N, Fallahi-Khoshknab M. Iranian entrepreneur nurses' perceived barriers to entrepreneurship: a qualitative study. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2016;21(1):45-53. doi: 10.4103/1735-9066.174749. https://doi.org/10.4103/1735-9066.174749... ⁾	To describe the barriers perceived by Iranian entrepreneur nurses to entrepreneurship.
13	Entrepreneurial nurses and midwives in the United Kingdom: an integrative review (Drennan et al, 2007)⁽¹³13 Drennan V, Davis K, Goodman C, Humphrey C, Locke R, Mark A, Murray SF, Traynor M. Entrepreneurial nurses and midwives in the United Kingdom: an integrative review. J Adv Nurs [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2017 Oct 19];60:459-69. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04458.x https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf... ⁾	To investigate: the extent of business activity by nurses, midwives and health visitors in the United Kingdom and (b) the factors that influenced these activities.
14	An investigation of the international literature on nurse practitioner private practice models (Currie, Chiarella & Buckley, 2013)⁽¹⁴14 Currie J, Chiarella M; Buckley T. An investigation of the international literature on nurse practitioner private practice models. Int Nurs Rev. 2013; 60:435-47.⁾	To investigate and synthesize international literature around private nurse practice (NP) models to provide an exposition of common points and differences.
15	Nursing entrepreneurship: motivators, strategies and possibilities for professional advancement and health system change (Wall, 2013)⁽¹⁵15 Wall S. Nursing entrepreneurship: Motivators, strategies and possibilities for professional advancement and health system change. Nurs Leadership [Internet]. 2013[cited 2017 Oct 19];26(2):29-40. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/inr.12060 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf... ⁾	To explore the experiences of autonomous nurses, who see themselves as leaders in the advancement of the nursing profession, and their contribution to health care.
16	When the business of nursing was the nursing business: the private duty registry system, 1900-1940 (Whelan, 2012)⁽¹⁶16 Whelan JC. When the business of nursing was the nursing business: the private duty registry system, 1900-1940. Online J Issues Nurs. 2012;17(2):6. doi: 10.3912/OJIN.Vol17No02Man06 https://doi.org/10.3912/OJIN.Vol17No02Ma... ⁾	To describe the labor market origins of private law nurses as the primary field of employment for early nurses and ways in which the private law registry system has connected nurses and patients in the US.
17	Education for entrepreneurship in nursing (Boore & Porter, 2011)⁽¹⁷17 Boore J, Porter S. Education for entrepreneurship in nursing. Nurse Educ Today [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2017 Sep 12];31:184-91. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2010.05.016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2010.05.0... ⁾	To present a strategy for the development of entrepreneurship education in a region of the United Kingdom and its integration into a pre-registration nursing program (NICENT)
18	Nurse entrepreneurs' attitudes to management, their adoption of the manager's role and managerial assertiveness (Sankelo & Akerblad, 2008)⁽¹⁸18 Sankelo M, Åkerblad L. Nurse entrepreneurs' attitudes to management, their adoption of the manager's role and managerial assertiveness. J Nurs Management [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2017 Sep 12];16:829-836. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1365-2834.2008.00917.x https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf... ⁾	To explore the attitudes of Finnish nurses entrepreneurs for management, adopting the manager's role, managerial leadership skills, development and management training needs and associated factors.
19	Do nursing students have entrepreuner profile? (Roncon & Munhoz, 2009)⁽¹⁹19 Roncon PF, Munhoz S. [Do nursing students have entrepreuner profile?] Rev Bras Enferm.[Internet]. 2009 [cited 2017 Sep 29];62(5). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-71672009000500007. Portuguese. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-71672009... ⁾	To know the profile of the undergraduate students of an undergraduate nursing course on entrepreneurship.
20	Consulting in occupational health nursing (Roy, 2013)⁽²⁰20 Roy R. Consulting in Occupational Health Nursing: An Overview. Workplace Health Saf [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2017 Oct 19];61(1):43-9. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/216507991306100106 http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1... ⁾	To provide an overview of the consulting practice, process, roles, and roles of Occupational Health nursing consultants and present some common characteristics of successful consultants.
21	Entrepreneurship in Nursing: overview of companies in the State of São Paulo (Andrade, Dal Ben & Sanna, 2015)⁽²¹21 Andrade AC, Dal Ben LW, Sanna MC. Entrepreneurship in Nursing: overview of companies in the State of São Paulo. Rev Bras Enferm [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2017 Oct 19];68(1):40-4. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/reben/v68n1/en_0034-7167-reben-68-01-0040.pdf http://www.scielo.br/pdf/reben/v68n1/en_... ⁾	To identify and characterize the nursing companies run by registered nurses registered in the Commercial Board of the State of São Paulo until 2011.
22	Self-employed nurses as change agents in healthcare: strategies, consequences, and possibilities (Wall, 2014)⁽²²22 Wall S. Self-employed nurses as change agents in healthcare: strategies, consequences, and possibilities. 2014. J Health Organ Manag [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2017 Oct 19];28(4):511-31. Available from: https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/full/10.1108/JHOM-03-2013-0049 https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/full/... ⁾	To investigate how independent professionals perceive the contemporary health field, what attributes they have that facilitate their roles as agents of change, what strategies they use to influence change and what consequences they face in their actions, thus contributing to that is known about organizational change in institutionalized contexts, such as health.
23	Dimensions of precariousness in an emerging sector of self-employment: A study of self-employed nurses (Wall, 2015)⁽²³23 Wall S. Dimensions of precariousness in an emerging sector of self employment: a study of self employed nurses. Gend Work Org [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2017 Oct 19];22(3):221-36. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/gwao.12071 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full... ⁾	To examine the experiences of independent nurses in order to better understand self-employment in occupational care work from the point of view of precariousness.
24	Embedding nursing and therapy consultantship: the case of stroke consultants (Burton, Bennett & Gibbon, 2009)⁽²⁴24 Burton CR, Bennett B, Gibbon B. Embedding nursing and therapy consultantship: the case of stroke consultants. J Clin Nurs [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2017 Oct 19];18(2):246-54. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.02028.x https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/... ⁾	To explore the factors that shape how consultants have been incorporated into stroke services in the UK while opportunities for experienced professionals to advance their careers in clinical practice.
25	Providing Healthcare Services at Home-A Necessity in Iran: A Narrative Review (Nikbakht-Nasrabadi & Shabany-Hamedan, 2016)⁽²⁵25 Nikbakht-Nasrabadi A, Shabany-Hamedan M. Providing Healthcare Services at Home-A Necessity in Iran: A Narrative Review Article. Iran J Public Health [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2017 Oct 19];45(7):867-74. Available from: http://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/7317/5457 http://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/ar... ⁾	To investigate a comprehensive system to provide the provision of home health care in Iran.
26	Advancing nursing enterprises: A cross-country comparison (Pittman & Salmon, 2016)⁽²⁶26 Pittman P, Salmon ME. Advancing nursing enterprises: A cross-country comparison. Nurs Outlook [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2017 Oct 19];64(1):24-32. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029655415002705 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... ⁾	To explore cases of nursing companies in the developing world and discuss their potential to report related work in the United States.
27	What are consulting services worth?: applying cost analysis techniques to evaluate effectiveness (Mastroianni & Machles, 2013)⁽²⁷27 Mastroianni K, Machles D. What are consulting services worth?: applying cost analysis techniques to evaluate effectiveness. Workplace Health Saf [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2017 Oct 19];61(1):31-41.Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/216507991306100105. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1... ⁾	To report how occupational health nursing consultants, whether internal or external to the organization, should document the benefit and effectiveness of the services provided.
28	Ten common mistakes to avoid as an independent consultant: an update (Hau, 2013)⁽²⁸28 Hau ML. Ten common mistakes to avoid as an independent consultant: an update. Workplace Health Saf [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2017 Oct 19];61(1);11-8. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/216507991306100103 http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1... ⁾	To describe errors in assumptions and business practices that limit the success of a nursing consultant and ways to avoid them.
29	From unmet clinical need to entrepreneurship: taking your informatics solution to market (Bowles & Heil, 2014)⁽²⁹29 Bowles KH, Heil E. From unmet clinical need to entrepreneurship: taking your informatics solution to market. Stud Health Technol Inform [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2017 Oct 19]; 201:315-20. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4435675/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article... ⁾	To describe the process for taking a decision-making solution in the market as a business by sharing the steps of answering a clinical question, registering an invention, creating a business and business plan, securing venture funding, and launching a commercial product.
30	Patient satisfaction with retail health clinic care (Hunter et al, 2009)⁽³⁰30 Hunter LP, Weber CE, Morreale AP, Wall JH. Patient satisfaction with retail health clinic care. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2017 Oct 19];21(10):565-70. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1745-7599.2009.00447.x. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full... ⁾	To analyze patient satisfaction with care provided at two retail clinics by family nursing professionals (FNPs) and physician assistants (PAs).
31	Social cognitive determinants of entrepreneurial career choice in university students (Lanero, Vázquez & Aza, 2015)⁽³¹31 Lanero A, Vázquez JL, Aza CL. Social cognitive determinants of entrepreneurial career choice in university students. Int Small Bus J [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2017 Oct 19];34(8):1053-75. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0266242615612882 http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1... ⁾	To test a business career choice model in college students based on the Cognitive Social Career Theory, verifying whether business interests affect career choice and whether perceived self-efficacy is related to expectations of outcomes and whether both constructs affect interests and choice career.

Associação Brasileira de Enfermagem SGA Norte Quadra 603 Conj. "B" - Av. L2 Norte 70830-102 Brasília, DF, Brasil, Tel.: (55 61) 3226-0653, Fax: (55 61) 3225-4473 - Brasília - DF - Brazil
E-mail: reben@abennacional.org.br

Acompanhe os números deste periódico no seu leitor de RSS

[1] Corresponding Author: Rosana Maria Barreto Colichi E-mail: rosana@fmb.unesp.br