Dumitriu et al., 2020(1414 Dumitriu D, Emeruwa UM, Hanft E, Liao GV, Ludwig E, Walzer L, et al. Outcomes of neonates born to mothers with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection at a large medical center in New York City. JAMA Pediatrics. 2021;175(2):157-67. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.4298
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2...
) |
United States |
Review of analysis of medical records of mothers infected with COVID-19 and infants assisted in two large teaching hospitals in New York. |
101 infants born to mothers diagnosed with COVID-19. |
Analysis according to maternal symptoms: asymptomatic mothers; with mild symptoms; and with severe symptoms of the infection. |
EBF rate at discharge. |
- EBF prevalence (total): 40.6%;
- Asymptomatic mothers: 42.9% (41/101);
- With mild symptoms: 40.6% (39/91);
- With severe symptoms – 20% (2/10).
There was no statistically significant difference between groups.
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100% |
Farghaly Kupferman, Castillo & Kim, 2020(1515 Farghaly MAA, Kupferman F, Castillo F, Kim RM. Characteristics of newborns born to SARS-CoV-2- positive mothers: a retrospective cohort study. Am J Perinatol. 2020;37(13):1310-6. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1715862
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1715862...
) |
United States |
Review of electronic medical records of mothers and babies assisted at a teaching hospital in New York. |
79 pregnant women tested; 15 infants born to mothers diagnosed with COVID-19. |
Comparative analysis between children of mothers with COVID-19 (15) and children of mothers without infection (64). |
EBF rate at discharge. |
- BF prevalence in infants of mothers with COVID-19 = 33.3% (n = 5); 66.7% (n = 10) with artificial feeding;
- BF prevalence in infants of mothers without COVID-19 (n = 64) = 67.2% (n = 43), with 32.8% (n = 21) on artificial BF
P-value = 0.016 and risk of artificial feeding were 4 times higher in mothers with COVID-19.
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100% |
Gabriel et al., 2020(1616 Gabriel MAM, Vergeli MR, Carbonero SC, Sole L, Molina TC, Calle IR, et al. Maternal, perinatal and neonatal outcomes with COVID-19: a multicenter study of 242 pregnancies and their 248 infant newborn during the first month of life. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2020;39(12):e393-e397. https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000002902
https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.000000000000...
) |
Spain |
Review of medical records of pregnant women diagnosed with COVID-19 at the end of pregnancy and their infants assisted in 16 hospitals in Spain. |
242 pregnant women with PCR or positive serological test for COVID-19, with a follow-up of 248 infants. |
Analysis at different times: after childbirth; at discharge; and in the first month of life (childcare consultation). |
EBF rate at discharge. |
- EBF prevalence in the first hour of life (n = 248): 54.8% (n = 136) for EBF, 28.6% (n = 71) for artificial feeding; and 16.5% (n = 41) for human milk bank milk;
- At discharge (n = 247): 41.7% (n = 103) for BF; 38.4% (n = 95) for mixed (BF + formula); and 19.8% (n = 49) for artificial feeding.
- In the first month (n = 235): 40.4% (n = 95) for EBF; 35.7% (n = 84) for mixed; and 23.8% (n = 56) for artificial feeding.
EBF rates reduced over time.
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|
Malhotra et al., 2021(1717 Malhotra Y, Knight C, Patil UD, Sutton H, Sinclair T, Rossberg MC, et al. Impacting of practices on SARS-Cov-2 positive mothers and ther newborns in the largest public healthcare system in America. J Perinatol. 2021;41:970-80. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-021-01023-8
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-021-01023...
) |
United States |
Review of electronic medical records of dyads (mother and infant) whose mothers were diagnosed with COVID-19, assisted in 11 hospitals with maternity care in New York. |
286 dyads (mothers and infants) whose mothers tested positive for COVID-19. |
Analysis in 03 groups of dyads of mothers diagnosed with COVID-19:
- Positive/positive (mother and infant with positive PCR);
- Positive/negative (mother positive and infant negative);
- Positive/not tested (mother positive and infant not tested).
|
EBF rate at discharge. |
EBF prevalence at discharge:
- Positive/positive dyads (n = 11): 82%;
- Positive/negative dyads (n=245): 55%;
- Positive/not tested dyads (n = 30): 70%.
The mean EBF prevalence was 57%.
Higher EBF rates were observed when both had a positive result.
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100% |
Norman et al., 2021(1818 Norman M, Navér L, Soderling J, Ahlberg P, Askling HH, Aronsson B, et al. Association of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregancy wirh neonatal outocomes. JAMA. 2021;325:2076-86. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.5757
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.5757...
) |
Sweden |
Review of prenatal care electronic records, infant birth data and notification of COVID-19 cases in pregnant women, based on national data triangulation. |
Included data for 88,159 births. Of these, 2,323 cases of mothers who tested positive for COVID-19 were analyzed. |
Analysis of results of mothers with and without COVID-19. |
EBF rate at discharge. |
BF prevalence:
- Mean: 94.3% (71,245/75,556);
- 5.7% (4,311/75,556) on artificial feeding; ignored data (n = 10,280);
- 94.4% (n = 1,888/2,000) in infants born to mothers with COVID-19;
- 5.6% (n = 112/2,000) on artificial feeding; ignored data (n = 323);
- 95.1% (n =7,873/8,281) in infants with mothers without infection;
- 4.9% (408/8,281) on artificial feeding; ignored data (n = 449). There were no statistical differences between groups.
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100% |
Oncel et al., 2020(1919 Oncel MY, Akın IM, Kanburoglu MK, Tayman C, Coskun S, Narter F, et al. A multicenter study on epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 125 newborns born to women infected with COVID-19 by Turkish Neonatal Society. Eur J Pediatr. 2021;180(3):733-42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-020-03767-5
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-020-03767...
) |
Turkey |
Assessment of infants born to mothers with COVID-19 who were isolated in Neonatal Care Units of 34 hospitals in Turkey. |
Included 125 infants of mothers with COVID-19. |
Analysis in two groups: infants born to mothers with COVID-19 with positive PCR results (n = 121); infants born to mothers with COVID-19 with negative PCR results (n = 04). |
EBF rate at discharge. |
BF prevalence:
Infants with negative PCR: 45.6% for BF (n = 9); 7.4% for BF with precautions; 37.2% (n = 45) for expressed milk; It is 55.4% for artificial feeding.
Infants with positive PCR (n = 04): 100% EBF.
There were no statistical differences between groups.
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100% |
Popofsky et al., 2020(2020 Popofsky S, Noor A, Leavens-Maurer J, Quintos-Alagheband ML, Mock A, Vinci A, et al. Impact of maternal severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 detection on breastfeeding due to infant separation at birth. J Pediatr. 2020;226:64-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.08.004
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.08....
) |
United States |
Survey carried out in the hospital and after discharge, via telephone contact, with mothers with COVID who had their children in 03 hospitals linked to a university in New York. |
160 mothers were contacted and 85 answered the questionnaire. |
Comparative analysis between binomials that were separated during hospitalization and that remained in rooming-in. |
BF rate at discharge. |
BF prevalence at discharge:
infants in accommodation:
- 27.8% for EBF; 22.2% (n = 8) for EBF; and 5.6% (n=2) for expressed milk;
- 72.2% for artificial feeding; 27.8% (n = 10) for artificial feeding; - 44.4% (n = 16) for mixed BF (maternal + artificial).
Infants separated from mother:
- 4.1% for BF; 4.1% (n = 4) for expressed milk; for 86.9% artificial feeding;
- 72.6% (n = 50) for artificial feeding; and 14.3% (n=7) for mixed feeding. p<0.001 – separation increased artificial feeding rates.
The COVID-19 infection also altered maternal plans to breastfeed the NB (p <0.001).
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100% |
Salvatore et al., 2020(2121 Salvatore CM, Han JY, Acker KP, Tiwari P, Jin J, Brandler M, et al. Neonatal management and outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic: an observation cohort study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020;4(10):721–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30235-2
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30...
) |
United States |
Review of medical records of mothers with COVID-19 and their infants from three New York specialty hospitals. |
Of the 1,481 births, 1,16 mothers tested positive for COVID-19 (8%) and gave birth to 120 infants assessed at discharge and 82 at follow-up up to 1 month. |
Assessment at four different times: during hospitalization; 5 to 7 days; 14 days; and 1 month old.
Compared infants with complete follow-up (all assessments) and without follow-up.
|
BF rate in the first week of life. |
BF prevalence between the 5th and 7th days of life:
78% (n = 64) for EB and 22% (n = 18) for artificial feeding.
In the first month, there was an increase in EBF prevalence (85%) and a reduction in artificial feeding (15%).
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100% |
Sánchez-Luna et al., 2021(2222 Sánchez-Luna M, Colomer BF, Romero CA, Allen AA, Souto AB, Longueira FC, et al. Neonates born to mothers with COVID-19: data from Spanish Society of Neonatology Registry. Pediatrics. 2021;147(2):e2020015065. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020.015065
https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020.015065...
) |
Spain |
Analysis of real-time electronic records of cases of children of mothers with COVID-19 from 79 Spanish hospitals. |
497 mothers with COVID-19 and 503 infants. |
There was no comparison between groups. |
BF rate at discharge. |
BF prevalence: 59.5% (n=339) of BF; 48.8% (n = 245) of EBF; 10.7% (n = 94) milk from a milk bank (donation); 40.5% (n = 203) artificial feeding; 18.5% (n = 93) mixed; 21.9% (n = 110) of artificial feeding. |
100% |
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(A, B) forest plot of breastfeeding prevalence (A); and forest plot for artificial feeding prevalence (B).
(A, B) forest plot of breastfeeding prevalence according to study design – cohort or cross-sectional (A); and forest plot for artificial feeding prevalence according to study design – cohort or cross-sectional (B).
(A, B) forest plot for breastfeeding prevalence according to year of publication – 2020 and 2021(A): and forest plot for artificial feeding prevalence according to year of publication – 2020 and 2021 (B).